Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
GENETIC RESOURCES
IN AGRICULTURE
Origin and distribution of crop plants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye
Wild plants
Avocado
Sweet Potato Sunflower http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5aday_sweet_potato.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower
Map of Mesoamerica
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica
2. Andes and South America
(Peru, Chile, Brazil)
• Tapioca, pineapple, groundnut,
cotton, papaya, guava, pepper,
rubber, cocoa.
Guava
http://rasamalaysia.com/malaysian-guava-
guava-bidor/
Pineapple
Tapioca http://www.etawau.com/H
TML/Agriculture/Pineapple
http://ajourneytobrasil.blogspot.co .htm
m/2010/07/culinary-experience-5-
tapioca.html
Cocoa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco Peanuts
a_bean http://merricksmanagement.com/i/index.php/peanuts
Map of
South
America
(http://www.geographicguide.com/plan
et/globe-south-america.htm)
3. Southeast Asia
• Asian rice, peas and beans, yam, breadfruit,
mango, nutmeg, brinjal, cucumber, banana,
plantain, coconut, orange, lime, grapefruit
Brinjal Grapefruit
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brinjal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit
Map of
Southeast Asia
(http://melatiasiacollection.blogspot.com/p/about-
asia.html)
4. China
• Asian rice, soybean, green gram, orange,
apricot, peach, tea, cabbage, ginger,
ginseng, rape seed, chestnut, turnip,
yam.
Soybean Yam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean
Cabbage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage
Chestnut
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut
5. Africa (Sahel Region including Ethiopian
Highlands).
• Sorghum, cowpea, coffee, melon, watermelon,
yam, oil palm, okra, kenaf, brinjal
Oil palm
http://toptropicals.com/cgi-
bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Elaeis_guineens
is
Sorghum
http://mbp.generationcp.org/confluence/display Coffee
/MBP/Improved+Sorghum http://www.ajambule.com/category/coffee/
Watermelon
http://home.howstuffworks.com/watermelo
n1.htm
Kenaf
http://www.ciphercarbon.com/about%20us.htm
Map of Africa
(http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa.html)
6. Southwest Asia (Middle East: UAE, Saudi
Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Israel).
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327207
• Wheat, barley, rye, oat, pea,
lentil, carrot, radish,
safflower, olive, rape seed,
walnut, date palm, almond,
grape, apple, pear, plum,
onion, lettuce
1) Angus
•Originally from the highlands of northern Scotland
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_cattle http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ns/
2) Brahman
•typical tropical breed
•largely found in the hot and wet tropics.
•Originally from in India. American Brahman,
Australian Brahman, Thai Brahman and Pakistan
Brahman and others.
http://www.scenicreflections.com/download/502007/Red_Brahm
http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_brahman.html an_Bull_Wallpaper/
Beef cattle breeds
3) Hereford
• brown body coat and white face
• Established in Hereford, West Midlands region
of England
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herefordshire
_UK_location_map.svg
http://yallaroo.murrayfrancis.com/pix/2004PerthRoyal/3Yallaroo7.10.04.JPG
Dairy cattle (high milk yield)
1) JERSEY
• Originated from Jersey
the largest Island in the Channel Islands (near
France)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_cattle http://www.flagsof.net/flags/jersey/
2) Freisian
• Originally from the highlands of northern
Scotland
3) Holstein
• Originated in Holland close to 2,000 years ago
http://photos-for-you.com/friesian-cow/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_cattle
Goats and sheep
Merino
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino
Dorper
http://dorpers.webs.com/aboutd
orpers.htm
Cheviot
(http://www.heritagesheep.eu/Brecknock%20Hill
%20Cheviot.htm)
SAANEN ANGLO-NUBIAN
(http://www.alibaba.com/product-
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saanenziege.jpg)
free/106477991/Dairy_Goats_Anglo_Nubian.html)
SUSSEX
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_%28chicken%29)
LANGSHANS
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croad_Langshan
)
CORNISH
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_%28chicken%29)
LEGHORN
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghorn_%28chicken%29)
FISH
• The Egyptians and the Chinese started
aquaculture (rearing of fish) around
2500BC.
• freshwater (eg catfish/ keli and carp
(common carp) and marine or saltwater
(examples are grouper, Mackerel and
pomfret/bawal).
• Fish are reared in cages along river
banks, lake, sea, ponds, tanks
• Ornamental fish (e.g. aquarium fish) is
also another business
• Malaysia is one of the largest breeder and
exporter of ornamental fishes in the world.
Ornamental fish:
Arowana/kelisa Ornamental fish: Koi
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi)
(http://www.arowanaclub.com.my/)
Catfish /keli
(Clarias sp.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarias_garie_080516_9146
_tdp.jpg#file
http://www.potretkasih.com/tag/ikan-keli-goreng-bercili/
Common carp
(Cyprinus carpio)
http://www.siamfishingtours.com/commoncarp.ht
ml
http://www.farmanimalspictures.com/Common-
Carp.html
Grouper (ikan kerapu)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper)
Mackerel
(ikan kembong)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel)
Pomfret (ikan bawal)
(http://www.w-goodway.com/site/gallery_pomfret.php)
http://rasa.karangkraf.com/resipi-menu/tempatan/ikan-bawal-masam-manis-1.26538
Germplasm and Biodiversity
• Germplasm : a collection of genetic
resources for an organism. For plants, the
germplasm may be stored as a seed
collection or, for trees, in a nursery.
BIODIVERSITY AFFECTS
HUMANS NEED
FOR SURVIVAL SHELTER
AIR
Significance of Biodiversity
• aesthetic benefits.
3 aspects of BIODIVERSITY
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
http://www.epa.gov/eerd/GeneticDiversityIndicators.ht
m
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
• Variety of habitats, biotic communities, and
ecological processes in the ecosystem
• Ecosystem = an area that contains
organisms (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria)
interacting with one another and their non-
living environment
• Ecosystems can be of any size (e.g., forest,
meadow, and log).
SPESIES DIVERSITY
• the variety of living organisms
• estimated 5 and 50 million or more
• about 1.75 million or I 3% have been
described.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
• the sum total of all the genetic information
carried by individual organisms.
• some are obvious to the human eye, but
others are more subtle
• eye colour, colour of skins, susceptibility to
cancer
Genetic diversity
• This term refers to the variation (diversity)
of genes within a species.
• Genes = a set of segments of nucleic acid
that contains basic information of a
species
• DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid is a double-
stranded helix of nucleotides which carries
the genetic information of a cell.
Genetic Resource Applications