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An Introduction to
Hypergeometric,
Supertrigonometric, and
Superhyperbolic Functions
An Introduction to
Hypergeometric,
Supertrigonometric, and
Superhyperbolic Functions
Xiao-Jun Yang
State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering
School of Mathematics
China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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To my family, parents, brother, sister, wife, and my daughters
Contents
Biography xi
Preface xiii
1. Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and Euler beta

function 1
1.1. Euler gamma function 1
1.2. Pochhammer symbols 6
1.3. Euler beta function 9
2. Hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic

functions via Clausen hypergeometric series 13
2.1. Clausen hypergeometric series 13
2.2. The hypergeometric supertrigonometric functions via
Clausen hypergeometric series 49
2.3. The hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Clausen
hypergeometric series 73
2.4. The special functions via Clausen hypergeometric series
with three numerator parameters and two denominator
parameters 97
2.5. Analytic number theory via Clausen hypergeometric
functions 115
3. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

functions via Gauss hypergeometric series 139
3.1. Gauss hypergeometric series 139
3.2. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric functions via Gauss
3.3. Hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Gauss
vii
viii Contents
3.4. Some elementary examples for the Gauss hypergeometric

series 154
3.5. Integral representations for the hypergeometric
superhyperbolic and hypergeometric superhyperbolic
functions 169
3.6. Analytic number theory via Gauss hypergeometric functions 203

functions via Kummer confluent hypergeometric series 237
4.1. The Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of first type 237
Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of first type 242
4.3. The hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Kummer
confluent hypergeometric series of first type 254
4.4. The Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of second type 265
Kummer confluent hypergeometric series of second type 267
4.6. The hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Kummer
confluent hypergeometric series of second type 276
4.7. Analytic number theory via Kummer confluent

functions via Jacobi polynomials 293
5.1. Jacobi polynomials 293
5.2. Jacobi–Luke polynomials 309
5.3. Jacobi–Luke-type polynomials 312

functions via Laguerre polynomials 345
6.1. Laguerre polynomials 345
6.2. Extended works containing the Laguerre polynomials 390
6.3. Some results based on the special functions 417
Contents ix

functions via Legendre polynomials 445
7.1. Legendre polynomials 445
7.2. Legendre-type polynomials 456
References 471
Index 481
Biography
About the Author

Xiao-Jun Yang PhD, is a full-time professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at
China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China. His scientific interests include
Viscoelasticity, Mathematical Physics, Fractional Calculus and Applications, Fractals, An-
alytic Number Theory, and Special Functions. He was awarded the Obada-Prize, Cairo,
Egypt (2019). He was a recipient of the Young Scientist Award (2019) for the contribu-
tions in developing the Local Fractional Calculus at ICCMAS-2019, Istanbul, Turkey, and
the Springer Distinguished Researcher Award at ICMMAAC-2019, Jaipur, India. He is cur-
rently an Editor or Associate Editor of several scientific journals including Applied Numer-
ical Mathematics, Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, Fractals, Mathematical
Modelling and Analysis, Journal of Thermal Stresses, International Journal of Geometric
Methods in Modern Physics, Alexandria Engineering Journal, and Advances in Difference
Equations. He is the Highly Cited Researcher (2020 and 2019, Clarivate Analytics) in Math-
ematics, and Elsevier Most Cited Chinese Researcher in Mathematics (2017, 2018, and
2019). He is a member of the Scientific Committee of 10th edition of the Pan African
Congress of Mathematicians. He is the author and coauthor of six monographs for Elsevier,
CRC, World Science, and Asian Academic and coeditor of one edited book in De Gruyter.
xi
Preface
The theory of the special functions plays an important role in the study of the mathe-
matical models of the real-world phenomena with use of the functions in the fields of
mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and other applied sciences. The main aim
of the monograph is not only to explain the role of the hypergeometric series in modern
pure and applied mathematics but also to give the audience an idea for the structure of
the new special functions. It is designed for professional mathematicians, physicists, engi-
neers, chemists, and graduate students in those and closely allied fields who have had no
previous knowledge of the theory of the hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and super-
hyperbolic functions.
Due to the above-mentioned topics of the special functions containing the Clausen
hypergeometric series, Gauss hypergeometric series, Kummer confluent hypergeometric
series, Jacobi polynomials, Laguerre polynomials, and Legendre polynomials, we demon-
strate a great many of the identities for the special functions and take a systematic account
of the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions from the viewpoint of the Euler’s
tasks.
The monograph is divided into seven chapters as follows.

Chapter 1 provides the elements of the gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and
beta functions. The Weierstrassian product, Legendre duplication formula, Weierstrass
theorem, Winckler theorem, Stirling theorem, Hankel integral theorem, and Gauss mul-
tiplication formula are presented in detail. The incomplete gamma functions, incomplete
beta function, and the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function are also considered.
Chapter 2 is devoted to the hypergeometric supertrigonometric functions and the hy-
pergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Clausen hypergeometric series. The Laplace
transforms for the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions, the zeros of the su-
pertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions via Clausen hypergeometric series, and
the identities of the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions via Clausen hyper-
geometric series are considered in detail. The analytic number theory involving the above
special functions are also discussed.
Chapter 3 gives an account of the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and super-
hyperbolic functions via Gauss hypergeometric series. The Laplace transform, Chu–
Vandermonde identity, Gauss differential equation, Mellin transform, Gauss theorem, Stir-
ling theorem, Pfaff theorem, Koshliakov theorem, and Bateman theorem are considered in
detail. The analytic number theory invoking the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and
superhyperbolic functions via Gauss hypergeometric series are also presented based on
the proposed results.
xiii
xiv Preface
Chapter 4 proposes the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic func-

tions via the Kummer confluent hypergeometric series. The analytic number theory for the
hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic functions via Kummer conflu-
ent hypergeometric series are suggested in detail.
Chapter 5 addresses the definitions, properties, and theorems for the Jacobi, Jacobi–
Luke, and Jacobi–Luke-type polynomials. The hypergeometric supertrigonometric func-
tions and hypergeometric superhyperbolic functions via Jacobi and Jacobi–Luke-type
polynomials and their generating functions are discussed. The Laplace transforms and in-
tegral representations for the new special functions are also addressed.
Chapter 6 introduces the concepts, properties, and theorems of the Laguerre polyno-
mials and illustrates the supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic functions containing
the Laguerre polynomials via Laguerre polynomials, Szegö function of first type, Rainville
function, and Szegö function of second type. We also report the Brafman theorem, Hille
theorem, Feldheim theorem, Weisner theorem, and other theorems for new special func-
tions.
Chapter 7 presents the definitions, properties, and theorems for the Legendre polyno-
mials and Legendre-type polynomials. We propose the supertrigonometric functions and
superhyperbolic functions via Legendre polynomials and Legendre-type polynomials.
Professor Dr. Xiao-Jun Yang would like to express grateful thanks to Professor George
E. Andrews, Professor H.M. Srivastava, Professor Bo-Ming Yu, Professor Wolfgang Sprößig,
Professor Souza De Cursi Eduardo, Professor Nouzha El Yacoubi, Professor Mourad Ismail,
Professor Tom H. Koornwinder, Professor Michel L. Lapidus, Professor Simeon Oka, Pro-
fessor Roland W. Lewis, Professor Manuel Lopez Pellicer, Professor Michael Reissig, Profes-
sor George A. Anastassiou, Professor Yalchin Efendiev, Professor Alain Miranville, Professor
Mahmoud Abdel-Aty, Professor Stefano Galatolo, Professor Dumitru Mihalache, Professor
Martin Bohner, Professor Thiab Taha, Professor Chin-Hong Park, Professor Sung Yell Song,
Professor Qin Sheng, Professor Salvatore Capozziello, Professor André Keller, Professor
Martin Ostoja-Starzewski, Professor Minvydas Ragulskis, Professor J.A. Tenreiro Machado,
Professor Mauro Bologna, Professor Carlo Cattani, Professor Semyon Yakubovich, Asso-
ciate Professor Jian-Hua Li, Ms. Karin Uhlemann, Professor Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Pro-
fessor Mircea Merca, Professor Irene Maria Sabadini, Professor Mario Di Paola, Professor
Mokhtar Kirane, Professor Giuseppe Failla, Professor Reza Saadati, Professor Amar Deb-
bouche, Professor Yusif Gasimov, and Professor Ivanka Stamova.
By way of acknowledgment, we are grateful to Professor Zhi-Ming Ye, Professor Wei-
Yi Su, Professor Zhi-Ying Wen, Professor Jin-De Cao, Professor Mao-An Han, Professor
Wei Lin, Professor Yi Wang, Professor Long Jiang, Professor Hui-Lai Li, Professor San-
Yang Liu, Professor Wen-Xia Li, Professor Sheng-Bo Li, Professor Qi-Gui Yang, Professor
Qing Qian, Professor Heng-Shan Hu, Professor Xi-Lin Xie, Professor Yi Cheng, Professor
Jian-Jun Zhang, Professor Mei-Qian Chen, Professor Fang Li, Professor Zhi-Liang Zhu, Pro-
fessor Shu-Kai Duan, Professor Yong-Gui Kao, Professor Jing-Yue Xue, Professor Zhen Jin,
Professor Yu-Feng Zhang, Professor Ai-Ming Yang, Professor Zhao-Jun Ou-Yang, Professor
Preface xv
Jun-Guo Lu, Professor Yuan Cao, Professor Wei-Qiu Chen, Professor Hui-Ming Wang, Pro-
fessor Guo-Tao Wang, Professor Wei Jiang, Professor Fa-Zhan Geng, Professor Bao-Li Xie,
Professor Wen-Bin Liu, Professor Deng-Yin Wang, Professor Xin-An Ren, Professor Lian-
Ying Miao, Professor Xiang-Juan Yao, Professor Gang Wu, Professor Hu Shao, Professor
Sheng-Jun Fan, Professor Hui-Xing Zhang, Professor Bo Wu, Professor Xing-Jie Yan, and
Professor Jian-Hua Yang.
My special thanks go to Professor He-Ping Xie, Professor Feng Gao, Professor Cheng-Bin
Wu, Professor Guo-Qing Zhou, Professor Fu-Bao Zhou, Professor Hong-Wen Jing, Profes-
sor Yang Ju, Professor Hong-Wei Zhou, Professor Tian-Jian Zhou, Professor Wei Lai, Profes-
sor Dong Ding, Professor Ming-Zhong Gao, Professor Xian-Biao Mao, Professor Zhan-Qing
Chen, Professor Hai-Bo Bai, Professor Zhan-Guo Ma, Professor Hai Pu, Dr. Pei-Tao Qiu,
my PhD students Jian-Gen Liu and Yi-Ying Feng, and the financial support of the Yue-
Qi Scholar of the China University of Mining and Technology (Grant No. 102504180004).
Finally, I also wish to express my special thanks to Elsevier staff, especially to C. Kat-
saropoulos, M. Conner, A. Packowska and A. Sivaraj for their cooperation in the production
process of this book.
Xiao-Jun Yang
State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,
School of Mathematics,
China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
May 27, 2020
1
Euler gamma function,
Pochhammer symbols and Euler
beta function
1.1 Euler gamma function

In this section, we introduce the history and concept of the Euler gamma function, give the
theorems for the Euler gamma function, and investigate the definition for the incomplete
Euler gamma function.
1.1.1 Definition and theorems for the Euler gamma function

Let C, R, Z, and N be the sets of complex numbers, real numbers, integers, and natural
numbers, respectively.
Let Z+ , R+ , Z− , and R− be the sets of the positive integers, positive real numbers, neg-
ative integers, and negative real numbers.
Let Z− −
0 = Z ∪ 0 and N0 = N ∪ 0.
Let Re (x) denote the real part of x ∈ C.
Definition 1.1 (Euler integral of first kind). [Euler (1729)]

The gamma function due to Euler is defined as [1]
∞
(z) = e−t t z−1 dt (1.1)
0
for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.
The formula (called the Euler integral of first kind) was discovered by Euler in 1729 (see
[1], p. 1, [2]), and the notation (z) was introduced by Legendre in 1814 (see [3], p. 476).
Theorem 1.1 (Weierstrass product). [Weierstrass (1856)]

The gamma function can be expressed as [4]
∞
e−γ z z −1 z
(z) = 1+ ek , (1.2)
z k
k=1

where z ∈ C\Z−
0 , and γ := limn→∞
n 1
k=1 k − log n is the Euler constant. Moreover, (z) is
analytic except at the points z ∈ Z−
0 , where it has simple poles [5].
An Introduction to Hypergeometric, Supertrigonometric, and Superhyperbolic Functions 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824154-7.00007-6
2 An Introduction to Hypergeometric, Supertrigonometric, Superhyperbolic Functions
The formula for the Weierstrass product was discovered by Weierstrass in 1856 [4] and
by Newman in 1848 [6], and the proofs were published by Hölder (1886) [7], Moore (1896)
[8], and Baines (1900) [9].
Definition 1.2 (Euler’s functional equation). [Euler (1729)]

The Euler’s functional equation states
(z + 1) = z (z) (1.3)
for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.
Euler’s functional equation was discovered by Euler in 1729 [2] and reported by Weier-
strass (1856) [4], Brunel (1886) [10], Gronwall (1916) [11], and Olver (1997) [12].
Theorem 1.2 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]
(z + 1) = z! for z ∈ N0 . (1.4)
Euler’s functional equation was discovered by Euler in 1729 [1,2] and discussed by
Weierstrass (1856) [4], Brunel (1886) [10], and Gronwall (1916) [11].
Theorem 1.3 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]

1 √
= π. (1.5)
2
This equality was discovered by Euler in 1729 [1] and discussed by Bell (1968) [13], Luke
(1969) [14], and Bendersky (1933) [15].
Theorem 1.4 (Euler theorem). [Euler]

n
1−j n−1 1
= (2π) 2 n2 for n, j ∈ N. (1.6)
n
j =1
The Euler theorem was reviewed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].
Theorem 1.5 (Winckler theorem). [Winckler (1856)]

hj
n−1
j =0 mz + n
m ngz+ mn−m−n n−m
2
m−1
= (2π) 2 , (1.7)
l=0 nz + m
nl n
where z ∈ C and k, j, k, m, n ∈ N.
The Winckler theorem was discovered by Winckler in 1856 [16] and reviewed by Gron-
wall in 1916 [11].
Chapter 1 • Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and Euler beta function 3
Theorem 1.6. [Schlömilch (1844) and Newman (1848)]

∞
1 z z
= eγ z z 1 + e− k for z ∈ C and k ∈ N. (1.8)
(z) k
k=1
The result was discovered by Schlömilch in 1844 [17] and by Newman in 1848 [6].
Theorem 1.7 (Whittaker theorem). [Whittaker (1902)]

∞
(z)
e−kt t z−1 dt = z (1.9)
0 k
for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0 and k ∈ N.
The Whittaker theorem was first reported by Whittaker in 1902 (see [18], p. 184) and
further reported by Whittaker and Watson in 1920 [19].
Theorem 1.8. [Whittaker (1902)]

π
2 1 α2 α2
cosα−1 t sinβ−1 tdt = (1.10)
0 2 α+β
2
for Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.
The result was first obtained by Whittaker in 1902 (see [18], p. 191) and further reported
by Whittaker and Watson in 1920 [19].
Theorem 1.9. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

If α + β > 1, then
∞
1 2α+β−1
dt = . (1.11)
−∞ (α + t) (β − t) (α + β − 1)
The result was first reported in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

∞
k (α + β + k) (α + 1) (β + 1)
= , (1.12)
(α + k) (β + k) (α + β + 1)
k=1
provided that Re (α) > −1, Re (β) > −1, and Re (α + β) > −1.
The result was first presented in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

n −1
z
n
k−1 1
1− n = − −e2πi n z n for z ∈ C and k, n ∈ N. (1.13)
k
k=1 k=1
The result was first reported in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].
Theorem 1.12 (Euler’s completion formula). [Euler (1771)]

π
(z) (1 − z) = (1.14)
sin (πz)
and
∞

z2
sin (πz) = πz 1− 2 , (1.15)
k
k=1
where Re (z) > 0 and z ∈ C.
The formula is due to Euler (1771) [21].

For more detail of the results, we refer the readers to Weierstrass (1856) [4], Manocha
and Srivastava (1984) [22], Luke (1969) [14], Bell (1968) [13], Godefroy (1903) [23], and Tan-
nery (1910) [24].
Theorem 1.13 (Legendre duplication formula). [Legendre (1809), p. 485]

1 1
(2z) = 22z−1 (z) z + for z ∈ C\Z−
0. (1.16)
2 2
Legendre’s duplication formula was first discovered by Legendre in 1809 (see [3], p. 477).
For more detail on the Legendre duplication formula, we refer the readers to Gronwall
(1916) [11], Andrews et al. (1999) [25], and Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22].
Theorem 1.14 (Gauss multiplication theorem). [Gauss (1812)]

m
1−m 1 j −1
(mz) = (2π) 2 mmz− 2 z+ (1.17)
m
j =1

j
for z ∈ C\ 0, − m with j < m and j, m ∈ N.
Gauss’ multiplication formula is due to Guass (1812) [26]. For more detail on Gauss’
multiplication formula, we refer the readers refer to Winckler (1856) [16], Gronwall (1916)
[11], Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].
Theorem 1.15 (Weierstrass theorem). [Weierstrass (1856)]

1 1 π 2π
−z + z = πsec (πz) = = (1.18)
2 2 cos (πz) eiπz + e−iπz
for z ∈ C/Z−
0.
The result was discovered by Weierstrass (1856) [4] and reported by Bell in 1968 [13] and
by Luke in 1969 [14].
Theorem 1.16. We have

1 1 π 2π
+ iz − iz = = , (1.19)
2 2 cosh (πz) eπz + e−πz
2

1 + iz = 2π
, (1.20)
2 e + e−πz
πz
and
π 2π
(iz) (−iz) = = (1.21)
−iz sin (πzi) z e − e−πz
πz
as |z| → ∞.
The results were reported by different researchers, for example, Lerch (1893) [27], Gode-
froy (1901) [28], Stieltjes (1889) [29], Bateman (1955) [30], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].

n−1
j j (2π )n−1
1− = , (1.22)
n n n
j =1

1
n √π
n 2
−n + = (−1) , (1.23)
2 (2n − 1)!
√
1 (2n − 1)! π
n+ = , (1.24)
2 2n
πz
n−1
z2

(n + z) (n − z) = ((n − 1)!) 2
1 − , (1.25)
sin (πz) j
j =1
and
2
n + 1
n
1 1 2 4z2
n+ +z n+ −z = 1− (1.26)
2 2 cos (πz)
j =1
(2j − 1)2
for n ∈ N and z ∈ C\Z−

0.
The results were reported by Weierstrass in (1856) [4] and Wang et al. (1979) (see [31],
pp. 588–589).
Theorem 1.18 (Incomplete gamma functions). [Schlömilch (1871)]

The incomplete gamma functions are defined as
a
− (a, z) = e−t t z−1 dt (|arg (a)| < π) (1.27)
0
and
a
+ (a, z) = e−t t z−1 dt (|arg (a)| < π) (1.28)
0
with
(z) = − (a, z) + + (a, z) , (1.29)
where a > 0 and z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.
These functions are introduced and called “incomplete gamma functions” by

Schlömilch (1871) ([32]; also see [33]) and further reported by J. Tannery (1882) [34],
Prym (1877) [35], Lerch (1905) [36], and Thomson (1947) [37].
Theorem 1.19 (Pearson theorem). [Pearson (1934)]

We have
− (a, z) = z−1 a z e−a 1 F1 (1; z + 1; a) (1.30)
for z ∈ Z−
0.
The result was discovered by Pearson [38] and reported by Slater (1966) [39], Wang et al.
(1979) [31], and Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22].
Theorem 1.20. Let h(1) (t) > 0, h (0) = 0, h (∞) = ∞, and x ∈ C with Re (x) > 0.
Then we have
1
(x) = e−h(t) (h (t))x−1 h(1) (t) dt. (1.31)
0
The result was discovered by Yang, Gao, and Ju [40] in 2020 for x ∈ N.
Theorem 1.21. Let x ∈ C with Re (x) > 0.

Then we have
0
e−e etx dt,
t
(x) = (1.32)
−1
where e−e is the Euler function.

t
For more detail of the incomplete gamma function, see Pearson (1957) [38], Haskins
(1915) [41], and Pagurova (1963) [42].
1.2 Pochhammer symbols

In this section, we introduce the Pochhammer symbols and give theorems on their prop-
erties.
1.2.1 Definition and theorems for the Pochhammer symbols

Definition 1.3 (Pochhammer symbol). [Pochhammer (1870)]
The Pochhammer symbol is defined as [43]
(α)k

k
= (α + n − 1)
n=1
(α + k) (1.33)
=
(α)

1 (k = 0) ,
=
α (α + 1) · · · (α + k − 1) (k ∈ N0 ) ,
and
(α)0 = 1, (1.34)
where α ∈ C and k, n ∈ N.
The Pochhammer symbol was first suggested and used by Pochhammer in 1870 [43].
Weierstrass [4] noticed in 1856 that
(α + k) = α (α + 1) · · · (α + k − 1) (α) (k ∈ N0 ) . (1.35)
For more information, see the monograph [44].

Moreover (see [4,11,39]),
1
lim (α)k = (1.36)
k→∞ (α)
for α ∈ C\C−
0 and k ∈ N.
Suppose that α = −n and n ∈ N0 . Then we have (see [39], p. 3)

(−n)k , n ≥ k,
(α)k = (1.37)
−, n < k.
Theorem 1.22 (Euler limit theorem). [Euler (1729)]

We have
nz
(z) = lim (1.38)
n→∞ (z)n+1
for z ∈ C\Z−
0.
The result was discovered by Euler in 1729 [2], reported by Weierstrass in 1856 [4], and
discussed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].
Theorem 1.23. We have the identities
(α)k (α + k)n = (α)n+k (1.39)
and
(α)m
(α + k)m−k = (1.40)
(α)k
for α ∈ C\Z−
0 and n, k ∈ N.
The first formula was reported by Rainville in 1960 (see [45], p. 59), and the second
formula was suggested by Slater in 1966 (see [39], p. 31).
(1)n = n!, (1.41)

α
n
α (α − 1) · · · (α − k − 1)
=
n!
(α + 1)
= (1.42)
n! (α − n + 1)
1
=
n! (α + 1)n
(−1)n (−α)n
= ,
n!
(α + 1)
= (−1)n (−α)n , (1.43)
(α − n + 1)
1 (−1)n (−m)n
= , (1.44)
(m − n)! m!
(α − n) (−1)n
= , (1.45)
(α) (1 − α)n
(α − n) (−1)n
= (α)−n = , (1.46)
(α) (1 − α)n
n! n! (n + 1)!
− = , (1.47)
(α)n+1 (α + 1)n+1 (α)n+2
(α)n (α)n+1 (α)n
− = (α − β) , (1.48)
(β)n (β)n+1 (β)n+1
(−1)k (−1)k (α)n
(α)n−k = = , (1.49)
(1 − α)−n (1 − α − n)k (1 − α − n)k
(−1)k (1)n (−1)k n!

(1)n−k = (n − k)! = = , (1.50)
(−n)k (−n)k
α α + 1
(α)2n = 22n , (1.51)
2 n 2 n
m
α+j −1
(α)mn = m mn
, (1.52)
m n
j =1
and

(−1)k n!
(0 ≤ k ≤ n)
(−n)k = (n−k)! (1.53)
0 (k > n)
for j, k, m, n ∈ N0 , k ≤ n, and α, β ∈ C\Z.
For more detail, see [4,11,13,14,22,39].
Theorem 1.25 (Stirling theorem). [Stirling (1730)]
1
z−α
∞
(α)k
=
(z)k+1
k=0
∞ (1.54)
(z) (α + k)
=
(α) (z + k + 1)
k=0
1 α α (α + 1)
= + + + ··· ,
z z (z + 1) z (z + 1) (z + 2)
for α, z ∈ C\Z−
0 with Re (α) > 0, Re (z) > 0, and Re (α − z) > 0.
The result was discovered by Stirling in 1730 [46] and reviewed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].
1.3 Euler beta function

In this section, we give the definition of the Euler beta function, present theorems on the
Euler beta function, and discuss the definition of the incomplete Euler beta function.
1.3.1 Definition and theorems for the Euler beta function

Definition 1.4 (Euler beta function). [Euler (1772)]
The Euler beta function is defined as
1
(α) (β)
B (α, β) = = t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 dt (1.55)
(α + β) 0
for α, β ∈ C\Z−
0 with Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.
The formula (called the Euler integral of the second kind) was first discovered by Euler
in 1772 [47] and by Legendre in 1811 (see [48], p. 221); the name of the beta function was
introduced by Binet in 1839 [49]. For more detail, see the monograph [44].
Theorem 1.26. [Whittaker and Watson (1902)]

We have
(α, n) = lim nα B (α, n) (1.56)
n→∞
for α ∈ C\Z−
0 and n ∈ N.
The results were reported by Whittaker and Watson (see [19], p. 254).
Theorem 1.27. [Euler (1772)]

We have
B (α, β) (α + β, c) = B (β, c) (β + c, α) . (1.57)
The result was discovered by Euler in 1772 [47] and further reported by Whittaker and
Watson (see [19], p. 261).
Theorem 1.28. [Whittaker and Watson (1902)]

∞
B (α, β) = t α−1 (1 + t)−(α+β) dt, (1.58)
0
n!
B (α, n + 1) = (n ∈ N0 ) , (1.59)
(α)n+1
β
B (α, β + 1) = B (α, β) , (1.60)
α+β
B (α, β) = B (α + 1, β) + B (α, β + 1) , (1.61)
β
B (α, β + 1) = B (α + 1, β) , (1.62)
α
and
B (α, β) = B (β, α) . (1.63)
The results were discovered by Whittaker and Watson (see [19], p. 254).
Theorem 1.29. [Whittaker and Watson (1902) [19]]

We have

n
k=1 B β + n−1
n , α
B (nα, nβ) = n−nβ n (1.64)
k=1 B ((k − 1) α, α)
for n ∈ N and α, β ∈ C\Z−
0 with Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.
Definition 1.5 (Incomplete beta function). [Pearson (1934)]

The incomplete beta function is defined as [50]
z
zα
Bz (α, β) = t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 dt = 2 F1 (α, 1 − β; α + 1; z) . (1.65)
0 α
The incomplete beta function was introduced by Pearson in 1934 [50] and further re-
ported by Thomson (1947) [37] and Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51].
For more detail and history, see Dutka (1981) [52].
Theorem 1.30 (Hankel integral theorem). [Hankel (1864)]
We gave the identity [53]

1 1
= s −z es ds, s ∈ C, (1.66)
(z) 2πi L
where L is the Hankel contour.
The result was discovered by Hankel in 1864 [53].
There is an alternative integral representation as follows.
Theorem 1.31. [Hankel (1864)]

1 i
= (−s)−z e−s ds, s ∈ C, (1.67)
(z) 2π ℵ
where ℵ is the loop contour starting at 0i + ∞, encircling the origin, and tending to 0i − ∞.
The result was discovered by Hankel in 1864 [53].
Definition 1.6 (The logarithmic derivative of the gamma function).
The logarithmic derivative of the gamma function is defined as [11]
d log (z) (1) (z)

ψ (z) = = (1.68)
dz (z)
for s ∈ C and

1 √
log (z) = z − log z − s + log 2π + (z) (1.69)
2
with the infinite series (z) due to Gudermann (1845) [54].
Theorem 1.32. Let h(1) (t) > 0, h (1) = 1, h (∞) = ∞, and x, y ∈ C with Re (x) > 0 and
Re (y) > 0.
Then we have
∞
B (x, y) = e−h(t) (h (t))x−1 (1 − h (t))y−1 h(1) (t) dt. (1.70)
0
The result was discovered by Yang, Gao, and Ju in 2020 for x ∈ R+ and y ∈ R+ [40].
Theorem 1.33. Let x, y ∈ C with Re (x) > 0 and Re (y) > 0. Then we have
∞
e−e et 1 − et
t y−1
B (x, y) = dt, (1.71)
−1
where e−e is the Euler function.

t
For more information of the Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols, and Euler
beta function, we refer the reader to Gronwall (1916) [11], Bell (1968) [13], Luke (1969) [14],
Whittaker and Watson [19], Manocha and Srivastava (1984) [22], Wang et al. (1979) [31],
Slater [39], Rainville [45], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].
2
Hypergeometric,
supertrigonometric, and
superhyperbolic functions via
Clausen hypergeometric series
2.1 Clausen hypergeometric series

In 1828, Clausen [55] introduced the hypergeometric series, which is now called the gen-
eralized hypergeometric series or Clausen hypergeometric series (also called the Clausen
hypergeometric function).
In fact, Wallis [56] first used in 1656 the term hypergeometric to denote the series to
make it beyond the ordinary geometric series at that time. After that, Euler studied similar
series in 1748 [57]. Vandermonde extended the binomial theorem in 1770 [58]. Gauss in-
troduced the famous Gauss hypergeometric series in 1812 [26]. On the consideration of the
Gauss hypergeometric series, Clausen [55] proposed the Clausen hypergeometric series.
2.1.1 Definition, convergence, and properties for the Clausen

hypergeometric series
Let us start with the definition, properties, and theorems for the Clausen hypergeometric
series.
Definition 2.1. [Clausen (1828)]
The Clausen hypergeometric series are defined as [55]
p Fq((a) , (c) ; z)

= p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z

a , · · · , ap
= p Fq 1 ;z (2.1)
c1 , · · · , cq
∞
(a1 )n · · · ap zn
= n ,
n=0
(c1 )n · · · cq n n!
where an , cn , z ∈ C and n, p, q ∈ N0 .
This extended version of the Gauss hypergeometric series was introduced by Clausen
in 1828 [55]. The results were developed by Dutka (1984) [59], Bailey (1935) [60], Karlsson
An Introduction to Hypergeometric, Supertrigonometric, and Superhyperbolic Functions 13
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824154-7.00008-8
(1995) [61], Opps et al. (2005) [62], Miller and Paris (2012) [63], Aomoto et al. (2011) [64], Roy
(1987) [65], Nilsson (2009) [66], Wilson (1978) [67], Fine (1988) [68], Gasper et al. (2004) [69],
Andrews (1974) [70], and Natanzon (1979) [71]. The formula was systematically studied by
Thomae (1870) [72] and Appell and De Fériet (1926) [73].
Theorem 2.1 (Convergence). [60]
The cases of convergence of the Clausen hypergeometric series (2.1) for an ∈ C\Z−
0:
1. p < q: the series converges absolutely for z ∈ C;

2. p = q + 1: the series converges
q absolutely for |z|
< 1, diverges for |z| > 1, and for |z| = 1, it
p
converges absolutely if Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0;
3. p > q + 1: the series converges only for z = 0.
The result was reported by, for example, Bailey (1935) [60], Srivastava and Kashyap
(1982) [51], Slater (1966) [39], Andrews et al. (1999) [25], and Rainville (1960) [45].
We now provide some properties of the Clausen hypergeometric series.
Theorem 2.2 (The differential equation for the Clausen hypergeometric series).
If an , cn , z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , and |z| < 1, then the hypergeometric series (2.1) is a solution
of the differential equation
(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z) − (P (p, μ, an ) ϕ) (z) = 0, (2.2)
where
(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z)
q
d d
= z z ϕ (z) + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz (2.3)
n=1

d
q
d
=z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz
n=1
and
(P (p, μ, an ) ϕ) (z)
p
dϕ (z)
=z z + an ϕ (z)
dz (2.4)
n=1
p
d
=z z + an ϕ (z).
dz
n=1
The result was reported by some researchers, for example, Srivastava and Kashyap
(1982) [51], Rainville (1960) [45], Andrews et al. (1999) [25], Luke (1969) [14], Nørlund (1955)
[74], Smith [75,76], Mehlenbacher (1938) [77], Littlejohn and Kanwal (1987) [78], Dwork
(1984) [79], Zarzo and Dehesa (1994) [80], Takemura (2012) [81], and Plastino and Rocca
(2015) [82].
Chapter 2 • Hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic functions 15
As extensions of the results of the Clausen hypergeometric series, we easily show the
following results.
q p
Property 2.1. If an , cn , z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then the
Clausen hypergeometric series of the form
p Fq((a) , (c) ; λz)

= p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λz

a , · · · , ap
= p Fq 1 ; λz (2.5)
c1 , · · · , cq
∞
(a1 )n · · · ap (λz)n
= n
n=0
(c1 )n · · · cq n n!
is a solution of the differential equation

(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z) − (P (p, μ, an , λ) ϕ) (z) = 0, (2.6)
where
(Q (q, μ, cn ) ϕ) (z)
q
d dϕ (z)
=z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz (2.7)
n=1
q
d d
=z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz
n=1
and
(P (p, μ, an , λ) ϕ) (z)
p
dϕ (z)
= λz z + an ϕ (z)
dz (2.8)
n=1
p
d
= λz z + an ϕ (z) .
dz
n=1
q p
Property 2.2. If an , cn , μ, λ, z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then
the Clausen hypergeometric series of the form
μp Fq ((a) , (c) ; λz)

= μp Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λz

a , · · · , ap
= μ p Fq 1 ; λz (2.9)
c1 , · · · , cq
∞
(a1 )n · · · ap (λz)n
=μ n
(c1 )n · · · cq n n!
n=0
is a solution of the differential equation
(Q (q, μ, λ, cn ) ϕ) (z) − (P (p, μ, λ, an ) ϕ) (z) = 0, (2.10)
where
(Q (q, μ, λ, cn ) ϕ) (z)
q
d dϕ (z)
= μq z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz (2.11)
n=1
q
d d
= μq z z + (cn − 1) ϕ (z)
dz dz
n=1
and
(P (p, μ, λ, an ) ϕ) (z)
p
dϕ (z)
= μ λz
p
z + an ϕ (z)
dz (2.12)
n=1
p
d
= μp λz z + an ϕ (z) .
dz
n=1
We now show the derivatives of the Clausen hypergeometric series.

Theorem 2.3. The derivative of the Clausen hypergeometric series is given as follows (see
[83], p. 315):
d
p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz
p
(2.13)
an
= n=1
q p Fq (a1 + 1) , · · · , ap + 1 ; (c1 + 1) , · · · , cq + 1 ; z
n=1 cn
and
1 d
p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λz
λ dz
p
(2.14)
an
= n=1q p Fq (a1 + 1) , · · · , ap + 1 ; (c1 + 1) , · · · , cq + 1 ; λz ,
n=1 cn
q p
where an , cn , λ, z ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1.
The result was discussed by, for example, Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51], Rainville
(1960) [45], Andrews et al. (1999) [25] and, Luke (1969) [14].
Without proof, we present extended results for the derivatives of the Clausen hyperge-
ometric series.
Property 2.3 (Derivatives of the Clausen hypergeometric series).

The derivatives for the Clausen hypergeometric series are given as follows [14]:
dn
n p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz
q (2.15)
n=1 ap n
= q p Fq (a1 + n) , · · · , ap + n ; (c1 + n) , · · · , cq + n ; z
n=1 aq n
and
dn δ
n
z p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz
(2.16)
= (δ + 1 − n)n zδ−n

× p+1 Fq+1 δ + 1, (a1 + 1) , · · · , ap + 1 ; δ + 1 − n, (c1 + 1) , · · · , cq + 1 ; z ,
q p
where an , cn , λ, z, δ ∈ C, n, p, q ∈ N0 , Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1.
The result was also discussed by, for example, Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51],
Rainville (1960) [45], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25].
Recalling that δ + 1 − n is a negative integer or zero, we have:
dn δ
z p Fq a 1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dzn

ap n! (2.17)
= n−δ
aq n−δ (n − δ)!
× p+1 Fq+1 ((a1 + n − δ) , · · · , n + 1; n − δ + 1, (c1 + n − δ) , · · · ; z),
dn
n
zδ+n−1 p+1 Fq δ, a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz (2.18)

= (δ)n zδ−1 × p+1 Fq (a1 + n) , · · · , ap + n , n + 1; c1 , · · · , cq ; z ,
dn
n
zδ−1 p Fq+1 a1 , · · · , ap ; δ, c1 , · · · , cq ; z
dz (2.19)

= (δ − n)n zδ−n−1 × p Fq+1 a1 , · · · , ap ; δ − n, (c1 + n) , · · · , cq + n ; z ,
dn
zδ (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn (2.20)
= (δ − n + 1)n zδ−n × 3 F2 (c − a, c − b, δ + 1, c, δ − n + 1; z),
dn
zn+c−1 (1 − z)n+a+b−c 2 F1 (a + n, b + n; c + n; z)
dzn (2.21)
= (c)n zc−1 (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z),
dn
zc−a+n−1 (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn (2.22)
= (c − a)n zc−a−1 (1 − z)a+b−c−n × 2 F1 (a − n, b; c; z),
dn
zc−1 (1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn (2.23)
= (c − n)n zc−n−1 (1 − z)a+b−c−n × 2 F1 (a − n, b − n; c − n; z),
dn
(1 − z)a+b−c 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn
(2.24)
(c − n)n (c − b)n
= (1 − z)a+b−c−n × 2 F1 (a, b; c + n; z),
(c)n
dn
za (1 − z)b
dzn
(2.25)
= (a − n + 1)n za−n (1 − z)b−n
× 2 F1 (−n, a + b + 1; a + 1 − n; z) (a < n) ,
dn
za (1 − z)b
dzn
n! (−b)n−a (2.26)
= (1 − z)b−n
(n − a)!
× 2 F1 (−a, b + 1; n − a + 1; z) (a < n) ,
dn
zc−1 (1 − z)b−c+n 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn
(2.27)
= (c − n)n zc−1−n (1 − z)b−c
× 2 F1 (a − n, b; c − n; z),
and
dn
(1 − z)a+n−1 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
dzn
(−1)n (a)n (c − b)n (2.28)
= (1 − z)a−1
(c)n
× 2 F1 (a − n, b; c + n; z) ,
q p
where a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq , δ, a, b, c ∈ C, Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and n ∈ N0 .
Returning now to the details of the derivatives of the Clausen hypergeometric series,
see Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51], Rainville (1960) [45], and Andrews et al. (1999) [25],
Luke (1969) [14], Andrews (1992) [87], and Erdilyi et al. (1953) [88].
Theorem 2.4. [Rainville (1960)]

q
If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck −
p
k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then (see [45], p. 85)

a1 , · · · , ap ;
p Fq λz
c 1 , · · · , cq ;
(2.29)
(c1 ) 1
a1 −1 c1 −a1 −1

= t (1 − t) p−1 Fq−1 a2 , · · · , ap ; c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a1 ) (c1 − a1 ) 0
where λ is a constant.
When c1 − a1 = 1, we have the following result.

Corollary
q 2.1. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c2 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then

a 1 , · · · , ap ;
p Fq λz
a1 + 1, · · · , cq ;
(2.30)
(a1 + 1) 1 a1 −1
= t p−1 Fq−1 a2 , · · · , ap ; c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a1 ) 0
When a1 = 1, we know the following result.

Corollary
q 2.2. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a2 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 1, · · · , Re cq > 0,
p

1, · · · , ap ;
p Fq λz
c 1 , · · · , cq ;
1 (2.31)
(c1 )
= (1 − t)c1 −2 p−1 Fq−1 a2 , · · · , ap ; c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(c1 − 1) 0
Theorem 2.5. [Askey (1975)] q

If p ≤
q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck −
p
k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then we have (see [60], p. 19)

a1 , · · · , ap , a;
p+1 Fq+1 λz
c1 , · · · , cq , c;
1 (2.32)
(c)
= t a−1 (1 − t)c−a−1 p Fq a1 , a2 , · · · , ap ; c1 , c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a) (c − a) 0
The results were obtained by Rainville in 1960 (see [45], p. 85) and Askey (1975) [60], and
further investigated by Andrews et al. (see [25], p. 67), Srivastava and Kashyap (1982) [51],
and Slater (1966) [39].
When c − a = 1, we get the following result.

Corollary 2.3. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
q p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then we have

a1 , · · · , ap , a;
p+1 Fq+1 λz
c1 , · · · , cq , a + 1;
(2.33)
(a + 1) 1 a−1
= t p Fq a1 , a2 , · · · , ap ; c1 , c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(a) 0
When a = 1, we get the following result.

Corollary 2.4. If p ≤ q + 1, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re (c) > 1, Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · ,
q p
Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1, then we have

a1 , · · · , ap , 1;
p+1 Fq+1 λz
c1 , · · · , cq , c;
1 (2.34)
(c)
= (1 − t)c−2 p Fq a1 , a2 , · · · , ap ; c1 , c2 , · · · , cq ; λzt dt,
(c − 1) 0

If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, |z| < 1,
q p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and κ ∈ N, then

1 z
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt κ dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.35)
a1 , · · · , ap , ακ , α+1
κ ,··· ,
α+κ−1
κ ;
=z α+β−1
× p+κ Fq+κ λz κ
,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
κ ,
α+β+1
κ , · · · , α+β+κ−1
κ ;
The result was obtained by Rainville in 1960 (see [45], p. 85). Based on this result, we
suggest the following corollaries.

Corollary 2.5. If Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, |z| < 1,
q p

1 z
t β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (z − t)κ dt
B (1, β) 0
(2.36)
a1 , · · · , ap , κ1 , κ2 , · · · , 1;
= zβ × p+κ Fq+κ λzκ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , 1+β β+2 β+κ
κ , κ ,··· , κ ;

Corollary 2.6. If Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, |z| < 1,
q p

1 z
t β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (z − t) dt
B (1, β) 0
(2.37)
a1 , · · · , ap , 1;
= zβ × p+1 Fq+1 λz ,
c1 , · · · , cq , 1 + β;
Using the above relations, we have the following particular cases.

Case 1. Suppose that Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · ,
q p
Re cq > 0, Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, and |z| < 1. Then we have
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.38)
a1 , · · · , ap , α2 , α+1
2 ;
= zα+β−1 × p+2 Fq+2 λz2 ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
2 ,
α+β+1
2 ;

q p
z
1
B (α, β) 0
(2.39)
a1 , · · · , ap , α3 , α+1
3 , 3 ;
α+2
= zα+β−1 × p+3 Fq+3 λz3 ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
3 ,
α+β+1 α+β+2
3 , 3 ;

q p
z
1
B (α, β) 0
(2.40)
a1 , · · · , ap , α4 , α+1
4 , 4 , 4 ;
α+2 α+3
= zα+β−1 × p+4 Fq+4 λz4 ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
4 ,
α+β+1 α+β+2 α+β+3
4 , 4 , 4 ;
Case 4. Suppose that Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and Re (β) > Re (α) > 0. Then we have

3, 3 , 3 ;
z α α+1 α+2
1 3
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 eλt dt = zα+β−1 × 3 F3 α+β α+β+1 α+β+2 λz
3
, (2.41)
B (α, β) 0 3 , 3 , 3 ;
Case 5. Suppose that Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, |z| < 1, Re (β) > Re (α) > 0, and κ ∈ N, then we
have
z
1 κ
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 eλt dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.42)
, κ , · · · , α+κ−1
α α+1
;
= zα+β−1 κ Fκ α+β κ α+β+1 κ
λz κ
,
κ , κ , · · · , α+β+κ−1
κ ;
IfRe (α) > 0, Re (β)
> 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
q p
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.43)
a1 , · · · , ap , α;
= zα+β−1 × p+1 Fq+1 λz ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
The result was obtained by Rainville in 1960 [45].
Theorem 2.8. [Manocha and Srivastava (1984)]
IfRe (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, and
q p
Re k=1 ck − k=1 ak > 0, then

1 1
t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λt dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.44)
a1 , · · · , ap , α;
= p+1 Fq+1 λ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
The result was obtained by Manocha and Srivastava in 1984 [22]. Using this formula, we
obtain the following results.
Theorem 2.9. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1 α;
t α−1
(z − t) e dt = z
β−1 λt α+β−1
× 1 F1 λz , (2.45)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;
Proof. Putting eλt = 0 F0 (−; −; λz), we simply write

z
1
B (α, β) 0
z (2.46)
1
= t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F0 (−; −; λt)dt.
B (α, β) 0
It is easy to verify that

z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F0 (−; −; λt)dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.47)
α;
= zα+β−1 × 1 F1 λz .
α + β;
Thus we obtain the result.
Similarly, without proofs, we may present the following theorems.
Theorem 2.10. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > Re (a1 ), and
|z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.48)
a1 , α;
=z α+β−1
× 2 F2 λz ,
c1 , α + β;
Theorem 2.11. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (a2 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, Re (c2 ) > 0, and
|z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.49)
a1 , a2 , α;
= zα+β−1 × 3 F3 λz ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
Theorem 2.12. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (c) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1 α;
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F1 (−; c; λt) dt = zα+β−1 × 1 F2 λz , (2.50)
B (α, β) 0 c, α + β;
Theorem 2.13. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, Re (c2 ) > 0, |z| < 1, and
κ ∈ N, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F2 (a1 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.51)
a1 , α;
=z α+β−1
2 F3 λz ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
Theorem 2.14. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1 a1 , α;
t α−1
(z − t) β−1
1 F0 (a1 ; −; λt) dt = z
α+β−1
2 F1 λz , (2.52)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;
z
1 −a1 a1 , α;
t α−1
(z − t)β−1
(1 − t) dt = z α+β−1
2 F1 z . (2.53)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;

Theorem
2.16. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · ,
Re cq > 0 and |z| < 1, then
z
1
B (α, β) 0
(2.54)
a1 , · · · , ap , α2 , α+1
2 ;
= zα+β−1 p+2 Fq+2 λz 2
,
c1 , · · · , cq , α+β
2 ,
α+β+1
2 ;
Theorem 2.17. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F1 a1 ; c1 ; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.55)
=z α+β−1 2 ;
a1 , α2 , α+1 2
3 F3 α+β+1 λz ,
vc1 , α+β
2 , 2 ;
Theorem 2.18. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and |z| < 1, then

2, 2 ;
z α α+1
1 2
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 eλt dt = zα+β−1 × 2 F2 α+β α+β+1 λz
2
, (2.56)
B (α, β) 0 2 , 2 ;
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 1 F0 a1 ; −; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.57)
2 ;
a1 , α2 , α+1
= zα+β−1 3 F2 α+β α+β+1 λz2 ,
2 , 2 ;
Theorem 2.20. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, and |z| < 1, then
z
1
t α−1 (z − t)β−1 0 F1 −; c1 ; λt 2 dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.58)
2, 2 ;
α α+1
=z α+β−1
2 F3 α+β α+β+1 λz
2
,
c1 , 2 , 2 ;
Theorem 2.21. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, |z| < 1, and κ ∈ N, then
z
1 κ
B (α, β) 0
(2.59)
κ , κ ,··· , ;
α α+1 α+κ−1
κ
= zα+β−1 κ Fκ α+β α+β+1 α+β+κ−1 λz
κ
,
κ , κ , · · · , κ ;
where λ is a constant and κ ∈ N.

Theorem 2.22. Suppose that Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0,
Re (α) > 0, and Re (β) > 0. Then
2
0
(2.60)
1
= (1 + t) α−1
(1 − t) β−1
p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt,
−1
Proof. On changing the variable to 2 − t = 1 − τ , we obtain the result.


Theorem 2.23. If Re (a1 ) > 0, · · · , Re ap > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, · · · , Re cq > 0, Re (α) > 0, and
Re (β) > 0, then

1 1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.61)
a1 , · · · , ap , α;
=2 α+β−1
× p+1 Fq+1 2λ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
Proof. Using the equality

1 2
B (α, β) 0
= 2α+β−1 (2.62)

a1 , · · · , ap , α;
× p+1 Fq+1 2λ ,
c1 , · · · , cq , α + β;
we have

1 1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt
B (α, β)−1 (2.63)

= 2α+β−1 × p+1 Fq+1 a1 , · · · , ap , α;c1 , · · · , cq , α + β; 2λ
in association with
2

0
(2.64)
1
= (1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 p Fq a1 , · · · , ap ; c1 , · · · , cq ; λ (1 + t) dt.
−1
Theorem 2.24. If Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0, then

1
1 α;
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 eλ(1+t) dt = 2α+β−1 × 1 F1 2λ , (2.65)
B (α, β) −1 α + β;
Proof. In view of the integral representation

2
1 α;
t α−1
(2 − t) e dt = 2
β−1 λt α+β−1
1 F1 2λ , (2.66)
B (α, β) 0 α + β;
we can write
1
1 α;
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 eλ(1+t) dt = 2α+β−1 1 F1 2λ (2.67)
B (α, β) −1 α + β;
since
2 1
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 eλt dt = (1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 eλ(1+t) dt. (2.68)
0 −1
Theorem 2.25. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, and Re (c1 ) > 0, then
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
= 2α+β−1 (2.69)

a1 , α;
× 2 F2 2λ ,
c1 , α + β;
Proof. By the equality

2
1
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
(2.70)
a1 , α;
=2 α+β−1
2 F2 2λ
c1 , α + β;
we have
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.71)
a1 , α;
=2 α+β−1
2 F2 2λ ,
c1 , α + β;
from which it follows that

2
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λt) dt
0
1
(2.72)
= (1 + t) α−1
(1 − t) β−1
1 F1 (a1 ; c1 ; λ (1 + t)) dt.
−1
Theorem 2.26. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, Re (a1 ) > 0, Re (a2 ) > 0, Re (c1 ) > 0, and Re (c2 ) > 0,
then
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
= 2α+β−1 (2.73)

a1 , a2 , α;
× 3 F3 2λ ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
Proof. Using the equality

2
1
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
B (α, β) 0
= 2α+β−1 (2.74)

a1 , a2 , α;
× 3 F3 2λ ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
we get
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.75)
a1 , a2 , α;
=2 α+β−1
× 3 F3 2λ ,
c1 , c2 , α + β;
where
2
t α−1 (2 − t)β−1 2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λt) dt
0
1
(2.76)
= (1 + t) α−1
(1 − t) β−1
2 F2 (a1 , a2 ; c1 , c2 ; λ (1 + t)) dt.
−1
Theorem 2.27. If Re (α) > 0, Re (β) > 0, and Re (c1 ) > 0, then
1
1
(1 + t)α−1 (1 − t)β−1 0 F1 (−; c; λ (1 + t)) dt
B (α, β) −1
(2.77)
α;
=z α+β−1
1 F2 2λ ,
c, α + β;
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
pastoría: de allí salían á los
continuos juegos, y allí volvían
por los debidos premios; allí se
componían las perdidas
amistades y por allí pasaban los
bienes y males de Amor, cuáles
pesada y cuáles ligeramente: sólo
Mendino entre todos era tan
señor de sí en sus tratos, que si
todos no le amaran, todos le
fueran envidiosos; mas ¿quién
gozará perseverancia en tanto
bien contra las fuerzas del tiempo,
si donde unas no bastan otras
sobran? Curiosamente Mendino,
guiado de los pastores de la
nueva ribera, vido las más
hermosas pastoras y ninfas de
ella: la gracia y gallardía de Filena
y Nise, la gran hermosura de
Pradelia y Clori, la sin igual
discreción de Nerea,
acostumbrada á vencer en versos
á los más celebrados poetas del
Tajo; el dulcíssimo canto de
Belisa, acompañado de igual
valor, y otras muchas, que no
quedaban atrás, no bastaron á
que la libertad de Mendino no
passase por muchos días
adelante, hasta llegar el plazo de
su deuda, que fué en un día del
florido Abril, entre los salces del
río, donde, retirados de los
silvestres juegos los más validos
pastores y las pastoras de más
beldad, Elisa entre ellas fué
señalada para venganza de Amor,
á quien Mendino rindió las fuerzas
y la voluntad á un punto. Era Elisa
de antigua y clara generación, de
hermosura y gracia sin igual, de
edad tierna y de maduro juicio,
amada de muchos, mas de
ninguno pagada, y aun el saber
esto fué causa en Mendino de
detenerse en descubrir su fuego,
que, como las plantas con los
años, iba con las horas creciendo,
hasta que el sufrimiento rompió, y
las secretas llamas
resplandecieron por mil diversas
partes, ora en placer, ora en
tristeza; cuándo concertando
fiestas públicas, donde á todos
los pastores se aventajaba, y
cuándo en profundas melancolías
retirándose, aunque lo más
ordinario era, olvidado del hato y
los amigos, buscar los lugares
donde Elisa estaba, no inocente,
aunque dissimulada, de la afición
de Mendino, el cual, entre temor y
esperanza, determinó decirle su
mal, y faltándole aliento en la
presencia, tomó por medio
escribirle, no en versos propios ni
ajenos, ni con palabras de artificio
y cuidado, sino con pura llaneza
del corazón, en razones humildes
como éstas:
MENDINO
«Elisa: Si el conoceros ha sido
causa para desconocerme,
podrálo ser también de mi
disculpa en esta osadía, que os
certifico que no lo es decir mis
males, sino un dolor, de que
debéis doleros como causa dél, y
no le tuviera por tal si le
mereciera; pero verme indigno del
daño me quita la esperanza del
remedio y me acobarda de suerte
al descubrirle, que holgaría que
este papel perdiesse el camino,
por que no nos perdamos los dos:
que esto es muy cierto, si vos,
como sola señora mía, no volvéis
en todo por mí, revolviendo á
vuestro valor y hermosura, de
cuya fuerza fuera impossible
resistirme, cuanto más librarme.
En fin; peno, y no hay para mí
lugar de alivio, sino vuestra
voluntad, que, como yo la sepa,
será la medida de mi deseo, del
cual, pues antes que á vos he
hecho testigos á las piedras y á
las plantas, no es razón que
también antes que vos se duelan
de quien ama la muerte por
amaros».
Este papel llegó á las manos de
Elisa por las de un zagal de
Mendino, que en la cabaña de la
hermosa pastora tenía entrada.
No fué Sirio (que assí el zagal se
llamaba) mal recibido, antes,
passando Elisa muchas veces los
ojos por la carta, passaron por su
pecho mil consideraciones
tiernas, que con cada una iba
perdiendo de la entereza de su
corazón, que siempre fué
desdeñoso y grave, y vuelta á
Sirio, le dixo: Dile, zagal, á
Mendino, que si éstas son
verdades, el tiempo lo dirá por él.
Con esto el zagalejo volvió á
Mendino, y Mendino tan en sí,
como de muerte á vida. Primero
alabó su pensamiento y la hora
de su determinación, y ofreció de
nuevo la libertad á Elisa, y luego
estudió los passos de su jornada
con más cuidado y menos
demostraciones, que es muy de
buen enamorado, más recatado á
más favor. No dejó la compañía
de los amigos y deudos, ni se
apartó de los ratos de exercicio
público, aunque todos eran
pesados para él, pero con una
templada dissimulación buscaba
los de su contento, y acompañaba
al viejo Sileno, venerable padre
de la hermosa pastora; y muchas
veces en su compañía, y en la de
Galafrón y Barcino, Mireno y
Liardo, los tres deudos y el uno
apasionado de Elisa, passaban
los días por la espessura del
monte ó por las sombras del
llano, á gran placer de todos, que
sin más industria de su natural
condición, de buenos y malos era
amado, y en cualquier lugar se le
daba el primero; mas en el pecho
de Elisa no había segundo, ni el
pastor quería otro bien sino éste,
ni ya ella podía detenerse en
allanarse, ni Amor en favorecer
sus intentos, y assí todo era
verdad, todo amor y todo llaneza
sin estorbo, que los mismos
deudos y aficionados de Elisa
entretenían á Mendino y le
llevaban á las cabañas de Sileno;
y el mismo Sileno, sin esquivarse
de que acompañasse á la cara
hija por la soledad de los campos
y las fuentes; y todo se podía fiar
de la bondad de Mendino y del
valor de Elisa, aunque no en la
opinión de Filis, hermosa ninfa del
Tajo, que, amando secretamente
á Mendino, sin osar descubrirle su
intención, combatida de amor y
celos, muchas veces los buscaba,
y con fingida amistad
acompañándolos, escudriñaba
sus pechos, sin entender el pastor
que Filis le amaba ni Elisa que le
aborrecía. Pues como un dia,
entre otros, Elisa, Filis y Clori,
Mendino, Galafrón y Castalio, se
hallasen juntos á la sombra y
frescura de un manso arroyo,
habiendo passado gran rato en
dulces pláticas y razones, ya que
el sol iba igualando los campos y
los sotos, Galafrón, incitado de
los demás pastores, sacó la lira y
la acompañó cantando:
GALAFRÓN
Pastora, tus ojos bellos,
mi cielo puedo llamallos,
pues en llegando á mirallos
se me passa el alma á ellos.
Ojos cuya perfección
desprecia humanos despojos,
los ojos los llamen ojos,
que el alma sabe quién son.
Pastora, la fuerza dellos
por espejo hace estimallos,
pues viene junto el mirallos
y el passarse el alma á ellos.
Muchas cosas dan señal
desta verdad sin recelo,
que tus ojos son del cielo
y su poder celestial.
Pastora, pues sólo vellos
fuerza el corazón á amallos,
y la gloria de mirallos
á passarse el alma á ellos.
Elisa fué en quien menos

Galafrón puso los ojos mientras
duró su canto, y aun ella la que
menos estuvo en él: pero todos
conocieron el recato del pastor y
el desdén de la pastora, y no
osando alabarle á él por ella ni
hablarle á ella en él, todos
callaban, hasta que Mendino, al
son de un rabel, con esta canción
rompió el silencio:
MENDINO
Si tanto gana, pastora,
quien mira tus ojos bellos,
¿qué hará el mirado dellos?
Entre mirarse y mirar,
la ventaja es conocida,
como de buscar la vida
á venir ella á buscar.
No le queda qué hallar
á aquel que merece vellos,
sino ser mirado dellos.
Aunque en su luz sin igual
no puede haber competencia,
por oficio hay diferencia
de más y menos caudal;
que si el medio principal
del deseo es conocellos,
el fin ser mirado dellos.
Este breve cantar, dilatado con

dulce son y agradable harmonía,
escuchó Elisa con rostro alegre y
grave, y los demás con mucha
atención y gusto: y ya que el
gentil Castalio, las manos en el
rabel y los ojos en la bella Clori,
acrecentarle quería, vieron venir
al arroyo los dos apuestos
pastores Bruno y Turino, éste
nuevamente cautivo y aquél
escapado del Amor, siendo
verdad que poco antes fué Bruno
el amante y Turino el descuidado;
pero á todo bastó la hermosura y
aspereza de Filis, esta misma
Filis que á Mendino secretamente
amaba. Pues como agora los dos
pastores llegaron, y vieron la
causa, uno de su presente y otro
de su passado daño, ambos
destos pastores admitidos, y
ambos dellos mismos rogados,
ambos las manos en las liras,
desta arte Bruno y assí Turino
cantaron:
BRUNO
Id, mis cuidados, de rigor
vestidos
por los peñascos de dureza
llenos,
que allí aun seréis por ásperos
tenidos.
TURINO
Veníos á mí, llenad
entrambos senos
de cuerpo y alma, que el que
os busca y llama,
cuando sois más, os tiene por
más buenos.
BRUNO
Bien gana gloria, bien
consigue fama,
quien por amar á solo su
enemigo
de sí se olvida y su salud
desama.
TURINO
Al cielo, Filis, quiero por
testigo,
Filis hermosa, que me importa
amarte
cuando procuro no estar mal
conmigo.
BRUNO
Miedos á una, celos á otra
parte;
vayan y vengan fáciles
antojos,
en cuyo gusto el alma tenga
parte.
TURINO
Si para mí nacieron los
enojos,
¿cómo podré no sujetar el
cuello
al yugo amado sobre
entrambos ojos?
BRUNO
Ya que te ves colgado de un
cabello
y tu esperanza encomendada
al viento,
¿qué piensas ver en
recompensa dello?
TURINO
Cuando no vea más de mi
tormento
y aquel valor que es ocasión
del daño,
es paga justa de mi
perdimiento.
BRUNO
Mira y verás tu engaño,
que tu garganta con placer
desnuda;
y el presto desengaño
el duro lazo al tierno cuello
añuda,
la leña pone luego,
y tu fe misma está soplando el
fuego.
TURINO
Los claros ojos miro
de quien el alma, vida ó
muerte quiere;
que allí sólo respiro,
donde el dolor con más rigor
me hiere,
y aquella hermosura
es el Abril de mi mayor
frescura.
BRUNO
¡Oh desdén de perfeción,
hágate el mundo un soberano
templo,
y el fiel corazón
se ponga allí en mi muerte por
ejemplo;
y con él sean colgadas
estas cadenas, rotas de
apretadas!
TURINO
A ti va mi destino,
Amor; por tuyas todas mis
prisiones,
que en el agro camino,
en que á tu gusto mis pisadas
pones,
más aliviado ando
cuando las llevo por tu honor
rastrando.
BRUNO
Vive penando entre cuidados
tristes.
TURINO
Cuenta tus chistes entre los
pastores.
BRUNO
Bebe dolores, sudarás fatigas.
TURINO
Come tus migas, vivirás
contento.
BRUNO
Haz en el viento muros y
castillos.
TURINO
Haz tú á los grillos jaulas de la
avena.
BRUNO
Siembra en la arena, perderás
cuidado.
TURINO
Y sin perderle quedaré
pagado.
Si la hermosa Filis no fuera tan

graciosa y tan discreta, no
pudiérase cansar destas
canciones, porque igualmente el
cautivo y el exento la enfadaban;
mas viendo que los demás con
tanto deleite los oían, la pastora
hizo lo mismo hasta el fin, que
como los pastores se metieron en
cuestión de firmezas y mudanzas,
ella se volvió á Elisa, y á poco
rato, despedidas de los pastores,
se entraron por la espessura de
los árboles con poco gusto de
todos, y menos de Mendino, que
las quisiera seguir, pero no pudo,
que Galafrón por diversa parte le
llevó hablando, y cuando le vido
en soledad favorable á su
intención, primero alabó la
hermosura y discreción de Filis, el
caudal y suerte, y sobre todo el
trato tan lleno de bondad y
llaneza; después le aconsejó que
pussiesse en ella el pensamiento,
pues en otra ninguna estaría tan
bien ocupado. Ni le pareció al
cortés Mendino despreciar alguna
destas cosas, pero menos le salió
al empleo, y como no era esto lo
que Galafrón buscaba, declaróse
más, y dijo que él sabía que le
amaba Filis. Mendino hizo la
estimación debida, y tras largas
razones, á más ver se
despidieron los dos y guiaron á
sus ganados, que en el amparo
de nobles mayorales y pastores
los tenían. Graciosa cosa que
Filis hizo el mismo oficio con
Elisa, pidiéndole que amasse á
Galafrón, pues su valor y su fe lo
merecían; de dó se deja entender
que Galafrón y Filis estaban de
concierto, y aunque Galafrón á
Mendino y Filis á Elisa se
encargaron el secreto, no por
esso Mendino y Elisa le
guardaron; y bueno fuera que los
dos se celaran ningun propio
acaecimiento, ésta fuera la falta,
que si en essotro la hubo
quedóse en quien entendió que
entre Mendino y Elisa podía,
habiendo sola una alma, haber
más de un corazón. Discreta era
Elisa, y viendo que Filis,
enamorada y celosa, los podría
dañar, aconsejó á Mendino que
con aparencias la entretuviesse, y
serviría de más seguridad y
secreto en sus veras. Lo mismo
quiso Mendino que Elisa hiciesse
con Galafrón, y el ponerse assí
por obra fué causa en ellos de
mayor deleite, porque las horas
que los dos verdaderos amantes
se hurtaban de todos para solos
verse y conversarse, con toda
aquella bondad que dos almas
desnudas lo pudieran hacer, no
era la peor parte el contarse lo
que á él con Filis y á ella con
Galafrón les sucedía. Ved si
Mendino y Elisa vivirían
contentos: pues Galafrón y Filis
también lo estaban, hasta que no
faltó quien lo viniesse á turbar en
todos. Murió Padelio, noble y
próspero rabadán, y vino al Tajo á
heredar sus rebaños Palideo, su
hermano, mancebo sabio y galán,
y quitando los ojos de la herencia,
los puso en la belleza de Elisa,
con tanta solicitud y ardimiento,
que de día en sus cabañas, con el
viejo Sileno, que su grande amigo
era, y de noche cercándolas con
sus propios pastores, jamás
faltaba: esto á gran costa y pesar
de Mendino, y no menos de Elisa,
porque, estorbadas las horas de
su contento, los dos andaban tan
sin él, que fácilmente se les
echaba de ver, y lo peor fué que
Sileno, con sospecha ó aviso, se
receló de entrambos. Creció el
cuidado en Mendino, y perdiendo
el respeto á su recato, los días
velaba y las noches no dormía. Y
no es possible menos á quien
ama en competencia, aunque
verdaderamente se vea triunfando
de su enemigo. Desta diligencia,
Padileo, celoso, acrecentó la
suya, y Galafrón y Filis vieron su
perdición: que en los tiempos
adversos nadie sabe fingir.
Nublados fueron éstos que en
Padileo tronaron, en Mendino y
Elisa turbaron la luz, y en los ojos
de Galafrón y Filis llovieron, y no
por esso cesaron: pues viéndose
Elisa en tanto dolor y á su querido
amante, confusa y triste y
imposibilitada de poderle
consolar, quiso hacerlo por
escrito, y con el zagal Sirio le
envió una letra que decía:
ELISA
Es el papel en que escribo
el corazón que os he dado;
y el estilo mal limado,
el mismo mal en que vivo;
el agotado licor
de mis entrañas la tinta;
y la pluma que le pinta,
es con la que vuela Amor.
Recebid esta embajada,
á vos sola dirigida,
de una libertad perdida
y una voluntad ganada,
aunque por aqueste modo
pagados vamos los dos,
pues que hallo en solo vos
todo lo que pierdo en todo.
Viviendo sola y ausente
de mi propia compañía,
agravio al alma sería
preguntarle lo que siente.
Si á descubrirlo me ofrezco,
en vano me cansaré,
pues se ha de entender por fe
ó por mí que lo padezco.
Estas montañas á una
testigos firmes me son
que lo es más mi corazón
á los golpes de Fortuna.
Y este noble humilde techo,
que de albergaros fué dino,
sabe que sólo Mendino
puede caber en mi pecho.
Moradas de hombres y
fieras
conocen esta verdad,
que mi mucha voluntad
no se extiende á menos veras.
Y si vos de aqueste intento
lo cierto queréis sentir,
sin alma podré vivir
con vuestro conocimiento.
Si no escucháis el dolor,
tenelde de verme así,
con tal que me deis á mí
el vuestro todo, pastor;
mas no me contenta, no,
haceros tal demasía,
más á cuento nos vendría
pagar por entrambos yo.
Si por ventura estimáis
más mi fe que vuestro gusto,
á tiempo estamos, que es
justo
que mostréis lo que me amáis:
pues puedo y quiero juraros,
así me vala el quereros,
que cuanto pierdo de veros
lo voy cobrando en amaros.
El que dañarnos pretende,
aqueste cargo nos echa,
si en estorbar se aprovecha,
que en aprovechar se ofende:
y no me juzguéis culpada
en su vana pretensión,
pues sola vuestra opinión
me hace á mí deseada.
El vela noches y días,
con enojo suyo y nuestro,
mas yo os ofrezco por vuestro
el fruto de sus porfías:
él verá, por más que haga,
el poco rastro que deja,
y siendo suya la queja,
veréis vos vuestra la paga.
Imposible me es quererle,
y aun no dexar él de amarme,
que cansarále el cansarme
más que á mí el aborrecerle.
Su bien y su mal igualo,
y por ponerle más freno,
ni le encenderé con bueno,
ni le indignaré con malo.
Si estos medios no son
tales,
dadme vos otros mejores,
que aunque me los deis
peores,
me serán los más cabales.
Esto es lo que Amor me
enseña,
y lo que compro barato,
siendo de cera en el trato
y en la firmeza de peña.
Ausencias, muertes,
debates,
adversidades y antojos,
son el toque en que á los ojos
muestra la fe sus quilates.
Los suyos os mostrará
la mía con tal excesso,
que la tomaréis sin peso
y después no os pesará.
Y pues tan claro veréis
que es mi fe tan viva y cierta,
porque no parezca muerta,
mandadla obrar y veréis
cómo atropella al momento
honra y vida sin temor,
porque no hay vida ni honor
fuera de vuestro contento.
Andando á solas un poco
ayer, sin vos y sin mí,
en un álamo leí:
nunca mucho costó poco;
mas yo, que sé cómo lucho,
con deseo y con trabajo
borrélo y puse debajo:
nunca mucho costó mucho.
En el mar seguro y manso
se anega el desconfiado;
y al que espera ser premiado
cualquier trabajo es descanso;
con la esperanza de gloria
no puede haber mucha pena,
que el que vence en la
cadena,
mayor hace la victoria.
Hay un muro en mi vergel,
á la parte de la fuente,
y un resquicio suficiente,
para hablarnos por él,
dó podrás venir seguro,
entre el norte y el lucero,
que allí, pastor, os espero,
y en Dios, de veros sin muro.
Aunque no fuera deseado, fuera

de mucho contento en Mendino el
papel de Elisa, pues viniendo á
tan buen tiempo, fácil es de
entender cómo sería recebido y
cómo celebrado. Quisiera el
pastor poder mostrar su alegría
sin que fuera tan á costa suya;
pero cerrándola dentro de su
corazón, se dispuso á la siguiente
noche que apenas vido el silencio
della, cuando mudado el vestido,
con un grueso bastón de encina
con que acostumbrado estaba
Mendino á despartir los toros en
la pelea y á derribar los ossos en
los montes, se salió de su
cabaña, y rodeando la de Elisa,
con atento oído y pies sordos
llegó al muro señalado, donde ya
la pastora le esperaba y le avisó
que aun no era tiempo para
hablarle de espacio, que
entretanto se fuese y tornase
acompañado, porque Padileo no
pudiese como á solo ofenderle ni
como á ocupado hallarle. A esto
Mendino obedeció, y aunque
pudiera buscar á su buen primo
Castalio, ó al galán Coridón, su
leal amigo, que con mucho gusto
de Elisa era consabidor deste
caso, no quiso más compañía que
á Siralvo, uno de sus mayorales,
de quien fiaba mucho y más
podía. Juntos se fueron á aquel
secreto lugar, y quedando Siralvo
á la entrada dél, de donde todas
las del campo descubría,
Mendiano por entre el muro y las
peñas, lugar estrecho y sombrío,
llegó al resquicio, y sentado sobre
la húmida hierba esperó, y no
mucho, que presto vino la
hermosa Elisa, que con su luz
esclareció la noche y con su
habla puso el día en el alma de
Mendino. Allí hubo razones

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Introduction To Hypergeometric,

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

For information on all Academic Press publications

Publisher: Mara Conner

1. Euler gamma function, Pochhammer symbols and Euler beta

2. Hypergeometric, supertrigonometric, and superhyperbolic

3. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

3.4. Some elementary examples for the Gauss hypergeometric

4. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

5. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

6. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

7. Hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic

About the Author

The monograph is divided into seven chapters as follows.

Chapter 4 proposes the hypergeometric supertrigonometric and superhyperbolic func-

1.1 Euler gamma function

1.1.1 Definition and theorems for the Euler gamma function

Definition 1.1 (Euler integral of first kind). [Euler (1729)]

for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.

Theorem 1.1 (Weierstrass product). [Weierstrass (1856)]

Definition 1.2 (Euler’s functional equation). [Euler (1729)]

for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.

Theorem 1.2 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]

Theorem 1.3 (Euler theorem). [Euler (1729)]

Theorem 1.4 (Euler theorem). [Euler]

The Euler theorem was reviewed by Gronwall in 1916 [11].

Theorem 1.5 (Winckler theorem). [Winckler (1856)]

Theorem 1.6. [Schlömilch (1844) and Newman (1848)]

Theorem 1.7 (Whittaker theorem). [Whittaker (1902)]

for z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0 and k ∈ N.

Theorem 1.8. [Whittaker (1902)]

for Re (α) > 0 and Re (β) > 0.

Theorem 1.9. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

Theorem 1.10. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

The result was first presented in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

Theorem 1.11. [Titchmarsh (1948)]

The result was first reported in Titchmarsh’s monograph [20].

Theorem 1.12 (Euler’s completion formula). [Euler (1771)]

where Re (z) > 0 and z ∈ C.

The formula is due to Euler (1771) [21].

Theorem 1.13 (Legendre duplication formula). [Legendre (1809), p. 485]

Theorem 1.14 (Gauss multiplication theorem). [Gauss (1812)]

Theorem 1.15 (Weierstrass theorem). [Weierstrass (1856)]

Theorem 1.16. We have

Theorem 1.17. We have

for n ∈ N and z ∈ C\Z−

Theorem 1.18 (Incomplete gamma functions). [Schlömilch (1871)]

(z) = − (a, z) + + (a, z) , (1.29)

where a > 0 and z ∈ C with Re (z) > 0.

These functions are introduced and called “incomplete gamma functions” by

Theorem 1.19 (Pearson theorem). [Pearson (1934)]

− (a, z) = z−1 a z e−a 1 F1 (1; z + 1; a) (1.30)

Theorem 1.21. Let x ∈ C with Re (x) > 0.

where e−e is the Euler function.

1.2 Pochhammer symbols

1.2.1 Definition and theorems for the Pochhammer symbols

For more information, see the monograph [44].

Theorem 1.22 (Euler limit theorem). [Euler (1729)]

Theorem 1.23. We have the identities

(α)k (α + k)n = (α)n+k (1.39)

Theorem 1.24. We have

(1)n = n!, (1.41)

Theorem 2.5. [Askey (1975)] q