CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
Coursebook answers
Unit 2
Travel and tourism in context:
Islands saved!
1 Possible answers: fun, leisure, holiday,
sunshine, hot weather, peace and quiet,
relaxation, activities, boating, swimming,
diving, snorkelling, picnics.
Others may be possible.
2 Possible answers: positive impacts, possible
future income from tourists, meeting new/
different people.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible answers: no single correct Yes or No
answer; could make reference to: possible lack
of responsibility of the resort development
proposal; responsibility of making
Rasdhoo-Madivaru a protected area.
4 Possible answers: positive and negative impacts
developed in answers to 1–3.
Others may be possible.
2.1 The scale of travel
and tourism demand
Case study: Pandemic and
tourism – what next?
1 Possible answer: tourism demand was on
the increase before 2020. The number of
international arrivals worldwide more than
doubled, from approximately 700 million in
2000 to almost 1,500 million in 2020. In 2020,
there was a dramatic decrease. The number of
international arrivals worldwide after the 2020
decrease was forecast to be only 400 million.
2 Possible answer: worldwide international tourist
arrival numbers increased between 2,000 and
2020 because more disposable income meant
people had more money to spend on holidays,
more government investment in infrastructure
such as airports made travel easier, and more
1 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
development meant more business activity and
so more business tourism.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible answer: the global COVID-19
pandemic led to restrictions on people’s
movements. Some international borders were
closed altogether for some periods of time.
There were hotel closures and restrictions,
and many tourist attractions closed or limited
the number of visitors. Some people lost
confidence and did not travel because they
wanted to avoid infection.
Others may be possible.
4 a Answers will depend on when the
discussion is held and what has happened
since 2020.
b Answers may partly depend on when the
discussion is held and what has happened
since 2020. Either optimistic or pessimistic
thoughts are valid – there is no single
correct answer. Encourage reasoned and
balanced responses.
5 Extension: To evaluate is to judge.
Possible points: there are short-term and long-
term effects. In the short term, likely great
impact with falling numbers of tourists and
consequent negative effects on destinations
and their communities, and loss of income and
jobs for travel and tourism providers, but less
pollution is an environmental plus; effects in the
long term may not be so great, if recovery leads
to pre-pandemic levels of tourism.
Others are possible.
Activity 2.1
1 Possible factors: may show the sets of factors
listed in 2.1 and have captions outlining some/
each of the factors. A wall chart would be
an appropriate format. There may be other
appropriate formats.
2 Possible responses: may reference COVID-19,
but good responses are likely to reference
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
non-pandemic disease issues at the scale asked
– a destination. Examples could be included.
 ossible suggestions: there are likely to be fewer
P ••
tourists because of full/partial hotel/attraction
closures, reduced tourist confidence, perhaps
influenced by media reporting and social media
information sharing.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible sets of factors: economic, social,
technological, political, environmental, disease.
Possible response example and points:
technological factors such as transport
developments, for example, more airports,
bigger aircraft and faster trains; developments
in information technology (IT), for example,
online booking and the growth of social
media have made travel easier to access and
quicker for more people; social media has
enabled people to share ideas about travelling
and this has meant that more people are more
informed about how to book and access more
transport options. Demand has increased.
Others may be possible.
4 Notes for responses: this project is in two parts:
a group discussion and a debate.
For the group discussion:
No single correct answer; could refer to: lack
of responsibility of the resort development
proposal, responsibility of making
Rasdhoo-Madivaru a protected area.
For the debate:
No single correct answer; points could be based
on: positive and negative impacts developed
in answers to 1–3. (There could be other
relevant points.)
Other notes for responses: Other than doing
the project as an individual, groups of three
or four learners or pairs of learners would be
suitable. Any set of factors listed in 2.1 would
be appropriate. Presentation by flipchart or
using computer software are among possible
suitable methods. Putting flipcharts around
the classroom for a short exhibition period
would be one way to compile the display.
Case study: Sustainable Mauritius
1 Notes for response: there can be no single
correct answer until the year the question
2 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
is answered by the learner. There are two
possible levels of response:
qualitative: for example, numbers went
down in 2020 (because of the COVID-19
pandemic); since then …
•• quantitative: actual figures, one potential
source is https://statsmauritius.govmu.org
2 Possible reasons: government policies; the
availability of sustainable tourism products
and services.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible suggestions: Tourists pay for the
accommodation where they stay; they go out
and spend money in food and drinks outlets
and souvenir shops; they pay for transport
around the destination and for excursions.
Providers take money and pay taxes.
Others may be possible.
4 Possible answers: matching changing customer
demand and the trend for greener, more
sustainable tourism products and services;
gaining recognition and media/social media
coverage; attracting new and repeat customers
including eco- and responsible tourists, who
are growing in number.
Others may be possible.
5 Extension: To assess is to come to an informed
judgement. Learners may use new or prior
learning or own research.
Possible points: tourism in Mauritius
is increasingly sustainable because of
government policies, rising global demand
for sustainable tourism, increased availability
of sustainable tourism products and services;
sustainability of tourism in Mauritius is
less than complete because of the need for
many tourists to travel long distances to
reach the country and because some tourism
products/services may continue not to be fully
sustainable.
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.2
1 • Changing customer attitudes: tourists are
customers. Tourists are becoming more
concerned about the impacts of tourism.
More tourists would like the environment
and local people’s way of life to be
conserved into the future.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

• Media (including social media) influence. 2 a Learners’ own answers.

Information about green tourism is
spread by media such as magazines, radio b Possible types: older age groups (grey
and television. Social media platforms market), couples, educational groups,
enable people to share information about independent travellers, slow tourists,
sustainable tourism. special interest tourists (interested in
the architecture).
Others may be possible.
Explanation points: there are sights to see and
2 Possible answer: encouraging providers to follow to photograph; certain groups have money to
a greener path, with schemes like Sustainable spend; Marrakesh is culturally different; there
Island Mauritius, means that providers can see are places to linger; it’s a romantic location;
the business benefits of sustainable tourism. it’s fun.
Others may be possible. Others may be possible.
3 Possible answers: customers can only buy what 3 Possible completions to support analysis:
is available; customers need to know what is
available; rising demand for sustainable tourism. Feature Link to the appeal of
Marrakesh
Others may be possible.
Weather Hot and sunny; attracts
4 Notes for response: tourists from cold, wet lands.
•• Presentation format could be via a Cooler evenings for strolling,
computer software application or paper- browsing and eating outside.
based; video could also be used. Built Old Moroccan buildings to
•• Greening can help business success because attractions visit and see are different
it matches changing customer demand from those at home, for
and the trend for greener, more sustainable example, Jemaa el Fna,
tourism products and services; it helps to the souk, El Badi Palace,
gain recognition and media/social media the Saadian Tombs,
coverage, and it attracts new and repeat Koutoubia Minaret.
customers, including eco- and responsible Culture Moroccan culture is
tourists, who are growing in number. interesting and different
– food stalls, performers,
Others may be possible. traditional music and dance,
storytellers, magicians,
circus acts, architecture of
2.2 The features and the old Medina.

appeal of destinations Tourism

Case study: Does Marrakesh
appeal to you?
1 Possible features: weather in summer is hot,
with sunny, cooler summer evenings; built
attractions include Jemaa el Fna, the souk,
El Badi Palace, Saadian Tombs, Koutoubia
Minaret; culture: Moroccan food stalls,
performers, traditional music and dance,
storytellers, magicians, circus acts, architecture
of the old Medina.
Others may be possible.
providers
Hotels and cafés are close to
the centre/Jemaa el Fna.
4 Possible evaluation inclusions: destination
features: weather, built attractions, culture,
tourism providers, security provision, flatness;
tourist types: age, purpose of visit, group size,
special interest, specific need.
Possible evaluation foci: breadth of provision,
relative importance of features.
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.3
1 Possible destinations: Black River Gorges,
Mauritius, Breckenridge/Rocky
Mountains, USA

3 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
Possible destinations: Grand Baie, Mauritius
Others may be possible.
2 Possible points: matching stated wants,
customer age, fun, eco-concern.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible answer example: Marrakesh, Morocco;
tourist types: age, purpose of visit, group
size, special interest, specific need; destination
features: weather, built attractions, culture,
tourism providers, security provision, flatness.
Others may be possible.
4 Notes for responses: questionnaires could be
used; people could be in the same class or
school, at home, or they could be neighbours;
surveys and interviews could be in-person,
on the telephone, online/social media;
presentation could be graphical, could use
computer software, recommendation formats
could be written/visual/video/oral.
2.3 Destination
development and
management
organisations
Case study: Heartbeat Jamaica
1 Possible answers: Jamaica Tourist Board
(JTB), Glamour DMC, Negril Tourist
Information Centre
Others may be possible.
2 Possible examples to describe: JTB, Negril
TIC, Glamour DMC
Possible inclusions: branding, shop/physical
presence/website(s), social media.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible points: marketing, build image/
reputation, attract more tourists, bring more
economic benefit.
Others may be possible.
4 Possible organisations: Ministry of Tourism,
JTB, Glamour DMC, JHTA, Negril TIC
4 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
Possible discussion points: publicity/advertising,
promotional materials, websites, social media,
use tax money, grants/loans, invest profit from
business, set standards of (e.g.) sustainability.
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.4
1 Notes for response: destination possibilities
include countries, islands, regions, states,
provinces. Activity is open – could be closed
down to one or more tourist types.
Possible description inclusions: relevant
factors in appeal, such as: location, weather,
topography, accessibility, attractions, culture,
sustainable provision.
Others may be possible.
2 Learners’ own answers.
3 Notes for response: destination possibilities
include countries, islands, regions,
states, provinces.
Possible investigation targets:
•• which are the organisations?
•• what do the organisations do?
Others may be possible.
4 Discussion points: names of organisations, size,
number, governmental or NGOs, roles.
Others may be possible.
2.4 Factors affecting
tourism development
and management
Case study: Sustainable Vietnam
1 Possible answers: boat/sampan cruises/
a 
rides, activities such as hiking, scuba
diving and cycling.
Others may be possible.
Possible answers: excursions to local
b 
fishing villages, guided/sightseeing/
photography tours, restaurants.
Others may be possible.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
2 Possible answers: limit numbers/quotas,
encourage elsewhere, do not publicise too
much, develop more facilities.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible answers: conservation needs,
a 
weather/climate/rainy season/seasonality.
Others may be possible.
Possible answers: money to businesses and
b 
authorities (taxes) to pay for conservation
needs, tourist demands, (re)activation of
old buildings for tourism use.
Others may be possible.
4 Possible points: national website set
up by government, encouragement of
sustainable and environmental rejuvenation
development/management, homestays to meet
sociocultural objectives.
Others may be possible.
5 Extension: To assess is to come to an informed
judgement. Learners may use new or prior
learning or own research.
Possible points: a wide range of factors
affects sustainable tourism development
and management in Vietnam, including
government policy, increased demand for and
availability of sustainable tourism products/
services, increased acceptance/promotion
of responsible tourism by tourists, local
destination communities and travel and
tourism providers.
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.5
1 Possible benefits: economic (jobs/money),
political (image/reputation), environmental
(conservation/rejuvenation), sociocultural
(relationships/traditions).
Others may be possible.
2 Possible differences: physical/wild vs.
a 
constructed/urban/human-made.
Others may be possible.
Possible differences: development =
b 
change/improvement/encouragement for
more tourism vs. management = running/
keeping operating/maintaining tourism.
Others may be possible.
5 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
Possible illustrations: drawings/collected
photographs/poster; digital or physical.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible points:
a periodic variation in tourism numbers
during the year
b some activities may/may not be possible,
e.g. Ha Long boat cruising etc., income
and job consequences, chance to develop
in low season, seek different low-season
activities to extend season
c lay people off, vary wage levels and prices,
open and close/limit activities, advertise/
promote low-season offers/packages.
Others may be possible.
Possible displays: digital or physical.
4 Note for responses: any destination; open-
ended so could cover all or some factors:
natural and built environment, sustainability,
overtourism, seasonality, government
objectives.
Others may be possible. For example, could
divide into groups and investigate factor(s)
per group, then plenary.
Possible method: using software application.
Others may be possible.
2.5 Managing
destinations sustainably
Case study: New Zealand 100%
1 Notes for answer: open-ended to allow
flexibility of approach; ranging from full
appeal to a wide range of tourists to a narrow
appeal of one aspect to one type of tourist.
Possibly divide the task among groups.
Example response points: appeals to young
backpacker tourists for beaches, adventurous
activities, scenery exploration and waterfront
cafés/restaurants.
2 Possible answers: Aotearoa, Te Moananui
a 
a Toi, Maunganui, Tauranga, pa,
pohutukawa, Tiaki, Omanawa, kaitiaki
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

b  ossible response: social sustainability

P possibly dividing the task among groups, with
is part of sustainability. This includes subsequent sharing.
the preservation of culture, including
Example response starters: Tourism Bay of
language, therefore promoting indigenous
Plenty’s education for responsible tourism,
language promotes an aspect
Kaiping ticket money sharing, Maldivian
of sustainability.
marine reserves, Sustainable
3 Possible organisations: Tourism New Zealand Mauritius initiative.
(NTO), Tourism Bay of Plenty (RGO)
2 a  ossible points: lessening pollution/
P
and DMC.
environmental impacts, conserving
Possible explanation points: RTO promotes resources, protecting the future from the
and markets the tourism product of a part actions of today.
(region) of a country. RTOs are part of
b  ossible points: as guides, being asked,
P
national tourism organisation (NTOs).
education and training, publicity
A destination management company (DMC) is campaigns/advertising.
a tourism business with local knowledge of a
3 Possible points: preserving habitats, limiting
destination. A DMC provides customers with
visitor numbers, closing over-visited sites,
events, activities, tours, transport and other
education programmes, managing responsible
services in the destination.
tourist behaviour, lessening pollution/
A national tourism organisation (NTO) is environmental impacts, conserving
a government agency that promotes and resources, recycling.
markets the tourism product of a country.
Possible styles of presentation: digital,
4 Possible points: education for responsible
a  illustrated talk presentations.
tourists, closure of over-popular sites,
organisation support for Tiaki, promotion
of business (economic sustainability), 2.6 Economic,
promotion of Maori language.
­environmental and
Possible points: to preserve, conserve and
b 
regenerate the natural environment, social
conditions and economy into the future.
­sociocultural impacts of
Possible ways: internet/websites,
c  travel and tourism
social media, posters, flyers/leaflets,
noticeboards/signs, tour guides/operators, Case study: Jesse in Jamaica
talks/classes. 1 Possible reasons: holiday/leisure/fun/sun/relax,
5 Extension: To evaluate is to judge. VFR/visit sister/aunt.

Possible points: has largely but perhaps
not completely avoided overtourism with
RTO policies involving local people, culture
and language and is promoting social
sustainability, community homestays for
example, but still a popular destination so
some environmental degradation may be seen
as near-inevitable.
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.6
1 Notes for answer: open-ended to allow
flexibility of approach from a wide range of
destinations to the narrower two destinations –
Others may be possible but should relate to
Jesse’s family.
2 Possible ways: try to make positive economic
impact, visiting/spending in local restaurants,
buy souvenirs from locals/beach vendors.
Others may be possible but should relate to
Jesse’s family.
3 Possible points: bring money into country,
creates jobs (direct and indirect), contributes
(in a small way, but every bit adds up) to
wealth creation/GDP and therefore to
development.
Others may be possible.

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
4 Possible points: jobs only seasonal, inflation,
import and export leakage, opportunity
cost(s), overdependence.
NB: Since this is a discussion, a good answer
would go beyond a simple description/
explanation and begin to evaluate.
5 Extension: To evaluate is to judge.
Possible points: yes, clear positive impact
overall, because individual positive
impacts of the visit (bringing money into
country, creating jobs – direct and indirect,
contributing a little to wealth creation/GDP
and so to development) outweigh negative
impacts (supported jobs only seasonal,
adding a little to inflation, to import and
export leakage, to opportunity cost(s), and to
overdependence).
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.7
1 Possible impacts: bring in money, create
jobs (direct and indirect), contribute to
wealth creation, increase GDP infrastructure
development/development.
Others may be possible.
2 Possible impacts to explain: seasonality
(including employment), inflation, import
and export leakage, opportunity
cost(s), overdependence.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible research sources: internet
search/teacher-guided website,
(e-)brochure(s), advertisements/commercials/
promotional materials, travel guidebooks.
Possible products and services: accomodation,
standard meals, non-branded drinks,
entertainment, amusements, water-based
activities, secure clean beach.
Others may be possible.
Possible examples of optional extras: special or
extra meals, imported branded drinks, special
entertainment events, some more costly
water-based activities (e.g. scuba-diving),
excursions, luxury transfers.
Others may be possible.
7 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
4 Possible points: positive: brings in money,
creates jobs (direct and indirect), wealth
creation, increased GDP, infrastrucutre
development; negative: seasonality (including
employment), inflation, import and export
leakage, opportunity cost(s), overdependence.
NB: Discussion should evaluate balance.
Possible formats: physical: wall/board display/
posters/charts; digital: on-screen/projected.
Case study: Delta tourism: threat
or protector?
1 Possible answers: fun, leisure, holiday,
adventure, ecotourism, wildlife, relaxation,
activities, game drive, safari, fishing, canoe-
cruising, horse riding.
Others may be possible.
2 Possible impacts: air pollution from aircraft
emissions, water pollution from waste
water disposal.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible discussion points: items from the
bullet point list: developments are small to
protect assets of the natural environment, local
sustainable building materials include wood
from surrounding trees and grass for thatched
roofs (reduces transport pollution/congestion),
trees used for wood are replaced (regeneration),
drinking water is filtered from Delta channels
(reduces resource depletion), solar panels are
used to generate electricity and to heat water
in an environmentally clean and quiet way (no
noise pollution), waste is separated and buried
to keep it away from animals (risk of disease,
unpleasant), plastic, glass, metal and paper
waste is sent to Maun for recycling, locally
grown organic food reduces carbon footprint,
online ecotourism education and training for
staff raises environmental awareness.
Others may be possible.
4 Possibly include: items from the case study
bullet point list (see above).
Others may be possible.
Activity 2.8
1 Possible research sources: internet search
engine, e-brochures, atlas, travel guidebooks,
interview families/other teachers.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
Possible discussion points: protection of
natural and built assets, reducing the negative
impacts of travel and tourism, maximising the
positive impacts of travel and tourism, loss
of income for locals and businesses if quotas
are introduced.
Others may be possible.
2 Research sources could be referenced
in-text, using footnotes or listed as references
or a bibliography.
3 This project begins with a pair discussion and
leads on to making a presentation.
Possible impacts: jobs, income, profits,
the multiplier effect, increased GDP,
loss of traditional income/sales, leakage;
environmental conservation, pollution, loss
of habitat/biodiversity; loss/preservation of
traditional lifestyles, loss/provision of facilities
for local people’s use; raised awareness among
locals and tourists.
Possible responses: either choice is possible
although either a qualified Yes or a clear No
would be more realistic. Justification would
come from weighing the balance between Yes
and No points.
Case study: The towers
of Kaiping
1 Possible responses: culture/history/
a 
architecture of the towers/WHS/
unusualness; activities: sightseeing/
photography.
b  otes for response: a flyer is a single sheet
N
and often used in the same promotion
as a larger poster; can be produced as a
physical, paper piece or digitally. Likely
to be visually colourful, clear, appealing
and informative. Consider using AIDA
to plan/assess.
2 Possible tourist types: cultural, special
a 
interest, independent or group (coach),
by age, e.g. young adult, grey market,
domestic, international, leisure, excursion
by business tourists visiting a nearby
town, VFR.
Possible points: justification of appeal
b 
to particular tourist types e.g. towers
appeal to cultural tourists because
8 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
of their unique architecture and
fascinating history.
3 Possible points: positive: jobs, business
a 
starts, infrastructure improvements,
more leisure time, young people stay
(family cohesion), less arguing, more
caring, cultural understanding; negative:
farmland abandonment, reduced career
opportunities, demonstration effect e.g.
behaviour, clothes/dress.
Notes for answer: points as (a) but with
b 
linkage to young people. Explicit points
e.g. remaining at home may be something
their parents/family would like/think is a
good thing, but if they went to work in
town, they could get a job with promotion
prospects which serving food at a stall
doesn’t give them.
4  otes for debate: balance of positive and
N
negative impacts and views of locals; WHS
preserves environment (it is sustainable), but is
it socially sustainable?
Activity 2.9
1 Possible impacts: positive: jobs, business starts,
infrastructure improvements, more leisure
time, young people stay (family cohesion), less
arguing, more caring, cultural understanding,
preservation of traditions/arts/crafts, provision
of community facilities, education, reduced
local crime; negative: farmland abandonment,
reduced career opportunity, demonstration
effect, e.g. behaviour, clothes/dress, increased
tourism crime.
2 Possible points:
a 
preserving a destination’s traditional arts
and crafts: making and selling traditional
artefacts at stalls in villages near the
tourist-attracting towers.
b 
providing local community facilities for
people, such as libraries, sports facilities and
social centres: income from ticket sales/
taxes used to develop local communities.
c 
educate local people and tourists: meeting
locals/guiding tourists, benefits of facility
development, visiting and learning about
the towers and their history.
d 
change the level of crime in a destination:
more caring attitude and fewer arguments
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
may reduce local intra-community crime;
jealousies/opportunities for quick money/
temptation may increase crimes against
tourists; enthusiastic tourists may become
over-exuberant, sometimes leading to
petty/violent crime.
Possible presentation: illustrated talk, perhaps
using presentation software application;
handouts an option.
Notes: useful transferable skills, could lead to
further write-up or chart activity.
3 This project includes an investigation and
evaluation, leading to a report.
Project notes: destinations in Unit 2 could be
used, or any other(s). Destinations that class
members know as tourists or as locals could
be useful resources. Possible issues to consider
are: is the demonstration effect (copying other
people) necessarily bad? Does that depend on
values/attitudes?
The report could be a written, oral or digital
presentation.
Others may be possible.
Exam-style questions: answers
Question 1
a Two positive economic impacts which
the Ministry of Tourism hopes will result
from the repositioning of Trinidad and
Tobago’s tourism sector are job creation and
employment, and foreign exchange earnings
and foreign investment.
b The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic caused a
major collapse in global tourism demand as a
progressive number of destinations imposed
restrictions on international travellers.
National governments advised their citizens
not to travel to infected destinations and many
states closed their borders, preventing any
tourism arrivals. Furthermore, much of the
travelling public was scared to travel, and both
international and domestic tourism went into
a rapid decline. Even when ‘essential’ travel
was allowed on certain routes, travellers were
put off by quarantine restrictions, airport
virus testing and the need to supply virus-
free certification. As a result, the COVID-19
pandemic is by far the worst crisis that
international tourism has faced since records
began in 1950.
9 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
c The operation of the multiplier effect within a
destination creates a series of positive spread
effects and therefore many sectors of the local
economy can experience economic benefits.
However, some sectors might benefit more
than others. Local agricultural producers
are likely to experience increased demand
for their produce from newly established or
expanded resort hotels. Local foodstuffs will
be required by the resort kitchens to provide
meals for guests. Furthermore, some local
producers can also turn their properties into
mini-visitor attractions, as is the case with some
of Jamaica’s plantations, generating additional
revenues. In the same way, local manufacturers
may see an increase in demand for their
products. Most hotels and resorts will have a
bar which will serve local beer, spirits and soft
drinks to guests. Manufacturers of furniture,
building materials and fabric will often supply
these accommodation providers, particularly
if traditional styles and designs are required
to appeal to guests. It is also quite common
for soft furnishings to be replaced regularly,
and so the local manufacturers of these goods
will very likely receive repeat orders. It is
therefore perfectly possible that both sets of
providers will receive a boost to their sales and
overall income.
d National parks have certain characteristics
which mean that the protection of an area’s
natural environment will be secured. They
will tend to cover large areas with a minimum
size of 1,000 hectares and be located in
zones in which the protection of nature takes
precedence over all other human activity.
These areas will have statutory legal protection
and will have both the operating budget and
staff sufficient to provide effective protection
for the environment. In this way, the existing
ecosystems will not be materially altered by
human exploitation and occupation. Plant and
animal species, landscape sites and habitats of
special scientific, educational, and recreational
interest can be enjoyed by present and
future generations. For example, the Uluru-
Kata Tjuta National Park in the Northern
Territories of Australia covers an area of
1,325 sq km and contains the iconic landscape
feature Uluru (Ayers Rock). The land is
covered by spinifex grass, scattered desert oak
trees and mulga shrubs, and the ecosystem
supports a diverse range of birds, reptiles
and insects. The park’s management has
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
attempted to provide tourists with a rewarding
experience, while protecting the natural
environment and securing a sustainable
future for the local aborigine population. The
natural environment of the park is protected
in the following ways. It has regulations in
place that prohibit the removal of rocks
and plants, overnight camping, the lighting
of campfires and off-road driving. Regular
wildlife surveys monitor the desert ecosystem.
Brushwood bundles laid beside the base-
walk around Uluru (Ayers Rock) discourage
tourists from straying from desert paths. To
prevent overcrowding and congestion, trails
are developed, such as the base-walk, signed
at regular intervals so walkers can check their
location and have access to emergency phone
points, water taps and shaded shelters. In these
ways, the natural asset of Uluru has been
protected by the creation and operation of a
national park.
e It is estimated that 70% of all money spent by
tourists ends up leaving Thailand and up to
80% in certain parts of the Caribbean. There
are two main ways that this leakage occurs.
Import leakage commonly occurs when
tourists demand standards of equipment,
food and other products that the host
country cannot supply. This is especially
so in developing destinations, where food
and drinks must often be imported, since
local products are not up to the hotel’s (i.e.
tourist’s) standards, or the country simply
does not have a supplying industry. Much of
the income from tourism expenditures leaves
the country again to pay for these imports.
Export leakage often happens because
multinational companies are the only ones
that possess the necessary capital to invest
in the construction of tourism infrastructure
and facilities. As a consequence of this, an
export leakage arises when overseas investors
who finance the resorts and hotels take their
profits back to their country of origin. In
such destinations, the government’s support
of tourism development can similarly create
negative economic impacts. Opportunity costs
result from the fact that tourism development
can cost the government and local taxpayers
a great deal of money. Developers may want
the government to improve the airport, roads
and other infrastructure, and possibly provide
tax breaks and other financial advantages,
which are costly activities for a government.
10 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
Public resources spent on subsidised
infrastructure or tax incentives may reduce
government investment in other critical areas
such as education, welfare or health services.
Furthermore, increasing demand for basic
services and goods from tourists will often
cause price rises and lead to inflation that
negatively affects local residents whose income
does not increase proportionately. In the same
way, tourism development can increase the
price of buildings and land. This makes it
more difficult for local people to live in tourist
areas and can result in the displacement of the
local population. Therefore both aspects can
reduce tourism’s multiplier effect and generate
significant negative economic impacts within
the destination.
Question 2
a The two prominent landscape features that
can be seen from Point Imperial are the
Painted Desert and the Marble Canyon.
b The national park clearly warns visitors to the
Grand Canyon about two frequent threats to
their safety. Hikers are warned to take plenty
of water to avoid dehydration during their
walks and also to stay well away from the
Canyon’s rim to avoid falling.
c Figure 5b clearly shows that the Cameron
Trading Post offers a variety of services that
visitors to the Grand Canyon are likely to
need. Many visitors drive to the national
park and will be able to purchase petrol
for their trip at the fuel station. Cameron
Trading Post has lodging and dining facilities
and visitors may choose to use this as their
accommodation base during their trip as it
will give them easy access to the park.
d Over-tourism frequently happens when
the carrying capacity of a particular site is
exceeded and this can result in a variety of
negative environmental impacts. The route
to viewpoint areas is frequently marked
by footpaths and increasing numbers of
visitors can easily cause footpath erosion.
Furthermore, due to overcrowding and the
pressure of numbers in a confined space
(Figure 5a clearly shows a limited amount of
seating and overcrowding will therefore be
likely), people do not always keep to the paths;
the trampling of the local flora can cause
species reduction and the loss of habitats.
Visitors will often have a picnic at important
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
sites of natural beauty, and littering is a
problem due to individual carelessness or the
fact that litter bins are already overflowing due
to the large number of visitors. Therefore in
most cases, over-tourism will generate negative
environmental impacts because of the pressure
of visitor numbers in a confined space.
e The main reason why tourism in some
destinations creates negative socio-cultural
impacts is because there is a clash of cultures.
The demonstration effect considers the
sociocultural impacts tourism may have on
the behaviour of the host population and is
generally defined as behaviour that members
of the host population copy from tourists. The
demonstration effect can therefore lead to the
erosion of traditional culture and values as the
local population adopts visitors’ behaviour,
and this is often a major cause of tension in
sections of local society. A good illustration
of this would be the Middle East, where the
Western lifestyle is frequently at odds with
Muslim tradition. However, the key point
is that through this demonstration effect,
there can easily be a loss of cultural identity.
Similarly, tourism can also turn local cultures
into commodities, such as when local religious
rituals, traditional ethnic rites and festivals
are reduced to conform to tourists’ needs
and expectations. Over time, this can result
in a change in the attitude of local residents
towards tourists. In the early stages of tourism
development, there will be only a few visitors,
who will be made to feel very welcome. With
increasing visitor numbers, there is frequently
a rise in both apathy and antagonism among
particular sections of the local population.
The inflow of tourists increases congestion and
overcrowding and the development of facilities
aimed at wealthy tourists can leave parts of
the host community feeling marginalised and
excluded. However, the major cause of the
culture clash is that many tourists appear
to be either negligent or ignorant about
local customs, traditions and moral values.
The loss of cultural identity follows if the
demonstration effect goes unchecked.
Question 3
a Barcelona’s main market demographic
= younger adults aged 25 to 34
The number of visitors to Barcelona Zoo
= 965,300
11 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
b An outdoor recreational activity popular
with visitors to a Mediterranean beach
destination is sunbathing. Hot summer days
with cloudless skies will be ideal conditions for
those visitors wanting to get a suntan.
c a family on an excursion to Barcelona looking
for a fun day out = Photograph B
a young person in Barcelona attending a
festival = Photograph C
a business tourist looking at possible
conference venues = Photograph D
cultural tourists visiting the city’s historic
landmarks = Photograph A
d Destinations can reduce city centre congestion
by introducing a variety of measures. Streets
in key central zones can be pedestrianised,
reducing traffic flows through central areas.
This is particularly useful as an anti-congestion
strategy because it will also allow for increased
visitor mobility, safety and more convenient
access to central sites. The creation of ring
roads and a series of one-way streets will
similarly help to restrict traffic moving through
central areas and reduce congestion. To help
visitors access the city centre, a ‘park and ride’
scheme could also be introduced, keeping day
tourist vehicles from adding to existing traffic
in the central areas. From a visitor point of
view, the traffic-free pedestrianised zones will
likely be appreciated the most.
e Tourist information centres provide a variety
of services for people visiting a destination.
The centres will provide maps of the city and
give visitors travel advice so that they can find
their way around without getting lost. Tourism
offices help tourists find accommodation,
offer advice and also make reservations on the
visitor’s behalf. They can tell tourists about
local attractions and places of interest in the
destination. The visitors can also obtain local
transport details so that they can plan timely
and cost-effective travel routes. Many centres
also sell souvenirs, offering the visitor a
choice of locally produced and themed items.
However, probably the most important reason
visitors will go to these centres is that the
staff are used to dealing with tourists and can
speak foreign languages. By doing so visitors
will feel secure in the knowledge that they will
be understood and will be able to understand
the information they will be given.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
Question 4
a The V&A Waterfront is referred to as being
‘a mixed-use area’ because the development
contains a variety of different land uses.
These have all been planned for, and the aim
of the redevelopment scheme was to create a
mixed-use area with a focus on retail, tourism
and residential development with a working
harbour at its centre. Consequently, today,
the V&A Waterfront is a 123-hectare mixed-
use development offering everything from
residential to commercial property, hotels,
retail districts, extensive dining, leisure,
recreation and entertainment facilities.
b The V&A Waterfront project has supported
social enterprise development in a variety
of ways. The whole redevelopment scheme
forms the basis of this part of Cape Town’s
local economy. A variety of different
economic activities are present and all of
them contribute to local wealth creation.
There are many service sector activities,
which all generate job opportunities for the
local population, particularly as demand
from over 20 million visitors each year makes
a high level of employment sustainable.
Furthermore, visitor spending will stimulate
demand in local supply chains. Finally,
the redevelopment has improved local
infrastructure, and accessibility will have
increased and so all Capetonians have the
opportunity to benefit from the project.
c The Waterfront has been made visitor-friendly
in a variety of ways. Photograph E shows that
local tour operators are present, and many
visitors will be interested in such activities.
The Waterfront allows visitors to easily find
their way around the site without getting lost
and as the area is pedestrianised, people can
explore safely in a traffic-free environment. On
the right of the photograph we can see that
there is the Cape Wheel attraction and visitors
have the opportunity to relax and enjoy the
panoramic view.
d The project has been internationally
recognised as a very significant urban
regeneration scheme. The built environment
in Cape Town’s old waterfront area has been
improved by a redevelopment scheme using
tourism as a focus for urban regeneration.
In particular, the scheme to upgrade the
waterfront’s local infrastructure has been
a great success, transforming its formerly
12 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
declining urban area into a vibrant location
offering a range of improved facilities
for visitors and local communities. Prior
to 1988, this area of Cape Town was in
decline and suffering from urban blight. The
project has restored old buildings, such as
the Clock Tower, and renovated them for
use in a different context. For example, the
Clock Tower is now a mini-retail centre.
Similarly, previous areas of decaying
wasteland in the underutilised historic
part of the Port of Cape Town have been
transformed into open recreational spaces for
people to enjoy. The area has been completely
transformed and the destination
illustrates the ways in which urban
regeneration schemes can exert very positive
socio-economic and environmental impacts
on former areas of industrial dereliction.
e Tourists going on a marine eco tour will
certainly have their awareness about the
natural environment raised and this will
happen in a variety of ways. These boat trips
take the tourists out to sea, and Photograph
E shows that there are a variety of tours
operating from the V&A Waterfront. Each
tour operator will have devised their own
route and therefore passengers will be able to
see a range of marine wildlife such as whales,
seals and penguins. Passengers will be able
to see the creatures in their natural habitat
and they will also have the opportunity to
view the wildlife close up. Furthermore,
the tour guide will provide a commentary,
and important environmental issues, such
as threats to species, can be brought to the
attention of those on board. In this way,
people will start to appreciate how at risk
some species are, and may become more
empathetic as a result. Some tours have
marine biologists to act as ‘guest’ guides,
who explain in detail how the local marine
ecosystem operates, in simple enough terms
for both adults and children to understand.
This can captivate passengers of all ages and
will certainly increase their awareness and
concern for the environment. Indeed, the
aim of many marine eco tour operators is to
inspire each and every client, hoping to turn
them into ambassadors and ocean defenders
by the time they return to shore.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS
Question 5
a Adventure tourists and ecotourists.
b The Gambia Tourist Board worked in
collaboration with the Institute of Travel
and Tourism of The Gambia and the Youth
Empowerment Project to develop the Ninki
Nanka Trail. In addition to this product
development, the Board was involved
with marketing and creating an image and
reputation for the trail. There was also input
for skills training in hospitality so that the
expected standards and quality required by
visitors would be achieved. Finally, the board
engaged with private sector tour operators
to make them aware of the product, and that
it would be made available to a variety of
international special interest tourists.
c There are several real threats to West African
tourism and all of them might easily cause
a reduction in demand for tourism visits to
the area. The outbreak of the Ebola virus in
2014–16 caused a major health incident and
many nations advised against international
travel to the area or imposed travel bans,
and tourist visits virtually stopped. Acts of
terrorism, such as by Boko Haram in Nigeria,
pose a real threat to tourism as potential
visitors will fear for their safety and instead
choose alternative destinations to visit.
d The host communities along the River
Gambia are likely to benefit from the Ninki
Nanka Trail in a variety of ways. There will
be significant positive socio-cultural impacts
in terms of increased cultural pride (visitors
are coming to see their traditional way of life),
the preservation of traditional folklore tales
(e.g. about the Ninki Nanka dragon) and local
people will have the opportunity to showcase
traditional handicraft items. This means that
there will be less chance of a clash of cultures,
and even less chance of there being a loss of
Gambian cultural identity. Local employment
opportunities will also increase, and this will
mean that some individuals will be able to
increase their income and raise their standard
of living. Furthermore, with more money
coming in to these communities, there will be
the opportunity to improve local facilities for
the benefit of the wider host population.
e It is possible for tour operators to promote
an awareness of sustainable tourism to their
clients in a variety of ways. Mass market
13 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
operators will tend to do this in generalised
ways but more specialised operators, such
as those involved with Ninki Nanka Trail
excursions, will give greater emphasis to
sustainability issues. For example, they will
give all customers information (often in
the brochure or in supplementary material
posted on their website) about the natural and
cultural features of destinations to be visited,
stressing the need for the conservation of
local ecosystems. Emphasis will be placed on
limiting the size of groups to reduce negative
impacts. Some companies also offer pre-
departure seminars and workshops, which
enable clients to build up their knowledge and
understanding of the destinations, projects,
cultures and environments to be visited. As
a result, customers will have guidelines on
how to avoid negative impacts while visiting
sensitive areas, for example, by maintaining
appropriate distances from wildlife, staying on
trails to avoid trampling plants and causing
erosion, and using water and electricity
sparingly to avoid related impacts on the
environment. Furthermore, through the
operator’s community-based tourism initiatives,
clients will be able to experience aspects of
acting ‘responsibly’ as they come into direct
contact with local people in a low-volume way,
eat traditional food and take part in cultural
and eco-tourism activities. As a result, from
all operator/client interactions, it will be clear
that the products on offer will conform to the
principles of sustainable tourism, and clients
will be very clear about what this involves and
the reasons why it is important.
Question 6
a Two negative environmental impacts caused
by Tanzania’s visitors are littering and causing
damage to coral reefs.
b To reduce the opportunity for crimes such
as theft, the Tanzania Ministry of Natural
Resources and Tourism advises visitors to
leave their valuables at their accommodation.
Wearing jewellery and carrying expensive
cameras or designer handbags marks the
tourist as being rich and therefore a clear
potential target for local thieves. Similarly,
beggars see tourists as a source of income.
The ministry advises tourists not to give cash
to beggars as this will only encourage further
begging and attract other poor locals to adopt
this behaviour, making the problem worse.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

The ministry advises generous tourists to their country of origin. Furthermore, with
donate to community development funds as the resort being ‘all-inclusive’, guests will tend
an alternative. to have all their meals in the resort, and so
local bars and restaurants will not have much
c Historic sites and attractions can secure access to their visitor spending. However, the
valuable artefacts which they have on display more significant negative impacts may be the
in a variety of ways. Items that are delicate environmental ones. Water sports, common
and fragile can be placed in glass display cases in these types of resort, can damage the coast
so that visitors can see them but will not be in terms of water pollution from oil spills and
able to touch or remove them. Larger items reef damage from careless divers. Swimming
may be placed behind a barrier so that visitors pools and golf courses require water supplies,
can view the item but are unable to get close and the local water table may fall, leaving
enough to cause any type of damage. local people with limited supplies. The
Tourists can be admitted to the site in small resorts generate waste, and unless sustainable
groups under the supervision of a guide. The practices are adopted, there will be pollution
guide will provide information about the items issues regarding disposal. Overall, one could
on display but will also be able to monitor say that such resorts are good for the tourists,
visitors’ behaviour at the same time, ensuring but not particularly good for the destination
valuable items remain safe. in which it are located – it is clear that the
d It is possible for attractions such as museums, all-inclusive resort’s multiplier effect will be
art galleries and historic buildings to provide somewhat limited.
a variety of services to meet the needs of
business customers. A common service is the
hire of a room suitable for holding meeting
and often audio-visual equipment can be
provided for use during business presentations.
Larger spaces, such as a spacious dining
facility, hall or grounds and gardens, can be
made available to hold banquets, exhibitions
and even wedding receptions. If there are
already catering staff employed on-site, food
and beverage service will be readily available
and charged for accordingly. However, the
venues will happily take a booking from
a business event organiser wishing to use
outside caterers if the services are unavailable
on-site as all non-visitor attraction use helps
to generate additional revenue and boosts
operational profitability.
e The opening of large ‘all-inclusive’ resorts in
coastal areas can cause a variety of negative
economic and environmental impacts for a
less economically developed destination. The
main economic problems will be import and
export leakages. It is common for food and
drinks to be imported, since local products
may not be up to tourists’ standards or the
country simply may not have a supplying
industry. Consequently, much of the income
from tourism expenditure leaves the country
again to pay for these imports. If the resort
is foreign-owned, an export leakage will arise
when overseas investors who finance the
resorts and hotels take their profits back to

14 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022