ELC590

PREPARATION OUTLINE

Student’s Name : AISHAH FAJRI BT JOHARI

Faculty / Group : FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND
SURVEYING/RAP2204D
Lecturer’s Name : MS SITI RAFIZAH FATIMAH BT OSMAN
Title : MAKING CHANGES TO THE WAY CELL PHONES ARE USED
(Idea)
General Purpose : To persuade
Specific Purpose ` : To persuade my audience to make changes to the way they use
their cell phones
Organisational Pattern : Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Central Idea ` : The serious health risks and the health repercussions posed by
cell phones can be avoided if users make changes to the way they
use their cell phones.

Introduction

I. Do you know of an idea which suggests that you use this object which is your
constant companion differently?
Attention
A. Do you know that the long-term use of this object can lead to tissue damage, Grabber
tumours and even brain cancer?
B. Do you also know that there is an increased risk of traffic accidents, about 3 Commented [u1]: AVOID FROM MENTIONING YOUR
TOPIC IN THE ATTENTION GRABBER. THIS IS TO BUILD THE
to 4 times greater when this object is used (either handheld or with a “hands- SUSPENSE AND AROUSE THE AUDIENCE’S CURIOSITY. BUT
free” kit) while driving due to distraction (Naeem, 2014)? DROP SOME HINTS/CLUES OF YOUR TOPIC IN THE AG
THROUGH THE IMAGINARY STORY, PERSONAL STORY,
C. The idea related to this object that I will be speaking on is making changes to IntroductionARRESTING
of STATEMENTS (STARTLE THE AUDIENCE), FACTS
ABOUT THE TOPIC, QUESTIONS OR QUOTATION. YOU CAN
the way you use your cell phones. Topic
CHOOSE ANY ONE OF THE SIX METHODS OR COMBINE ANY
TWO OF THEM.
II. I realize that cell phones are hazardous to our health, therefore, I did extensive
research on them for this speech. TOPIC CAN ONLY BE MENTIONED AT PART 2 OF INTRO
Credibility and
(INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC).
III. I am not going to persuade you to dispose of your cell phones; not everything about Goodwill
them is bad/I still have and use mine. Commented [u2]: GOODWILL: COUNTER/REFUTE THE
NEGATIVE PERCEPTION OF AUDIENCE TOWARDS YOUR
IV. But I would like to persuade each of you to make changes to the way you use your PreviewTOPIC.
cell phones because the current use of cell phones can pose health risks and health Statement

repercussions. Commented [u3]: MPS II, MP I AND MP III.

 Commented [A4]: EXCLUDE THE QUESTIONS IN YOUR
Body OUTLINE.
Commented [LS5]: MP I, HEALTH RISKS, IS THE PROBLEM.
THE PROBLEM MUST SOUND NEGATIVE.
I. Current way of using cell phones can pose several health risks. (What are the health IT CAN BE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE TOPIC BUT NOT
risks?) THE CAUSES.
IN THIS OUTLINE, HEALTH RISKS ARE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS
(Preview: I’ll be speaking on two health risks.) OF CELL PHONES.

A. The first risk is the development of tumours. (What caused the development of
tumours? Where can the tumours occur?)
1. They can be caused by the exposure to radiofrequency energy (radio waves), a form
MP I IS A BROAD PROBLEM.
BROAD PROBLEMS ARE REPRESENTED BY CATEGORY –
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, OR MENTAL
RISKS/PROBLEMS. BROAD MAIN POINTS ARE PREFERRED.

of non-ionizing radiation, released by the antennas of cell phones (National Cancer A BROAD MP ENABLES YOU TO GENERATE 2 SPS BY
ANSWERING QUESTIONS SUCH AS ‘WHAT ARE THE
Institute, 2018). HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL/ECONOMIC/ MENTAL
RISKS /PROBLEMS’.
2. They can develop at the side of the head where cell phones are normally held
MY 2 SPS (A & B): DEVELOPMENT OF TUMOURS AND
(American Cancer Society, 2018). OBESITY ARE THE TWO ANSWERS TO ‘WHAT ARE THE
HEALTH RISKS?
(Transition: I’ve spoken on the first health risk, let me proceed with the second.)
B. The second risk is obesity. (What caused the obesity?)
Commented [u6]: CONNECTIVES ARE NOT TO BE
1. Obesity can be caused by the sitting that is done when texting, emailing and playing INCLUDED IN YOUR OUTLINE, BUT TO BE UTTERED ORALLY
video games on cell phones which limits one’s physical activity. DURING YOUR PRESENTATION.
Commented [LS7]: TO GENERATE 2 SSPS (1 AND 2) FOR A
2. Another cause of obesity is mindless overeating while using cell phones. AND B, ASK 1 OR 2 WH-QUESTIONS. DIRECT THE QUESTIONS
TO THE SP KEY WORDS – DEVELOPMENT OF TUMOURS.
(Transition: I have spoken on the health risks, let me persuade/convince you to see the
ways that can help you prevent the risks.) EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS:
WHAT ABOUT CELL PHONES THAT CAUSED THE TUMOURS
TO DEVELOP?
HOW DO THE TUMOURS DEVELOP?
II. The health risks can be prevented by making simple changes to the way cell phones WHERE CAN THE TUMOURS DEVELOP?
WHO ARE MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP TUMOURS BECAUSE OF
are used. (What are the changes?)
CELL PHONES?
(Preview: I’ll be speaking on two changes.) WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TUMOURS CAUSED BY CELL
PHONES? ...
A. One of the changes is keeping cell phones at a distance. (What should users do to keep
Commented [LS8]: TO GENERATE THE 2 SSPS, ASK 1 OR 2
their phones at a distance?) WH-QUESTIONS TO THE SP – OBESITY.
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS:
1. To prevent the development of tumours caused by the radio waves released by cell WHAT ABOUT CELL PHONES THAT CAN CAUSE OBESITY?
WHAT DO YOU DO WHILE USING CELL PHONES THAT CAN
phone antennas, users must not place their phones under the pillow. CAUSE OBESITY? ...
2. To prevent the development of tumours at the side of the head, users must hold their Commented [LS9]: MP II – MAKING SIMPLE CHANGES TO
THE WAY CELL PHONES ARE USED - IS A SOLUTION, SO IT
cell phones a hand’s length away from the head when using them (Centre for MUST BE ABLE TO SOLVE MP I (PROBLEM).
ElectroSmog Prevention, 2012). MP II SHOULD BE A BROAD SOLUTION WHICH CAN PROVIDE
TWO ANSWERS TO ‘WHAT’ QUESTION. ...
(Transition: I’ve spoken on the first change, now let’s see what the second change is.)
Commented [A10]: THIS SP MUST SUPPORT MP II AND
B. Another change is users should use cell phones to aid weight loss. (How to use CPs to MUST BE ABLE TO SOLVE SP (A) OF MP I.
aid weight loss?) Commented [LS11]: THESE ARE THE SOLUTIONS FOR 1
AND 2 OF SP (A) OF MP I.
1. To prevent the obesity due to extended hours of sitting, cell phone users should use
Commented [LS12]: THIS SP MUST SUPPORT MP II AND
the fitness tracker applications available on their phones, which as reported by Mateo MUST BE ABLE TO SOLVE SP (B) OF MP I – OBESITY.
 et al. (2015) had managed to significantly reduce body weight by 1.04 kg, reduce
body mass index (BMI) by 0.43 kg/m2, and non-significantly increase physical activity
by a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 0.40.
2. To prevent the obesity caused by mindless overeating, users should prescribe text-
message reminders on their cell phones which can advise them about dieting and
eating well. Commented [LS13]: THESE SSPS MUST BE ABLE TO SOLVE
SSPS 1 AND 2 OF SP (B) OF MP I.
(Transition: I am done with the changes, let us see what the repercussions are.)

III. There will be serious health repercussions if users do not change the way they use their Commented [LS14]: THIS MUST BE THE LONG-TERM
EFFECTS OF NOT IMPLEMENTING THE SOLUTION (MP II),
cell phones. (What are the health repercussions?) MAKING SIMPLE CHANGES TO THE USE OF CELL PHONES.
(Preview: I’ll be speaking on two repercussions.)
HEALTH REPERCUSSIONS IS A BROAD REPERCUSSION. IT
A. The first health repercussion is the repercussion of not keeping cell phones at bay CAN PROVIDE TWO ANSWERS TO THE ‘WHAT’ QUESTION –
‘WHAT ARE THE HEALTH REPERCUSSIONS?’
which is users’ chances of developing cancers will increase. (What are the types of
Commented [LS15]: THIS IS THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF
cancers?) (A) OF MP II- NOT BREAKING THE ADDICTION TO CELL
PHONES.
1. The repercussion of putting cell phones under the pillow is the development of a brain
cancer called glioma, which according to Zuckerman et al. (2015), could occur to
those who spend a total of over 900 hours being close to cell phones and an average
of 54 minutes on the phones per day.

2. The repercussion of not holding cell phones a hand’s length away when using them
is the risk of developing the frontal lobe cancer which occurs in the area where the
phone is held (de Vocht et al., 2011). Commented [LS16]: AFTER MENTIONING THIS SSP, I WILL
SHOW A LINE GRAPH ON THE INCREASE IN FRONTAL LOBE
(Transition: Done with the first repercussion, let me proceed with the second.) CANCER. THE INFORMATION ON THE INCREASE WILL
B. The second health repercussion is the repercussion of not using cell phones to aid FUNCTION AS THE SSSP- ADDITIONAL POINT WHICH IS NOT
MENTIONED IN THE OUTLINE.
weight loss which is the rate of obesity among cell phone users will increase. (How
Commented [LS17]: THESE ARE THE SSPS (EFFECTS) OF
much is the increase? What caused the increase in obesity rate?) NOT IMPLEMENTING SSPS 1 AND 2 OF (A) OF MP II.

1. The repercussion of not using fitness tracker apps, according to National Health
Centre for Health Statistics (2012, as cited in Rosen et al., 2015), was the number of
children and adolescents who became obese measured by the increase in body
mass index (BMI) had doubled and tripled as opposed to 30 years ago.
2. The repercussion of not prescribing the text reminders is more users might end up
obese as there are no reminders to stop them from taking sugary drinks and snacking
on candies mindlessly every time they spend excessive hours on their cell phones. Commented [A18]: THESE SSPS ARE THE EFFECTS OF NOT
IMPLEMENTING SSPS 1 AND 2 OF SP B OF MP III.

Conclusion
I. All in all/Overall/In conclusion/To conclude/To sum up/As we have seen, Restatement of
Preview
because of the development of the health risks, I have persuaded you to make
Statement
(Summary)
changes to the way you use your cell phones to avoid you from developing the
health repercussions.
A. So, make the changes as suggested, and encourage your loved ones to
do the same.
1. Do not delay; start with your next use of your phone. Final Comment
(Recommendation
2. Otherwise, you will be spending the last ten or twenty years of your life
& Prediction)
seeking treatment to the health problems which result from your
improper way of using your cell phones. Commented [A19]: PREDICTION: WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN
THE FUTURE (EXTENSION OF THE POINTS SUPPORTING MP
III). IT CAN ALSO BE AN EXTENSION OF ONE OF THE
REPERCUSSIONS.
 References

American Cancer Society. (2018, February 5). Cellular phones.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/cellular-phones.html

Borelli, L. (2013, July 12). 5 reasons why cell phones are bad for your health. Medical Daily.

http://www.medicaldaily.com/5-reasons-why-cellphones-are-bad-your-health-247624

Center for ElectroSmog Prevention. (2012). 13 ways to reduce cell phone radiation.

http://www.electrosmogprevention.org/cell-phone-safety-campaign/13-ways-to-reduce-

cell-phone-radiation/

de Vocht, F., Burstyn, I., & Cherrie, J. W. (2011). Time trends (1998-2007) in brain cancer

incidence rates in relation to mobile phone use in England. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(5),

334-339. doi: 10.1002/bem.20648.

Mateo, G. F., Granado-Font, E., Ferre-Grau, C., & Montana-Carreras, X. (2015, November

10). Mobile phone apps to promote weight loss and increase physical activity: A systematic

review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(11). doi: 10.2196/

jmir.4836

Naeem, Z. (2014). Health risks associated with mobile phones use. International Journal of

Health Sciences, 8(4), V-VI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350886/

National Cancer Institute. (2018, February 16). Cell phones and cancer risk.

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-

sheet

Rosen, L.D., Lim, A.F., Felt, J., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., Lara-Ruiz, J. M., Mendoza, J.

S. & Rokkum, J. (2014, June). Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children,

preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating

habits. Computers in Human Behaviour, 35, 364-375. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.036

Zuckerman, D., de Bravo, B. F., & Kalvin, H. (2015). Can cell phones harm our health?

National Center for Health Research. http://center4research.org/healthy-living-

prevention/products-with-health-risks/can-cell-phones-harm-our-health-2/

Commented [LS20]: THE LIST OF EIGHT RESEARCH

MATERIALS THAT PROVIDE THE UK FOR THE INTRODUCTION
AND BODY.
THEY HAVE TO BE ARRANGED IN AN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.