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Introduction To Hypergeometric,
Supertrigonometric, And
Superhyperbolic Functions Xiao-Jun
Yang
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An Introduction to
Hypergeometric,
Supertrigonometric, and
Superhyperbolic Functions
An Introduction to
Hypergeometric,
Supertrigonometric, and
Superhyperbolic Functions
Xiao-Jun Yang
State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering
School of Mathematics
China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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To my family, parents, brother, sister, wife, and my daughters
Contents
Biography xi
Preface xiii
1. Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and Euler beta

function 1
1.1. Euler gamma function 1
1.2. Pochhammer symbols 6
1.3. Euler beta function 9
2. Hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic

functions via Clausen hypergeometric series 13
2.1. Clausen hypergeometric series 13
2.2. The hypergeometric supertrigonometric functions via
Clausen hypergeometric series 49
2.3. The hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Clausen
hypergeometric series 73
2.4. The special functions via Clausen hypergeometric series
with three numerator parameters and two denominator
parameters 97
2.5. Analytic number theory via Clausen hypergeometric
functions 115
3. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

functions via Gauss hypergeometric series 139
3.1. Gauss hypergeometric series 139
3.2. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric functions via Gauss
3.3. Hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Gauss
vii
viii Contents
3.4. Some elementary examples for the Gauss hypergeometric

series 154
3.5. Integral representations for the hypergeometric
superhyperbolic and hypergeometric superhyperbolic
functions 169
3.6. Analytic number theory via Gauss hypergeometric functions 203

functions via Kummer confluent hypergeometric series 237
4.1. The Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of first type 237
Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of first type 242
4.3. The hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Kummer
confluent hypergeometric series of first type 254
4.4. The Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of second type 265
Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of second type 267
4.6. The hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Kummer
confluent hypergeometric series of second type 276
4.7. Analytic number theory via Kummer confluent

functions via Jacobi polynomials 293
5.1. Jacobi polynomials 293
5.2. Jacobi–Luke polynomials 309
5.3. Jacobi–Luke-type polynomials 312

functions via Laguerre polynomials 345
6.1. Laguerre polynomials 345
6.2. Extended works containing the Laguerre polynomials 390
6.3. Some results based on the special functions 417
Contents ix

functions via Legendre polynomials 445
7.1. Legendre polynomials 445
7.2. Legendre-type polynomials 456
References 471
Index 481
Biography
About the Author

Xiao-Jun Yang PhD, is a full-time professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at
China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China. His scientific interests include
Viscoelasticity, Mathematical Physics, Fractional Calculus and Applications, Fractals, An-
alytic Number Theory, and Special Functions. He was awarded the Obada-Prize, Cairo,
Egypt (2019). He was a recipient of the Young Scientist Award (2019) for the contribu-
tions in developing the Local Fractional Calculus at ICCMAS-2019, Istanbul, Turkey, and
the Springer Distinguished Researcher Award at ICMMAAC-2019, Jaipur, India. He is cur-
rently an Editor or Associate Editor of several scientific journals including Applied Numer-
ical Mathematics, Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, Fractals, Mathematical
Modelling and Analysis, Journal of Thermal Stresses, International Journal of Geometric
Methods in Modern Physics, Alexandria Engineering Journal, and Advances in Difference
Equations. He is the Highly Cited Researcher (2020 and 2019, Clarivate Analytics) in Math-
ematics, and Elsevier Most Cited Chinese Researcher in Mathematics (2017, 2018, and
2019). He is a member of the Scientific Committee of 10th edition of the Pan African
Congress of Mathematicians. He is the author and coauthor of six monographs for Elsevier,
CRC, World Science, and Asian Academic and coeditor of one edited book in De Gruyter.
xi
Preface
The theory of the special functions plays an important role in the study of the mathe-
matical models of the real-world phenomena with use of the functions in the fields of
mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and other applied sciences. The main aim
of the monograph is not only to explain the role of the hypergeometric series in modern
pure and applied mathematics but also to give the audience an idea for the structure of
the new special functions. It is designed for professional mathematicians, physicists, engi-
neers, chemists, and graduate students in those and closely allied fields who have had no
previous knowledge of the theory of the hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and super-
hyperbolic functions.
Due to the above-mentioned topics of the special functions containing the Clausen
hypergeometric series, Gauss hypergeometric series, Kummer confluent hypergeometric
series, Jacobi polynomials, Laguerre polynomials, and Legendre polynomials, we demon-
strate a great many of the identities for the special functions and take a systematic account
of the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions from the viewpoint of the Euler’s
tasks.
The monograph is divided into seven chapters as follows.

Chapter 1 provides the elements of the gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and
beta functions. The Weierstrassian product, Legendre duplication formula, Weierstrass
theorem, Winckler theorem, Stirling theorem, Hankel integral theorem, and Gauss mul-
tiplication formula are presented in detail. The incomplete gamma functions, incomplete
beta function, and the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function are also considered.
Chapter 2 is devoted to the hypergeometric supertrigonometric functions and the hy-
pergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Clausen hypergeometric series. The Laplace
transforms for the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions, the zeros of the su-
pertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions via Clausen hypergeometric series, and
the identities of the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions via Clausen hyper-
geometric series are considered in detail. The analytic number theory involving the above
special functions are also discussed.
Chapter 3 gives an account of the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and super-
hyperbolic functions via Gauss hypergeometric series. The Laplace transform, Chu–
Vandermonde identity, Gauss differential equation, Mellin transform, Gauss theorem, Stir-
ling theorem, Pfaff theorem, Koshliakov theorem, and Bateman theorem are considered in
detail. The analytic number theory invoking the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and
superhyperbolic functions via Gauss hypergeometric series are also presented based on
the proposed results.
xiii
xiv Preface
Chapter 4 proposes the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic func-

tions via the Kummer confluent hypergeometric series. The analytic number theory for the
hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic functions via Kummer conflu-
ent hypergeometric series are suggested in detail.
Chapter 5 addresses the definitions, properties, and theorems for the Jacobi, Jacobi–
Luke, and Jacobi–Luke-type polynomials. The hypergeometric supertrigonometric func-
tions and hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Jacobi and Jacobi–Luke-type
polynomials and their generating functions are discussed. The Laplace transforms and in-
tegral representations for the new special functions are also addressed.
Chapter 6 introduces the concepts, properties, and theorems of the Laguerre polyno-
mials and illustrates the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions containing
the Laguerre polynomials via Laguerre polynomials, Szegö function of first type, Rainville
function, and Szegö function of second type. We also report the Brafman theorem, Hille
theorem, Feldheim theorem, Weisner theorem, and other theorems for new special func-
tions.
Chapter 7 presents the definitions, properties, and theorems for the Legendre polyno-
mials and Legendre-type polynomials. We propose the supertrigonometric functions and
superhyperbolic functions via Legendre polynomials and Legendre-type polynomials.
Professor Dr. Xiao-Jun Yang would like to express grateful thanks to Professor George
E. Andrews, Professor H.M. Srivastava, Professor Bo-Ming Yu, Professor Wolfgang Sprößig,
Professor Souza De Cursi Eduardo, Professor Nouzha El Yacoubi, Professor Mourad Ismail,
Professor Tom H. Koornwinder, Professor Michel L. Lapidus, Professor Simeon Oka, Pro-
fessor Roland W. Lewis, Professor Manuel Lopez Pellicer, Professor Michael Reissig, Profes-
sor George A. Anastassiou, Professor Yalchin Efendiev, Professor Alain Miranville, Professor
Mahmoud Abdel-Aty, Professor Stefano Galatolo, Professor Dumitru Mihalache, Professor
Martin Bohner, Professor Thiab Taha, Professor Chin-Hong Park, Professor Sung Yell Song,
Professor Qin Sheng, Professor Salvatore Capozziello, Professor André Keller, Professor
Martin Ostoja-Starzewski, Professor Minvydas Ragulskis, Professor J.A. Tenreiro Machado,
Professor Mauro Bologna, Professor Carlo Cattani, Professor Semyon Yakubovich, Asso-
ciate Professor Jian-Hua Li, Ms. Karin Uhlemann, Professor Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Pro-
fessor Mircea Merca, Professor Irene Maria Sabadini, Professor Mario Di Paola, Professor
Mokhtar Kirane, Professor Giuseppe Failla, Professor Reza Saadati, Professor Amar Deb-
bouche, Professor Yusif Gasimov, and Professor Ivanka Stamova.
By way of acknowledgment, we are grateful to Professor Zhi-Ming Ye, Professor Wei-
Yi Su, Professor Zhi-Ying Wen, Professor Jin-De Cao, Professor Mao-An Han, Professor
Wei Lin, Professor Yi Wang, Professor Long Jiang, Professor Hui-Lai Li, Professor San-
Yang Liu, Professor Wen-Xia Li, Professor Sheng-Bo Li, Professor Qi-Gui Yang, Professor
Qing Qian, Professor Heng-Shan Hu, Professor Xi-Lin Xie, Professor Yi Cheng, Professor
Jian-Jun Zhang, Professor Mei-Qian Chen, Professor Fang Li, Professor Zhi-Liang Zhu, Pro-
fessor Shu-Kai Duan, Professor Yong-Gui Kao, Professor Jing-Yue Xue, Professor Zhen Jin,
Professor Yu-Feng Zhang, Professor Ai-Ming Yang, Professor Zhao-Jun Ou-Yang, Professor
Preface xv
Jun-Guo Lu, Professor Yuan Cao, Professor Wei-Qiu Chen, Professor Hui-Ming Wang, Pro-
fessor Guo-Tao Wang, Professor Wei Jiang, Professor Fa-Zhan Geng, Professor Bao-Li Xie,
Professor Wen-Bin Liu, Professor Deng-Yin Wang, Professor Xin-An Ren, Professor Lian-
Ying Miao, Professor Xiang-Juan Yao, Professor Gang Wu, Professor Hu Shao, Professor
Sheng-Jun Fan, Professor Hui-Xing Zhang, Professor Bo Wu, Professor Xing-Jie Yan, and
Professor Jian-Hua Yang.
My special thanks go to Professor He-Ping Xie, Professor Feng Gao, Professor Cheng-Bin
Wu, Professor Guo-Qing Zhou, Professor Fu-Bao Zhou, Professor Hong-Wen Jing, Profes-
sor Yang Ju, Professor Hong-Wei Zhou, Professor Tian-Jian Zhou, Professor Wei Lai, Profes-
sor Dong Ding, Professor Ming-Zhong Gao, Professor Xian-Biao Mao, Professor Zhan-Qing
Chen, Professor Hai-Bo Bai, Professor Zhan-Guo Ma, Professor Hai Pu, Dr. Pei-Tao Qiu,
my PhD students Jian-Gen Liu and Yi-Ying Feng, and the financial support of the Yue-
Qi Scholar of the China University of Mining and Technology (Grant No. 102504180004).
Finally, I also wish to express my special thanks to Elsevier staff, especially to C. Kat-
saropoulos, M. Conner, A. Packowska and A. Sivaraj for their cooperation in the production
process of this book.
Xiao-Jun Yang
State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,
School of Mathematics,
China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
May 27, 2020
1
Euler gamma function,
Pochhammer symbols and Euler
beta function
1.1 Euler gamma function

In this section, we introduce the history and concept of the Euler gamma function, give the
theorems for the Euler gamma function, and investigate the definition for the incomplete
Euler gamma function.
1.1.1 Definition and theorems for the Euler gamma function

Let C, R, Z, and N be the sets of complex numbers, real numbers, integers, and natural
numbers, respectively.
Let Z+ , R+ , Z− , and R− be the sets of the positive integers, positive real numbers, neg-
ative integers, and negative real numbers.
Let Z− −
0 = Z ∪ 0 and N0 = N ∪ 0.
Let Re (x) denote the real part of x ∈ C.
Definition 1.1 (Euler integral of first kind). [Euler (1729)]

The gamma function due to Euler is defined as [1]
∞
(z) = e−t t z−1 dt (1.1)
0
for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.
The formula (called the Euler integral of first kind) was discovered by Euler in 1729 (see
[1], p. 1, [2]), and the notation (z) was introduced by Legendre in 1814 (see [3], p. 476).
Theorem 1.1 (Weierstrass product). [Weierstrass (1856)]

The gamma function can be expressed as [4]
∞
e−γ z z −1 z
(z) = 1+ ek , (1.2)
z k
k=1

where z ∈ C\Z−
0 , and γ := limn→∞
n 1
k=1 k − log n is the Euler constant. Moreover, (z) is
analytic except at the points z ∈ Z−
0 , where it has simple poles [5].
An Introduction to Hypergeometric, Supertrigonometric, and Superhyperbolic Functions 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824154-7.00007-6
2 An Introduction to Hypergeometric, Supertrigonometric, Superhyperbolic Functions
The formula for the Weierstrass product was discovered by Weierstrass in 1856 [4] and
by Newman in 1848 [6], and the proofs were published by Hölder (1886) [7], Moore (1896)
[8], and Baines (1900) [9].
Definition 1.2 (Euler’s functional equation). [Euler (1729)]

The Euler’s functional equation states
(z + 1) = z (z) (1.3)
for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.
Euler’s functional equation was discovered by Euler in 1729 [2] and reported by Weier-
strass (1856) [4], Brunel (1886) [10], Gronwall (1916) [11], and Olver (1997) [12].
Theorem 1.2 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]
(z + 1) = z! for z ∈ N0 . (1.4)
Euler’s functional equation was discovered by Euler in 1729 [1,2] and discussed by
Weierstrass (1856) [4], Brunel (1886) [10], and Gronwall (1916) [11].
Theorem 1.3 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]

1 √
= π. (1.5)
2
This equality was discovered by Euler in 1729 [1] and discussed by Bell (1968) [13], Luke
(1969) [14], and Bendersky (1933) [15].
Theorem 1.4 (Euler theorem). [Euler]

n
1−j n−1 1
= (2π) 2 n2 for n, j ∈ N. (1.6)
n
j =1
The Euler theorem was reviewed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].
Theorem 1.5 (Winckler theorem). [Winckler (1856)]

hj
n−1
j =0 mz + n
m ngz+ mn−m−n n−m
2
m−1
= (2π) 2 , (1.7)
l=0 nz + m
nl n
where z ∈ C and k, j, k, m, n ∈ N.
The Winckler theorem was discovered by Winckler in 1856 [16] and reviewed by Gron-
wall in 1916 [11].
Chapter 1 • Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and Euler beta function 3
Theorem 1.6. [Schlömilch (1844) and Newman (1848)]

∞
1 z z
= eγ z z 1 + e− k for z ∈ C and k ∈ N. (1.8)
(z) k
k=1
The result was discovered by Schlömilch in 1844 [17] and by Newman in 1848 [6].
Theorem 1.7 (Whittaker theorem). [Whittaker (1902)]

∞
(z)
e−kt t z−1 dt = z (1.9)
0 k
for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0 and k ∈ N.
The Whittaker theorem was first reported by Whittaker in 1902 (see [18], p. 184) and
further reported by Whittaker and Watson in 1920 [19].
Theorem 1.8. [Whittaker (1902)]

π
2 1 α2 α2
cosα−1 t sinβ−1 tdt = (1.10)
0 2 α+β
2
for Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.
The result was first obtained by Whittaker in 1902 (see [18], p. 191) and further reported
by Whittaker and Watson in 1920 [19].
Theorem 1.9. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

If α + β > 1, then
∞
1 2α+β−1
dt = . (1.11)
−∞ (α + t) (β − t) (α + β − 1)
The result was first reported in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

∞
k (α + β + k) (α + 1) (β + 1)
= , (1.12)
(α + k) (β + k) (α + β + 1)
k=1
provided that Re (α) > −1, Re (β) > −1, and Re (α + β) > −1.
The result was first presented in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

n −1
z
n
k−1 1
1− n = − −e2πi n z n for z ∈ C and k, n ∈ N. (1.13)
k
k=1 k=1
The result was first reported in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].
Theorem 1.12 (Euler’s completion formula). [Euler (1771)]

π
(z) (1 − z) = (1.14)
sin (πz)
and
∞

z2
sin (πz) = πz 1− 2 , (1.15)
k
k=1
where Re (z) > 0 and z ∈ C.
The formula is due to Euler (1771) [21].

For more detail of the results, we refer the readers to Weierstrass (1856) [4], Manocha
and Srivastava (1984) [22], Luke (1969) [14], Bell (1968) [13], Godefroy (1903) [23], and Tan-
nery (1910) [24].
Theorem 1.13 (Legendre duplication formula). [Legendre (1809), p. 485]

1 1
(2z) = 22z−1 (z) z + for z ∈ C\Z−
0. (1.16)
2 2
Legendre’s duplication formula was first discovered by Legendre in 1809 (see [3], p. 477).
For more detail on the Legendre duplication formula, we refer the readers to Gronwall
(1916) [11], Andrews et al. (1999) [25], and Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22].
Theorem 1.14 (Gauss multiplication theorem). [Gauss (1812)]

m
1−m 1 j −1
(mz) = (2π) 2 mmz− 2 z+ (1.17)
m
j =1

j
for z ∈ C\ 0, − m with j < m and j, m ∈ N.
Gauss’ multiplication formula is due to Guass (1812) [26]. For more detail on Gauss’
multiplication formula, we refer the readers refer to Winckler (1856) [16], Gronwall (1916)
[11], Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].
Theorem 1.15 (Weierstrass theorem). [Weierstrass (1856)]

1 1 π 2π
−z + z = πsec (πz) = = (1.18)
2 2 cos (πz) eiπz + e−iπz
for z ∈ C/Z−
0.
The result was discovered by Weierstrass (1856) [4] and reported by Bell in 1968 [13] and
by Luke in 1969 [14].
Theorem 1.16. We have

1 1 π 2π
+ iz − iz = = , (1.19)
2 2 cosh (πz) eπz + e−πz
2

1 + iz = 2π
, (1.20)
2 e + e−πz
πz
and
π 2π
(iz) (−iz) = = (1.21)
−iz sin (πzi) z e − e−πz
πz
as |z| → ∞.
The results were reported by different researchers, for example, Lerch (1893) [27], Gode-
froy (1901) [28], Stieltjes (1889) [29], Bateman (1955) [30], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].

n−1
j j (2π )n−1
1− = , (1.22)
n n n
j =1

1
n √π
n 2
−n + = (−1) , (1.23)
2 (2n − 1)!
√
1 (2n − 1)! π
n+ = , (1.24)
2 2n
πz
n−1
z2

(n + z) (n − z) = ((n − 1)!) 2
1 − , (1.25)
sin (πz) j
j =1
and
2
n + 1
n
1 1 2 4z2
n+ +z n+ −z = 1− (1.26)
2 2 cos (πz)
j =1
(2j − 1)2
for n ∈ N and z ∈ C\Z−

0.
The results were reported by Weierstrass in (1856) [4] and Wang et al. (1979) (see [31],
pp. 588–589).
Theorem 1.18 (Incomplete gamma functions). [Schlömilch (1871)]

The incomplete gamma functions are defined as
a
− (a, z) = e−t t z−1 dt (|arg (a)| < π) (1.27)
0
and
a
+ (a, z) = e−t t z−1 dt (|arg (a)| < π) (1.28)
0
with
(z) = − (a, z) + + (a, z) , (1.29)
where a > 0 and z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.
These functions are introduced and called “incomplete gamma functions” by

Schlömilch (1871) ([32]; also see [33]) and further reported by J. Tannery (1882) [34],
Prym (1877) [35], Lerch (1905) [36], and Thomson (1947) [37].
Theorem 1.19 (Pearson theorem). [Pearson (1934)]

We have
− (a, z) = z−1 a z e−a 1 F1 (1; z + 1; a) (1.30)
for z ∈ Z−
0.
The result was discovered by Pearson [38] and reported by Slater (1966) [39], Wang et al.
(1979) [31], and Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22].
Theorem 1.20. Let h(1) (t) > 0, h (0) = 0, h (∞) = ∞, and x ∈ C with Re (x) > 0.
Then we have
1
(x) = e−h(t) (h (t))x−1 h(1) (t) dt. (1.31)
0
The result was discovered by Yang, Gao, and Ju [40] in 2020 for x ∈ N.
Theorem 1.21. Let x ∈ C with Re (x) > 0.

Then we have
0
e−e etx dt,
t
(x) = (1.32)
−1
where e−e is the Euler function.

t
For more detail of the incomplete gamma function, see Pearson (1957) [38], Haskins
(1915) [41], and Pagurova (1963) [42].
1.2 Pochhammer symbols

In this section, we introduce the Pochhammer symbols and give theorems on their prop-
erties.
1.2.1 Definition and theorems for the Pochhammer symbols

Definition 1.3 (Pochhammer symbol). [Pochhammer (1870)]
The Pochhammer symbol is defined as [43]
(α)k

k
= (α + n − 1)
n=1
(α + k) (1.33)
=
(α)

1 (k = 0) ,
=
α (α + 1) · · · (α + k − 1) (k ∈ N0 ) ,
and
(α)0 = 1, (1.34)
where α ∈ C and k, n ∈ N.
The Pochhammer symbol was first suggested and used by Pochhammer in 1870 [43].
Weierstrass [4] noticed in 1856 that
(α + k) = α (α + 1) · · · (α + k − 1) (α) (k ∈ N0 ) . (1.35)
For more information, see the monograph [44].

Moreover (see [4,11,39]),
1
lim (α)k = (1.36)
k→∞ (α)
for α ∈ C\C−
0 and k ∈ N.
Suppose that α = −n and n ∈ N0 . Then we have (see [39], p. 3)

(−n)k , n ≥ k,
(α)k = (1.37)
−, n < k.
Theorem 1.22 (Euler limit theorem). [Euler (1729)]

We have
nz
(z) = lim (1.38)
n→∞ (z)n+1
for z ∈ C\Z−
0.
The result was discovered by Euler in 1729 [2], reported by Weierstrass in 1856 [4], and
discussed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].
Theorem 1.23. We have the identities
(α)k (α + k)n = (α)n+k (1.39)
and
(α)m
(α + k)m−k = (1.40)
(α)k
for α ∈ C\Z−
0 and n, k ∈ N.
The first formula was reported by Rainville in 1960 (see [45], p. 59), and the second
formula was suggested by Slater in 1966 (see [39], p. 31).
(1)n = n!, (1.41)

α
n
α (α − 1) · · · (α − k − 1)
=
n!
(α + 1)
= (1.42)
n! (α − n + 1)
1
=
n! (α + 1)n
(−1)n (−α)n
= ,
n!
(α + 1)
= (−1)n (−α)n , (1.43)
(α − n + 1)
1 (−1)n (−m)n
= , (1.44)
(m − n)! m!
(α − n) (−1)n
= , (1.45)
(α) (1 − α)n
(α − n) (−1)n
= (α)−n = , (1.46)
(α) (1 − α)n
n! n! (n + 1)!
− = , (1.47)
(α)n+1 (α + 1)n+1 (α)n+2
(α)n (α)n+1 (α)n
− = (α − β) , (1.48)
(β)n (β)n+1 (β)n+1
(−1)k (−1)k (α)n
(α)n−k = = , (1.49)
(1 − α)−n (1 − α − n)k (1 − α − n)k
(−1)k (1)n (−1)k n!

(1)n−k = (n − k)! = = , (1.50)
(−n)k (−n)k
α α + 1
(α)2n = 22n , (1.51)
2 n 2 n
m
α+j −1
(α)mn = m mn
, (1.52)
m n
j =1
and

(−1)k n!
(0 ≤ k ≤ n)
(−n)k = (n−k)! (1.53)
0 (k > n)
for j, k, m, n ∈ N0 , k ≤ n, and α, β ∈ C\Z.
For more detail, see [4,11,13,14,22,39].
Theorem 1.25 (Stirling theorem). [Stirling (1730)]
1
z−α
∞
(α)k
=
(z)k+1
k=0
∞ (1.54)
(z) (α + k)
=
(α) (z + k + 1)
k=0
1 α α (α + 1)
= + + + ··· ,
z z (z + 1) z (z + 1) (z + 2)
for α, z ∈ C\Z−
0 with Re (α) > 0, Re (z) > 0, and Re (α − z) > 0.
The result was discovered by Stirling in 1730 [46] and reviewed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].
1.3 Euler beta function

In this section, we give the definition of the Euler beta function, present theorems on the
Euler beta function, and discuss the definition of the incomplete Euler beta function.
1.3.1 Definition and theorems for the Euler beta function

Definition 1.4 (Euler beta function). [Euler (1772)]
The Euler beta function is defined as
1
(α) (β)
B (α, β) = = t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 dt (1.55)
(α + β) 0
for α, β ∈ C\Z−
0 with Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.
The formula (called the Euler integral of the second kind) was first discovered by Euler
in 1772 [47] and by Legendre in 1811 (see [48], p. 221); the name of the beta function was
introduced by Binet in 1839 [49]. For more detail, see the monograph [44].
Theorem 1.26. [Whittaker and Watson (1902)]

We have
(α, n) = lim nα B (α, n) (1.56)
n→∞
for α ∈ C\Z−
0 and n ∈ N.
The results were reported by Whittaker and Watson (see [19], p. 254).
Theorem 1.27. [Euler (1772)]

We have
B (α, β) (α + β, c) = B (β, c) (β + c, α) . (1.57)
The result was discovered by Euler in 1772 [47] and further reported by Whittaker and
Watson (see [19], p. 261).
Theorem 1.28. [Whittaker and Watson (1902)]

∞
B (α, β) = t α−1 (1 + t)−(α+β) dt, (1.58)
0
n!
B (α, n + 1) = (n ∈ N0 ) , (1.59)
(α)n+1
β
B (α, β + 1) = B (α, β) , (1.60)
α+β
B (α, β) = B (α + 1, β) + B (α, β + 1) , (1.61)
β
B (α, β + 1) = B (α + 1, β) , (1.62)
α
and
B (α, β) = B (β, α) . (1.63)
The results were discovered by Whittaker and Watson (see [19], p. 254).
Theorem 1.29. [Whittaker and Watson (1902) [19]]

We have

n
k=1 B β + n−1
n , α
B (nα, nβ) = n−nβ n (1.64)
k=1 B ((k − 1) α, α)
for n ∈ N and α, β ∈ C\Z−
0 with Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.
Definition 1.5 (Incomplete beta function). [Pearson (1934)]

The incomplete beta function is defined as [50]
z
zα
Bz (α, β) = t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 dt = 2 F1 (α, 1 − β; α + 1; z) . (1.65)
0 α
The incomplete beta function was introduced by Pearson in 1934 [50] and further re-
ported by Thomson (1947) [37] and Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51].
For more detail and history, see Dutka (1981) [52].
Theorem 1.30 (Hankel integral theorem). [Hankel (1864)]
We gave the identity [53]

1 1
= s −z es ds, s ∈ C, (1.66)
(z) 2πi L
where L is the Hankel contour.
The result was discovered by Hankel in 1864 [53].
There is an alternative integral representation as follows.
Theorem 1.31. [Hankel (1864)]

1 i
= (−s)−z e−s ds, s ∈ C, (1.67)
(z) 2π ℵ
where ℵ is the loop contour starting at 0i + ∞, encircling the origin, and tending to 0i − ∞.
The result was discovered by Hankel in 1864 [53].
Definition 1.6 (The logarithmic derivative of the gamma function).
The logarithmic derivative of the gamma function is defined as [11]
d log (z) (1) (z)

ψ (z) = = (1.68)
dz (z)
for s ∈ C and

1 √
log (z) = z − log z − s + log 2π + (z) (1.69)
2
with the infinite series (z) due to Gudermann (1845) [54].
Theorem 1.32. Let h(1) (t) > 0, h (1) = 1, h (∞) = ∞, and x, y ∈ C with Re (x) > 0 and
Re (y) > 0.
Then we have
∞
B (x, y) = e−h(t) (h (t))x−1 (1 − h (t))y−1 h(1) (t) dt. (1.70)
0
The result was discovered by Yang, Gao, and Ju in 2020 for x ∈ R+ and y ∈ R+ [40].
Theorem 1.33. Let x, y ∈ C with Re (x) > 0 and Re (y) > 0. Then we have
∞
e−e et 1 − et
t y−1
B (x, y) = dt, (1.71)
−1
where e−e is the Euler function.

t
For more information of the Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols, and Euler
beta function, we refer the reader to Gronwall (1916) [11], Bell (1968) [13], Luke (1969) [14],
Whittaker and Watson [19], Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22], Wang et al. (1979) [31],
Slater [39], Rainville [45], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].
2
Hypergeometric,
supertrigonometric, and
superhyperbolic functions via
Clausen hypergeometric series
2.1 Clausen hypergeometric series

In 1828, Clausen [55] introduced the hypergeometric series, which is now called the gen-
eralized hypergeometric series or Clausen hypergeometric series (also called the Clausen
hypergeometric function).
In fact, Wallis [56] first used in 1656 the term hypergeometric to denote the series to
make it beyond the ordinary geometric series at that time. After that, Euler studied similar
series in 1748 [57]. Vandermonde extended the binomial theorem in 1770 [58]. Gauss in-
troduced the famous Gauss hypergeometric series in 1812 [26]. On the consideration of the
Gauss hypergeometric series, Clausen [55] proposed the Clausen hypergeometric series.
2.1.1 Definition, convergence, and properties for the Clausen

hypergeometric series
Let us start with the definition, properties, and theorems for the Clausen hypergeometric
series.
Definition 2.1. [Clausen (1828)]
The Clausen hypergeometric series are defined as [55]
p Fq((a) , (c) ; z)

= p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z

a , · · · , ap
= p Fq 1 ;z (2.1)
c1 , · · · , cq
∞
(a1 )n · · · ap zn
= n ,
n=0
(c1 )n · · · cq n n!
where an , cn , z ∈ C and n, p, q ∈ N0 .
This extended version of the Gauss hypergeometric series was introduced by Clausen
in 1828 [55]. The results were developed by Dutka (1984) [59], Bailey (1935) [60], Karlsson
An Introduction to Hypergeometric, Supertrigonometric, and Superhyperbolic Functions 13
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824154-7.00008-8
(1995) [61], Opps et al. (2005) [62], Miller and Paris (2012) [63], Aomoto et al. (2011) [64], Roy
(1987) [65], Nilsson (2009) [66], Wilson (1978) [67], Fine (1988) [68], Gasper et al. (2004) [69],
Andrews (1974) [70], and Natanzon (1979) [71]. The formula was systematically studied by
Thomae (1870) [72] and Appell and De Fériet (1926) [73].
Theorem 2.1 (Convergence). [60]
The cases of convergence of the Clausen hypergeometric series (2.1) for an ∈ C\Z−
0:
1. p < q: the series converges absolutely for z ∈ C;

2. p = q + 1: the series converges
q absolutely for |z|
< 1, diverges for |z| > 1, and for |z| = 1, it
p
converges absolutely if Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0;
3. p > q + 1: the series converges only for z = 0.
The result was reported by, for example, Bailey (1935) [60], Srivastava and Kashyap
(1982) [51], Slater (1966) [39], Andrews et al. (1999) [25], and Rainville (1960) [45].
We now provide some properties of the Clausen hypergeometric series.
Theorem 2.2 (The differential equation for the Clausen hypergeometric series).
If an , cn , z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , and |z| < 1, then the hypergeometric series (2.1) is a solution
of the differential equation
(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z) − (P (p, μ, an ) ϕ) (z) = 0, (2.2)
where
(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z)
q
d d
= z z ϕ (z) + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz (2.3)
n=1

d
q
d
=z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz
n=1
and
(P (p, μ, an ) ϕ) (z)
p
dϕ (z)
=z z + an ϕ (z)
dz (2.4)
n=1
p
d
=z z + an ϕ (z).
dz
n=1
The result was reported by some researchers, for example, Srivastava and Kashyap
(1982) [51], Rainville (1960) [45], Andrews et al. (1999) [25], Luke (1969) [14], Nørlund (1955)
[74], Smith [75,76], Mehlenbacher (1938) [77], Littlejohn and Kanwal (1987) [78], Dwork
(1984) [79], Zarzo and Dehesa (1994) [80], Takemura (2012) [81], and Plastino and Rocca
(2015) [82].
Chapter 2 • Hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic functions 15
As extensions of the results of the Clausen hypergeometric series, we easily show the
following results.
q p
Property 2.1. If an , cn , z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then the
Clausen hypergeometric series of the form
p Fq((a) , (c) ; λz)

= p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λz

a , · · · , ap
= p Fq 1 ; λz (2.5)
c1 , · · · , cq
∞
(a1 )n · · · ap (λz)n
= n
n=0
(c1 )n · · · cq n n!
is a solution of the differential equation

(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z) − (P (p, μ, an , λ) ϕ) (z) = 0, (2.6)
where
(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z)
q
d dϕ (z)
=z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz (2.7)
n=1
q
d d
=z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz
n=1
and
(P (p, μ, an , λ) ϕ) (z)
p
dϕ (z)
= λz z + an ϕ (z)
dz (2.8)
n=1
p
d
= λz z + an ϕ (z) .
dz
n=1
q p
Property 2.2. If an , cn , μ, λ, z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then
the Clausen hypergeometric series of the form
μp Fq ((a) , (c) ; λz)

= μp Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λz

a , · · · , ap
= μ p Fq 1 ; λz (2.9)
c1 , · · · , cq
∞
(a1 )n · · · ap (λz)n
=μ n
(c1 )n · · · cq n n!
n=0
is a solution of the differential equation
(Q (q, μ, λ, cn ) ϕ) (z) − (P (p, μ, λ, an ) ϕ) (z) = 0, (2.10)
where
(Q (q, μ, λ, cn ) ϕ) (z)
q
d dϕ (z)
= μq z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz (2.11)
n=1
q
d d
= μq z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz
n=1
and
(P (p, μ, λ, an ) ϕ) (z)
p
dϕ (z)
= μ λz
p
z + an ϕ (z)
dz (2.12)
n=1
p
d
= μp λz z + an ϕ (z) .
dz
n=1
We now show the derivatives of the Clausen hypergeometric series.

Theorem 2.3. The derivative of the Clausen hypergeometric series is given as follows (see
[83], p. 315):
d
p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz
p
(2.13)
an
= n=1
q p Fq (a1 + 1) , · · · , ap + 1 ; (c1 + 1) , · · · , cq + 1 ; z
n=1 cn
and
1 d
p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λz
λ dz
p
(2.14)
an
= n=1q p Fq (a1 + 1) , · · · , ap + 1 ; (c1 + 1) , · · · , cq + 1 ; λz ,
n=1 cn
q p
where an , cn , λ, z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1.
The result was discussed by, for example, Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51], Rainville
(1960) [45], Andrews et al. (1999) [25] and, Luke (1969) [14].
Without proof, we present extended results for the derivatives of the Clausen hyperge-
ometric series.
Property 2.3 (Derivatives of the Clausen hypergeometric series).

The derivatives for the Clausen hypergeometric series are given as follows [14]:
dn
n p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz
q (2.15)
n=1 ap n
= q p Fq (a1 + n) , · · · , ap + n ; (c1 + n) , · · · , cq + n ; z
n=1 aq n
and
dn δ
n
z p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz
(2.16)
= (δ + 1 − n)n zδ−n

× p+1 Fq+1 δ + 1, (a1 + 1) , · · · , ap + 1 ; δ + 1 − n, (c1 + 1) , · · · , cq + 1 ; z ,
q p
where an , cn , λ, z, δ ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1.
The result was also discussed by, for example, Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51],
Rainville (1960) [45], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].
Recalling that δ + 1 − n is a negative integer or zero, we have:
dn δ
z p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dzn

ap n! (2.17)
= n−δ
aq n−δ (n − δ)!
× p+1 Fq+1 ((a1 + n − δ) , · · · , n + 1; n − δ + 1, (c1 + n − δ) , · · · ; z),
dn
n
zδ+n−1 p+1 Fq δ, a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz (2.18)

= (δ)n zδ−1 × p+1 Fq (a1 + n) , · · · , ap + n , n + 1; c1 , · · · , cq ; z ,
dn
n
zδ−1 p Fq+1 a1 , · · · , ap ; δ, c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz (2.19)

= (δ − n)n zδ−n−1 × p Fq+1 a1 , · · · , ap ; δ − n, (c1 + n) , · · · , cq + n ; z ,
dn
zδ (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn (2.20)
= (δ − n + 1)n zδ−n × 3 F2 (c − a, c − b, δ + 1, c, δ − n + 1; z),
dn
zn+c−1 (1 − z)n+a+b−c 2 F1 (a + n, b + n; c + n; z)
dzn (2.21)
= (c)n zc−1 (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z),
dn
zc−a+n−1 (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn (2.22)
= (c − a)n zc−a−1 (1 − z)a+b−c−n × 2 F1 (a − n, b; c; z),
dn
zc−1 (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn (2.23)
= (c − n)n zc−n−1 (1 − z)a+b−c−n × 2 F1 (a − n, b − n; c − n; z),
dn
(1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn
(2.24)
(c − n)n (c − b)n
= (1 − z)a+b−c−n × 2 F1 (a, b; c + n; z),
(c)n
dn
za (1 − z)b
dzn
(2.25)
= (a − n + 1)n za−n (1 − z)b−n
× 2 F1 (−n, a + b + 1; a + 1 − n; z) (a < n) ,
dn
za (1 − z)b
dzn
n! (−b)n−a (2.26)
= (1 − z)b−n
(n − a)!
× 2 F1 (−a, b + 1; n − a + 1; z) (a < n) ,
dn
zc−1 (1 − z)b−c+n 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn
(2.27)
= (c − n)n zc−1−n (1 − z)b−c
× 2 F1 (a − n, b; c − n; z),
and
dn
(1 − z)a+n−1 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn
(−1)n (a)n (c − b)n (2.28)
= (1 − z)a−1
(c)n
× 2 F1 (a − n, b; c + n; z) ,
q p
where a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq , δ, a, b, c ∈ C, Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and n ∈ N0 .
Returning now to the details of the derivatives of the Clausen hypergeometric series,
see Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51], Rainville (1960) [45], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25],
Luke (1969) [14], Andrews (1992) [87], and Erdilyi et al. (1953) [88].
Theorem 2.4. [Rainville (1960)]

q
If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck −
p
k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then (see [45], p. 85)

a1 , · · · , ap ;
p Fq λz
c 1 , · · · , cq ;
(2.29)
(c1 ) 1
a1 −1 c1 −a1 −1

= t (1 − t) p−1 Fq−1 a2 , · · · , ap ; c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a1 ) (c1 − a1 ) 0
where λ is a constant.
When c1 − a1 = 1, we have the following result.

Corollary
q 2.1. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c2 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then

a 1 , · · · , ap ;
p Fq λz
a1 + 1, · · · , cq ;
(2.30)
(a1 + 1) 1 a1 −1
= t p−1 Fq−1 a2 , · · · , ap ; c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a1 ) 0
When a1 = 1, we know the following result.

Corollary
q 2.2. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a2 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 1, · · · , Re cq > 0,
p

1, · · · , ap ;
p Fq λz
c 1 , · · · , cq ;
1 (2.31)
(c1 )
= (1 − t)c1 −2 p−1 Fq−1 a2 , · · · , ap ; c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(c1 − 1) 0
Theorem 2.5. [Askey (1975)] q

If p ≤
q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck −
p
k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then we have (see [60], p. 19)

a1 , · · · , ap , a;
p+1 Fq+1 λz
c1 , · · · , cq , c;
1 (2.32)
(c)
= t a−1 (1 − t)c−a−1 p Fq a1 , a2 , · · · , ap ; c1 , c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a) (c − a) 0
The results were obtained by Rainville in 1960 (see [45], p. 85) and Askey (1975) [60], and
further investigated by Andrews et al. (see [25], p. 67), Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51],
and Slater (1966) [39].
When c − a = 1, we get the following result.

Corollary 2.3. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
q p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then we have

a1 , · · · , ap , a;
p+1 Fq+1 λz
c1 , · · · , cq , a + 1;
(2.33)
(a + 1) 1 a−1
= t p Fq a1 , a2 , · · · , ap ; c1 , c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a) 0
When a = 1, we get the following result.

Corollary 2.4. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re (c) > 1, Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · ,
q p
Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then we have

a1 , · · · , ap , 1;
p+1 Fq+1 λz
c1 , · · · , cq , c;
1 (2.34)
(c)
= (1 − t)c−2 p Fq a1 , a2 , · · · , ap ; c1 , c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(c − 1) 0

If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, |z| < 1,
q p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and κ ∈ N, then

1 z
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt κ dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.35)
a1 , · · · , ap , ακ , α+1
κ ,··· ,
α+κ−1
κ ;
=z α+β−1
× p+κ Fq+κ λz κ
,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
κ ,
α+β+1
κ , · · · , α+β+κ−1
κ ;
The result was obtained by Rainville in 1960 (see [45], p. 85). Based on this result, we
suggest the following corollaries.

Corollary 2.5. If Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, |z| < 1,
q p

1 z
t β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (z − t)κ dt
B (1, β) 0
(2.36)
a1 , · · · , ap , κ1 , κ2 , · · · , 1;
= zβ × p+κ Fq+κ λzκ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , 1+β β+2 β+κ
κ , κ ,··· , κ ;

Corollary 2.6. If Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, |z| < 1,
q p

1 z
t β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (z − t) dt
B (1, β) 0
(2.37)
a1 , · · · , ap , 1;
= zβ × p+1 Fq+1 λz ,
c1 , · · · , cq , 1 + β;
Using the above relations, we have the following particular cases.

Case 1. Suppose that Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · ,
q p
Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1. Then we have
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.38)
a1 , · · · , ap , α2 , α+1
2 ;
= zα+β−1 × p+2 Fq+2 λz2 ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
2 ,
α+β+1
2 ;

q p
z
1
B (α, β) 0
(2.39)
a1 , · · · , ap , α3 , α+1
3 , 3 ;
α+2
= zα+β−1 × p+3 Fq+3 λz3 ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
3 ,
α+β+1 α+β+2
3 , 3 ;

q p
z
1
B (α, β) 0
(2.40)
a1 , · · · , ap , α4 , α+1
4 , 4 , 4 ;
α+2 α+3
= zα+β−1 × p+4 Fq+4 λz4 ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
4 ,
α+β+1 α+β+2 α+β+3
4 , 4 , 4 ;
Case 4. Suppose that Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and Re (β) > Re (α) > 0. Then we have

3, 3 , 3 ;
z α α+1 α+2
1 3
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 eλt dt = zα+β−1 × 3 F3 α+β α+β+1 α+β+2 λz
3
, (2.41)
B (α, β) 0 3 , 3 , 3 ;
Case 5. Suppose that Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, |z| < 1, Re (β) > Re (α) > 0, and κ ∈ N, then we
have
z
1 κ
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 eλt dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.42)
, κ , · · · , α+κ−1
α α+1
;
= zα+β−1 κ Fκ α+β κ α+β+1 κ
λz κ
,
κ , κ , · · · , α+β+κ−1
κ ;
IfRe (α) > 0, Re (β)
> 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
q p
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.43)
a1 , · · · , ap , α;
= zα+β−1 × p+1 Fq+1 λz ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
The result was obtained by Rainville in 1960 [45].
Theorem 2.8. [Manocha and Srivastava (1984)]
IfRe (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, and
q p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, then

1 1
t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.44)
a1 , · · · , ap , α;
= p+1 Fq+1 λ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
The result was obtained by Manocha and Srivastava in 1984 [22]. Using this formula, we
obtain the following results.
Theorem 2.9. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1 α;
t α−1
(z − t) e dt = z
β−1 λt α+β−1
× 1 F1 λz , (2.45)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;
Proof. Putting eλt = 0 F0 (−; −; λz), we simply write

z
1
B (α, β) 0
z (2.46)
1
= t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F0 (−; −; λt)dt.
B (α, β) 0
It is easy to verify that

z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F0 (−; −; λt)dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.47)
α;
= zα+β−1 × 1 F1 λz .
α + β;
Thus we obtain the result.
Similarly, without proofs, we may present the following theorems.
Theorem 2.10. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > Re (a1 ), and
|z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.48)
a1 , α;
=z α+β−1
× 2 F2 λz ,
c1 , α + β;
Theorem 2.11. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (a2 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, Re (c2 ) > 0, and
|z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.49)
a1 , a2 , α;
= zα+β−1 × 3 F3 λz ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
Theorem 2.12. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (c) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1 α;
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F1 (−; c; λt) dt = zα+β−1 × 1 F2 λz , (2.50)
B (α, β) 0 c, α + β;
Theorem 2.13. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, Re (c2 ) > 0, |z| < 1, and
κ ∈ N, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F2 (a1 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.51)
a1 , α;
=z α+β−1
2 F3 λz ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
Theorem 2.14. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1 a1 , α;
t α−1
(z − t) β−1
1 F0 (a1 ; −; λt) dt = z
α+β−1
2 F1 λz , (2.52)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;
z
1 −a1 a1 , α;
t α−1
(z − t)β−1
(1 − t) dt = z α+β−1
2 F1 z . (2.53)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;

Theorem
2.16. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · ,
Re cq > 0 and |z| < 1, then
z
1
B (α, β) 0
(2.54)
a1 , · · · , ap , α2 , α+1
2 ;
= zα+β−1 p+2 Fq+2 λz 2
,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
2 ,
α+β+1
2 ;
Theorem 2.17. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F1 a1 ; c1 ; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.55)
=z α+β−1 2 ;
a1 , α2 , α+1 2
3 F3 α+β+1 λz ,
vc1 , α+β
2 , 2 ;
Theorem 2.18. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and |z| < 1, then

2, 2 ;
z α α+1
1 2
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 eλt dt = zα+β−1 × 2 F2 α+β α+β+1 λz
2
, (2.56)
B (α, β) 0 2 , 2 ;
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F0 a1 ; −; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.57)
2 ;
a1 , α2 , α+1
= zα+β−1 3 F2 α+β α+β+1 λz2 ,
2 , 2 ;
Theorem 2.20. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F1 −; c1 ; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.58)
2, 2 ;
α α+1
=z α+β−1
2 F3 α+β α+β+1 λz
2
,
c1 , 2 , 2 ;
Theorem 2.21. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, |z| < 1, and κ ∈ N, then
z
1 κ
B (α, β) 0
(2.59)
κ , κ ,··· , ;
α α+1 α+κ−1
κ
= zα+β−1 κ Fκ α+β α+β+1 α+β+κ−1 λz
κ
,
κ , κ , · · · , κ ;
where λ is a constant and κ ∈ N.

Theorem 2.22. Suppose that Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
Re (α) > 0, and Re (β) > 0. Then
2
0
(2.60)
1
= (1 + t) α−1
(1 − t) β−1
p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt,
−1
Proof. On changing the variable to 2 − t = 1 − τ , we obtain the result.


Theorem 2.23. If Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, Re (α) > 0, and
Re (β) > 0, then

1 1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.61)
a1 , · · · , ap , α;
=2 α+β−1
× p+1 Fq+1 2λ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
Proof. Using the equality

1 2
B (α, β) 0
= 2α+β−1 (2.62)

a1 , · · · , ap , α;
× p+1 Fq+1 2λ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
we have

1 1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt
B (α, β)−1 (2.63)

= 2α+β−1 × p+1 Fq+1 a1 , · · · , ap , α;c1 , · · · , cq , α + β; 2λ
in association with
2

0
(2.64)
1
= (1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt.
−1
Theorem 2.24. If Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0, then

1
1 α;
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 eλ(1+t) dt = 2α+β−1 × 1 F1 2λ , (2.65)
B (α, β) −1 α + β;
Proof. In view of the integral representation

2
1 α;
t α−1
(2 − t) e dt = 2
β−1 λt α+β−1
1 F1 2λ , (2.66)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;
we can write
1
1 α;
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 eλ(1+t) dt = 2α+β−1 1 F1 2λ (2.67)
B (α, β) −1 α + β;
since
2 1
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 eλt dt = (1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 eλ(1+t) dt. (2.68)
0 −1
Theorem 2.25. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, and Re (c1 ) > 0, then
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
= 2α+β−1 (2.69)

a1 , α;
× 2 F2 2λ ,
c1 , α + β;
Proof. By the equality

2
1
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.70)
a1 , α;
=2 α+β−1
2 F2 2λ
c1 , α + β;
we have
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.71)
a1 , α;
=2 α+β−1
2 F2 2λ ,
c1 , α + β;
from which it follows that

2
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λt) dt
0
1
(2.72)
= (1 + t) α−1
(1 − t) β−1
1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λ (1 + t)) dt.
−1
Theorem 2.26. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (a2 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, and Re (c2 ) > 0,
then
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
= 2α+β−1 (2.73)

a1 , a2 , α;
× 3 F3 2λ ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
Proof. Using the equality

2
1
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
= 2α+β−1 (2.74)

a1 , a2 , α;
× 3 F3 2λ ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
we get
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.75)
a1 , a2 , α;
=2 α+β−1
× 3 F3 2λ ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
where
2
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
0
1
(2.76)
= (1 + t) α−1
(1 − t) β−1
2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λ (1 + t)) dt.
−1
Theorem 2.27. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and Re (c1 ) > 0, then
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 0 F1 (−; c; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.77)
α;
=z α+β−1
1 F2 2λ ,
c, α + β;
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Introduction To Hypergeometric,

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

For information on all Academic Press publications

Publisher: Mara Conner

1. Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and Euler beta

2. Hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic

3. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

3.4. Some elementary examples for the Gauss hypergeometric

4. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

5. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

6. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

7. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

About the Author

The monograph is divided into seven chapters as follows.

Chapter 4 proposes the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic func-

1.1 Euler gamma function

1.1.1 Definition and theorems for the Euler gamma function

Definition 1.1 (Euler integral of first kind). [Euler (1729)]

for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.

Theorem 1.1 (Weierstrass product). [Weierstrass (1856)]

Definition 1.2 (Euler’s functional equation). [Euler (1729)]

for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.

Theorem 1.2 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]

Theorem 1.3 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]

Theorem 1.4 (Euler theorem). [Euler]

The Euler theorem was reviewed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].

Theorem 1.5 (Winckler theorem). [Winckler (1856)]

Theorem 1.6. [Schlömilch (1844) and Newman (1848)]

Theorem 1.7 (Whittaker theorem). [Whittaker (1902)]

for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0 and k ∈ N.

Theorem 1.8. [Whittaker (1902)]

for Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.

Theorem 1.9. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

Theorem 1.10. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

The result was first presented in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

Theorem 1.11. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

The result was first reported in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

Theorem 1.12 (Euler’s completion formula). [Euler (1771)]

where Re (z) > 0 and z ∈ C.

The formula is due to Euler (1771) [21].

Theorem 1.13 (Legendre duplication formula). [Legendre (1809), p. 485]

Theorem 1.14 (Gauss multiplication theorem). [Gauss (1812)]

Theorem 1.15 (Weierstrass theorem). [Weierstrass (1856)]

Theorem 1.16. We have

Theorem 1.17. We have

for n ∈ N and z ∈ C\Z−

Theorem 1.18 (Incomplete gamma functions). [Schlömilch (1871)]

(z) = − (a, z) + + (a, z) , (1.29)

where a > 0 and z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.

These functions are introduced and called “incomplete gamma functions” by

Theorem 1.19 (Pearson theorem). [Pearson (1934)]

− (a, z) = z−1 a z e−a 1 F1 (1; z + 1; a) (1.30)

Theorem 1.21. Let x ∈ C with Re (x) > 0.

where e−e is the Euler function.

1.2 Pochhammer symbols

1.2.1 Definition and theorems for the Pochhammer symbols

For more information, see the monograph [44].

Theorem 1.22 (Euler limit theorem). [Euler (1729)]

Theorem 1.23. We have the identities

(α)k (α + k)n = (α)n+k (1.39)

Theorem 1.24. We have

(1)n = n!, (1.41)

Theorem 2.5. [Askey (1975)] q