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Chapter 11
Kinematics of Particles
Vector Mechanics For Engineers:
Dynamics
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 11
Kinematics of Particles
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 11.7
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity Graphical Solutions
& Acceleration
Curvilinear Motion: Position,
Determining the Motion of a Particle
Velocity & Acceleration
Sample Problem 11.2
Derivatives of Vector Functions
Sample Problem 11.3
Rectangular Components of Velocity
Uniform Rectilinear-Motion and Acceleration
Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear- Sample Problem 11.10
Motion
Motion Relative to a Frame in
Motion of Several Particles: Relative
Translation
Motion
Sample Problem 11.14
Sample Problem 11.5
Tangential and Normal Components
Motion of Several Particles:
Dependent Motion Sample Problem 11.16
Radial and Transverse Components
Sample Problem 11.18
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Introduction 1
• Dynamics includes:
A Spring Drag
Strategy:
• Acceleration is constant, so we can
directly integrate twice to find v(t) and
y(t).
m m
y t 20 m 10 t 4.905 2 t 2
s s
m m
y t 20 m 10 t 4.905 2 t 2
s s
m m
y 20 m 10 1.019 s 4.905 2 1.019 s 2
s s
y 25.1 m
Strategy:
• Which equation we integrate
a = −kv depends on the independent
variable of what we wish to
calculate: to find functions of
time we integrate a dv / dt ,
while to find functions of
A mountain bike shock mechanism position we integrate a v dv / dx
used to provide shock absorption
consists of a piston that travels in an • Integrate a dv / dt kv to find v t .
oil-filled cylinder. As the cylinder is • Integrate v t dx / dt to find x t .
given an initial velocity v0, the piston
moves and oil is forced through • Integrate a v dv / dx kv to find v x .
orifices in piston, causing piston and
cylinder to decelerate at rate
proportional to their velocity.
Determine v(t), x(t), and v(x).
dv
v
dv
t
v t
a
dt
kv v v k 0 dt ln
v0
kt
0
vt v0 e kt
• Integrate v t dx / dt to find x t .
dx
v t v0 e kt
dt
x t t
1
dx v e
0
kt
dt x t v0 e kt
0 0 k 0
xt
v0
k
1 e kt
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 11.3 3
v0 v0 v
x
k
1 e kt
k v
1 v=v0−kx (checks)
0
v t
x v
v dv dv
(b) dx (d) v a v 0 dt
x0 v0
a v 0
Strategy:
The car starts from rest and accelerates • Determine the total distance the car
according to the relationship travels in one-half lap
• Integrate to determine the velocity
a 3 0.001v 2 after one-half lap
It travels around a circular track that has
a radius of 200 meters. Calculate the
velocity of the car after it has travelled
halfway around the track. What is the
car’s maximum possible speed?
dv x v
v dv
v a v x dx v a v
dx 0 0
0.15802
3 e
v2 2146.2 v 46.3268 m/s
0.001
How do you determine the maximum speed the car can reach?
vmax 3
0.001 vmax 54.772 m/s
x t
dx
dt
v0 at
x0
dx v0 at dt
0
x x0 v0t 12 at 2
v x
dv
v a constant v dv a dx v 2 v02 2a x x0
dx v0 x0
v B A v B v A relative velocity of B
v B v A v B A with respect to A
aB a B a A relative acceleration of B
A
with respect to A
aB a A aB A
Strategy:
yE 5 2 3.65 s
y E 12.3 m
vB E 18 9.81t 2
16 9.81 3.65 m
v B E 19.81
s
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 11.5 4
Strategy:
• Define origin at upper horizontal surface
with positive displacement downward.
• Collar A has uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion. Solve for acceleration
and time t to reach L.
• Pulley D has uniform rectilinear motion.
Pulley D is attached to a collar which Calculate change of position at time t.
is pulled down at 75 mm/s. At t = 0,
collar A starts moving down from K • Block B motion is dependent on motions
with constant acceleration and zero of collar A and pulley D. Write motion
initial velocity. Knowing that velocity relationship and solve for change of block
of collar A is 300 mm/s as it passes L, B position at time t.
determine the change in elevation, • Differentiate motion relation twice to
velocity, and acceleration of block B develop equations for velocity and
when block A is at L. acceleration of block B.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 11.7 2
xB - ( xB )0 = -400 mm.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 11.7 4
mm
vB = 450
s
mm
aB = -225 2
s
Reflect and Think:
In this case, the relationship we needed was not between position coordinates,
but between changes in position coordinates at two different times. The key
step is to clearly define your position vectors. This is a two degree-of-freedom
system, because two coordinates are required to completely describe it.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Group Problem Solving 8
Strategy:
• Sketch your system and choose
coordinate system.
• Write out constraint equation.
• Differentiate the constraint equation
to get velocity.
x A 3 yB constants L
Differentiate the constraint equation to
get velocity
6 m/s + 3vB 0
v B 2 m/s
180
160
140
120
Acceleration (g)
20
0
47.76 47.77 47.78 47.79 47.8 47.81
Time (s)
• Given the x-t curve, the v-t curve is equal to the x-t
curve slope.
• Given the v-t curve, the a-t curve is equal to the v-t
curve slope.
• Consider velocity v of a particle at time t and velocity v at t + Δt,
v dv
a lim instantaneous acceleration (vector)
t 0 t dt
• In general, the acceleration vector is not tangent to the particle path and
velocity vector.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Rectangular Components of Velocity &
Acceleration 1
• Velocity vector,
dx dy dz
v i j k xi y j zk
dt dt dt
vx i v y j vz k
• Acceleration vector,
d 2 x d 2 y d 2 z
a 2 i 2 j 2 k xi y j zk
dt dt dt
ax i a y j az k
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Rectangular Components of Velocity &
Acceleration 2
Strategy:
v v at
y y 0 v 90 9.81t
y 1
1
y v y 0 t at 2 y 90t 4.90t 2 2
2
v 2y v y 2ay 3
2
v y2 8100 19.62 y
0
Strategy:
A baseball pitching machine • Consider the vertical and horizontal motion
“throws” baseballs with a separately (they are independent)
horizontal velocity v0. If you
want the height h to be • Apply equations of motion in y-direction
1050 mm, determine the value
of v0. • Apply equations of motion in x-direction
Strategy:
At t = 5 s
aA 0 aA 0
v A 10 m / s v A 10 m / s
x A = + 10 m / s 5s = +50 m rA 50 m
a B 1.2 m / s 2
vB 6 m / s
rB 20 m
aA 0 a B 1.2 m / s 2
v A 10 m / s vB 6 m / s
rA 50 m rB 20 m
We can solve the problems geometrically, and apply the arctangent relationship:
a) c)
b) d)
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Concept Quiz 4
a) c) Answer:
b) d)
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Tangential and Normal Components 1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Rusell lllig/Getty Images RF, © Alan Schein/ Getty Images
Tangential and Normal Components 2
ρ = the instantaneous
radius of curvature
v v et
dv v2
a e t en
dt
• With the velocity vector expressed as v = vet
the particle acceleration may be written as
dv dv de dv de d ds
a et v et v
dt dt dt dt d ds dt
but
det ds
en d ds v
d dt
After substituting,
dv v 2 dv v2
a et en at an
dt dt
• The tangential component of acceleration
reflects change of speed and the normal
component reflects change of direction.
• The tangential component may be positive or
negative. Normal component always points
toward center of path curvature.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Tangential and Normal Components 5
Strategy:
Some possibilities:
Reduce the allowed speed
Increase the turn radius
(difficult and costly)
Have the racers wear g-suits
Strategy:
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Syracuse Newspapers/M Greenlar/The Image Works, © Fuse/ Getty Images RF
Radial and Transverse Components 2
v r er r e
• Position vector,
r R e R z k
• Velocity vector,
dr
v R e R R e z k
dt
• Acceleration vector,
dv
a
dt
R 2
R e R R 2 R e z k
Strategy:
a 0.531m s 42.6
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 11.18 4
Strategy:
• Define your coordinate system.
• Calculate the angular velocity after
three revolutions.
• Calculate the radial and transverse
accelerations.
• Determine overall acceleration
The angular acceleration of the magnitude.
centrifuge arm varies according to
0.05 (rad/s 2 )
Where θ is measured in radians. If the
centrifuge starts from rest, determine
the acceleration magnitude after the
gondola has travelled two full rotations.
Acceleration is a function
d d
of position, so use:
Evaluate the integral
(2)(2 )
0
0.05 d d
0
2 2(2 )
0.05 2
2 0.05 2(2 )
2
2 0
2 0
2.8099 rad/s
Determine the angular acceleration
0.05 = 0.05(2) (2 ) 0.6283 rad/s 2
0 (8)(2.8099) 2 er (8)(0.6283) 0 e
63.166 er 5.0265 e (m/s 2 )
Magnitude:
amag ar2 a2 ( 63.166 ) 2 + 5.0265
2
amag 63.365 m/s 2
2
r r er r 2r e
a