Solid Waste Management System Capanang Et. Al.

360° SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Information and Communications Technology
West Visayas State University
La Paz, Iloilo City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Information Systems
by
Maricar T. Capanang
Leonil Joseph P. Isaran
Kyle Christian S. Robles
Arianne S. Reyes
Justine Danielle G. Sedigo
i
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City, Philippines
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CHAPTER 1
Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework
Inefficient waste collection and a lack of disposal
in waste facilities are the common problem in developing
countries such as ours. This condition has created both
environmental and health problems due to inability of both
local and national governments to implement proper waste
disposal primarily because of scarce financial, human and
technical resources.
Proper waste management is to protect the environment
and for the health and safety of the population. It is a
very important topic that needs to be addressed, and
everyone should be aware why waste segregation can be the
difference between the survival of the earth and the
worsening effects in the natural biological system. The
Philippines has endeavored to improve its management of
solid waste through the passage of RA 9003 or the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. The ecological
solid waste management program is expected to assist Local

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Government Units in implementing RA 9003 or the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act particularly in the
development of their 10 yr. SWM Plan, closure and
rehabilitation of dumpsites, establishment of Materials
Recovery Facilities, and an environmentally sound disposal
system. In Section 10 of R.A 9003, the Role of LGUs in
Solid Waste Management. — Pursuant to the relevant
provisions of R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local
Government Code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible
for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions
of this Act within their respective jurisdictions.
The issuance of Guidelines and provisions of
technical support in the establishment and operation of
Waste to Energy facilities will enhance the sustainability
of the disposal system for municipal residual wastes to
all provinces and highly urbanized areas. The significant
contribution of this project is expected to enhance the
economic development of the country through formalizing
the waste collection and recycling, and promotion of job
opportunities. It also helps the economy to reduce
reliance on imported oils and increase in power generation

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(DENR, 2019).
The Government Units have the policy for segregating a
solid waste (non-biodegradable, biodegradable, and
recyclable) in every household and determine the tons of
garbage that are disposed of in the dumping site, and if
the households failed to segregate the wastes, it will not
be collected. Registration of households for garbage
collection needs to be processed in Municipal Energy and
Natural Resources Office (MENRO) the process that they use
for the registration for the plates, the plates are used
for listing for the garbage collection. If there are no
plates there's no collection of waste. It is also to
mitigate some issues and problems that they encounter
sometimes towards the solid waste. There are fees for the
collection and disposal of garbage.
The Municipality of Leon had their own policy regarding
the improper segregation and collection of solid waste
that is based upon the LGU’s Solid Waste Management
Practitioners. Before collecting the solid wastes, the
households must place their garbage in their designated
collection areas. There are no fees for the collection of
wastes in the Municipality of Leon, indicating that people

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are free to dispose of their waste for pick-up as long as
they follow the policy of segregating the solid wastes.
Aside from the households, markets and other commercial
establishments such as; coffee shops, restaurants etc.,
are required to pay the fees to the Local Government Units
for the collection of their accumulated waste.
The researchers came up with a study called "360°
Solid Waste Management System for Local Government Units,"
which includes a mobile application for clients, a web-
based system for local government unit administrators, and
lastly for garbage collectors, which have access to
several features. One of the web-based system features is
the confirmation of registration of clients; household’s,
market vendors, business owners, etc. Another feature
serves on the admin (in short for administration) side of
a system including the forecasting and monitoring of the
generated data (collected wastes) through visualization in
the web-based system.
The mobile application for clients has several features
also which include the registration process, wherein they
will fill up a short form in order to be registered.

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Clients will have their own generated QR (Quick
Response) code if they are registered for permitting the
collection of their solid waste.
The display of the date and time of collecting the garbage
in their area is in the ‘Schedule feature’.
Clients also have their own ‘Visualization feature’ of
their generated wastes such as the weight of their
garbage.
The mobile application for the garbage collector has
numerous features. The first feature includes the map that
is powered by Google Maps API, that displays the
recommended route to where the collection of solid wastes
to collect first.
‘Scan and collect features’ is by scanning the generated
QR codes from the clients upon collecting the solid wastes
as well as their data. Lastly, the optimized schedule is
in the ‘Schedule Feature’ that is used as a guide for the
garbage collector for the collection of the solid wastes
on the scheduled time and day in every area in the
Municipality.
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‘Input Status and Report features’, the Input status
is where the garbage collector will select if the garbage
is collected or not. The Report feature allows the garbage
collector to provide a report to the client about the
weight of their garbage, as well as a photo of it as proof
of collection.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
The figure above represents the conceptual framework of
the study. The first box illustrates the input in clients,
truck drivers and admin. Gathering all the necessary data
such as: the client personal information, waste collection
schedule, collection points, and waste generated data.

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The next box illustrates the processes encountered by
the researchers in analyzing, designing, and developing
the web-based system and mobile applications.
The next box illustrates the output of the study that
will help the municipality’s waste management and
collection process progress and innovate. The last box
illustrates the gathering of feedback by the researchers
after the development for further improvement of the system
and mobile application.

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Objectives of the study
1. Develop a mobile application that registers waste
generators (i.e households, commercial, industrial,
institutional) of a local government unit using QR
codes.
2. Develop a system that manages waste collection
schedules based on waste classification and route.
3. Develop mobile application that guides garbage
collectors on the designated collection points of
waste generators using Google Maps API.
4. Develop a mobile application that enables garbage
collectors to provide feedback on waste
characterization and collection details.
5. Develop a monitoring system that displays the
dashboard on waste collected data and analysis
using forecasting techniques.
6. Develop a prescriptive analysis for LGUs to provide
visualization and assistance in decision making.
7. Evaluate the system based on ISO 25010.

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Significance of the Study
The main focus of this study is to innovate and improve
the manual process of waste collection and management in a
municipality. The system and mobile application can be used
for client registration, locate collection points, scan qr
code, send status/reports, monitor waste generated, and
other features that complete the overall waste collection
and management process. With its ability to optimize the
route and schedule for waste collection and forecast the
waste generated by the clients in an efficient and
effective manner.
The people and institutions that can benefit from
this study are:
People in the Municipality
This study will mostly benefit the people living
within the municipality. Through the mobile application
provided, it can promote proper waste disposal and
segregation and can give informational tips and facts
about solid waste management.

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Local Government Units (LGU)
The study may offer a well-grounded system that can
collect, monitor, and give recommendations in the overall
process of waste collection and management. Together with
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR), as well as the Municipal Environment and Natural
Resources Office, can use or include the web system and
mobile application into their future plans, specifically
on waste programs.
Environmental Organizations
This study will act as their basis or guide through
the information gathered by the researchers. The data and
other sources can provide helpful information and visual
aids to the organizations, whose main goal is to eliminate
and promote proper waste disposal, collection, and
management.
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Definition of Terms
For better understanding, the following terms were
defined conceptually and operationally:
Admin. The administration of a business or an organization.
(Oxford, 2022). In this study, Admin is used as an
abbreviation for administration and will be the one to
handle the web-based system.
Client. A person who uses the services or advice of a
professional person or organization (Oxford, 2022).
Collection Points. any agreed point where waste is placed
by the originator for collection by the Council or a waste
carrier(lawinsider,2022). In this study, collection points
are used as a location for collection of wastes by the
garbage collectors.
Cordova. A platform for building hybrid mobile
applications using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
(tutorialspoint.com, 2022)
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Feature. A feature is a building block of an application
from the end user’s perspective. (revenra,2020)
Forecasting. To calculate or predict (some future event or
condition) usually as a result of study and analysis of
available pertinent data (Merriam Webster, 2022.) In this
study, forecasting is used to forecast the generated data of
wastes.
Garbage Collector. A person employed to cart away
household trash and garbage. (Oxford, 2022)
Google Maps. Web service that provides detailed
information about geographical regions and sites
worldwide. (techtarget.com, 2022). In this study, google
maps is used for serving as a guide for garbage
collection.
HTML. Hypertext Markup Language is the code that is used
to structure a web page and its content (Mozilla, 2022).
In this study, HTML is used for coding the website.
JavaScript. An object-oriented programming language
commonly used to create interactive effects within web
browsers (Oxford, 2022). In this study JavaScript is used
for coding the system.

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Local Government Units (LGU). Institutional units whose
fiscal, legislative and executive authority extends over
the smallest geographical areas distinguished for
administrative and political purposes. (oecd.org, 2001)
Mobile Application. A software application developed
specifically for use on small, wireless computing devices,
such as smartphones and tablets. (techtarget.com, 2022)
Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office
(MENRO). Develop plans and strategies pertaining to the
environment and natural resources. (mariaaurora.gov.ph,
2022)
Optimization. An act, process, or methodology of making
something (such as a design, system, or decision) as fully
perfect, functional, or effective as possible. (Merriam
Webster, 2022). In this study, it is used for the schedule
of collecting wastes.
PHP. A scripting language web developers use to create
dynamic websites. Stands for “PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor”, (techterms.com, 2021). In this study, we
used PHP for coding.

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QR Code. Quick Response code is a type of barcode that can
be read easily by a digital device and which stores
information as a series of pixels in a square-shaped grid
(Kaspersky,2022). In this study, QR code is used to
recognize the paid clients for the collection of wastes.
Route. A way that you follow to get from one place to
another. (Oxford, 2022)
Schedule. A procedural plan that indicates the time and
sequence of each operation. (Merriam Webster, 2022)
Web-based System. Applications that run in a web browser.
(Aezion.com, 2020)
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Delimitation of the Study
The aim of this study is to provide the clients
(e.g. households, commercial, institutional), the garbage
collectors, and the admin (i.e. MENRO) with improved,
effective, and innovative waste collection and management
web system and mobile application. This study consists of:
(1) Two mobile applications for daily waste collection.
One is for the clients and the other is for the garbage
collectors. On the client side, this includes
registration, generated QR code, schedule, and waste
generated graphs or charts. On the garbage collectors’
side, this includes Google maps API for navigation,
scheduling, scanning QR codes, and forms for submitting
status and reports. (2) web-based system for the admin
that can store data, monitor, and forecast the waste
generated by the municipality.
The main users of this system are the clients,
garbage collectors, and MENRO, also known as the admin. As
the client starts their registration through the mobile
application and starts the waste disposal process, then
it’s the garbage collector’s job to collect. Through the

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mobile application and using Google maps API, the garbage
collector will view the optimized schedule and navigate
the recommended route. Then the MENRO admin will be the
one to confirm the clients’ registration, monitor, and
forecast the data gathered from the daily waste
collection.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF EXISTING AND RELATED STUDIES
The Status of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines
The waste generation in the Philippines has accelerated
at a fast pace due to rapid economic and population growth
and because of that it has contributed to the
environmental degradation (Castillo, A. & Otoma, S.,
2013). The integration of the informal sector into
municipal solid waste management is a big challenge by
many developing countries. In Iloilo City, Philippines
around 220 tons of municipal solid waste are collected
every day and disposed of at a 10 ha large dumpsite
(Integration of the informal sector into municipal solid
waste management in the Philippines, 2012).
Solid waste management (SWM) services are inadequately
provided in many municipalities in the developing world. A
large portion residents do not receive waste collection
services and most of the disposal sites are poorly
operated (Diaz et al, 2007, Ball, 2007, Gozenbach and
Coad, 2007). The inefficient waste management in the
country results in the piling up of trash and contributes

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to the deterioration of the country’s environment and
brings about impacts affecting public’s health.
The solid waste problem in the municipality creates an
environment that is unhygienic and poor in environmental
sanitation contributing to the generation of numerous
public health problems like typhoid fever, cholera,
tuberculosis, dengue, and etc. (Macawile, J. & SU, and
G.).
A study by Castillo, A. & Otoma, S., despite the
passage of RA 9003 law in 2001, only about 21% and 4% of
the Local Government Units (LGUs) in the country are
being serviced by municipal recovery facilities and
sanitary landfills. The objective of their paper is to
review the current municipal Solid Waste Management (SWM)
and its challenges in the country, and discuss the
possible and innovative solutions to manage solid waste
issues. In conclusion, in order to have an effective SWM
in the Philippines, the LGUs should have the political
will to innovate and comply with RA 9003, through
mobilization of all sectors concerned towards minimizing
solid waste and uplifting economic status of the
vulnerable groups involved in SWM.

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The Informal Waste Sector (IWS) is considered as
the most directly vulnerable group in municipal SWM.
Informal sector in SWM may refer to individuals,
families, and private sector enterprises working in SWM
services, whose activities are neither organized,
sponsored, financed, contracted, recognized, managed,
taxed, nor reported upon by governmental authorities
(Wiersma, at al., 2008, Gerdes and Gunsilius, 2010).
Involved stakeholders include waste collectors, itinerant
waste buyers, small junk shop dealers, and collection
crews of garbage trucks.
A study by Macawile, J. & SU, G., examined local
government officials’ perceptions and attitudes towards
the solid waste problem in their respective communities.
Their study shows the respondents perception, attitudes,
and primary concern of why they engage in waste
management is because they value cleanliness and they
want to mitigate the possible disease occurrences. The
study represents that respondents recognized that
attaining sustainable waste management is a joint
responsibility of the government and its community
members.
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Modern Solid Waste Management Technology
Solid waste management is the one thing, just
about each municipality delivers for its habitants which
is perhaps the most significant municipal service and a
prerequisite for other complicated municipal services
like health, transportation or education (Rajendran et
al., 2013). For the municipalities, the difficulties as
well as challenges of SWM are continuously increasing due
to this urbanization (Cheng and Hu, 2010). Nowadays, it
has become an urgent priority for the authorities
responsible for SWM to improve their services,
particularly in low and middle income countries (The
World Bank, 2012).
In a study conducted by Bingkai, L. et al., the
World Bank pointed out that no country had ever
experienced as fast an increase in solid waste quantity
as China (Yuan et al., 2006). China surpassed the United
States as the world’s largest MSW generator. This poses
enormous challenges for environmental protection and
sustainable development. According to the researchers,
one of the effective solutions to these kinds of problems
is to adopt an efficient municipal solid waste management

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(MSWM) system. However, the implementation of the MSWM
system depends on several important factors such as the
country, statutes, strategies in environmental
management, economic and technological capabilities, and
the education and environmental awareness of citizens.
To address and handle the increasing problems in
SWM, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is
becoming more significant due to the growing necessity of
automated data acquisition, identification,
communication, storage and analysis in connection with
swift and parallel processing. ICTs can help to overcome
these challenges to make a sound SWM system (Johansson,
2006, McLeod et al., 2013, The World Bank, 2012).
Municipalities are facing problems with solid waste route
optimization for collection that has various effects on
collection efficiency, cost and pollutant emissions.
There are many researches on optimization problems such
as vehicle routing problem, capacitated vehicle routing
problem and vehicle routing problem with time windows
have been studied to reduce cost, less emission, serve
customers and depot through optimized route (Johansson
2006, Nuortio et al., 2006; Faccio et al., 2011).

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Various researches have shown that ICTs can help
handle different types of SWM related issues in a more
efficient manner in terms of cost, time, risk and
environment (Lu et al., 2013). In a study by Basri, H. et
al., up until now many systems have been proposed to
settle associated issues and maximize waste management
efficiency. According to them, the systems that are
widely used can be categorized in three groups: (1)
spatial technologies based systems such as: Graphical
Information System (GIS), Global Position System (GPS),
and Remote Sensing (RS).(2) Identification technologies
based systems such as: barcode or Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) tags. (3) Data acquisition
technologies based systems such as: image sensor,
distance sensor, volumetric sensor etc.

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CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED STUDY
The Local Government Units (Municipal Energy and
Natural Resources Office) collect solid waste from clients
every week through the scheduled areas, paid clients and
specific types of solid waste. The collected solid waste
will be calculated to determine the possible way to
mitigate the solid waste that is produced by household and
other commercial buildings. With the fast adoption of
technology toward solid waste, it has aided in optimizing
the schedule, providing recommended routes, fast
registration for clients and easy way to monitor the solid
waste.
In this study, the researchers aim to develop a web-
based system for Local Government Units (Municipal Energy
and Natural Resources Office) and mobile applications for
garbage collectors and clients. The web-based system
accepts the registration confirmation of clients where it
can monitor the solid waste that has been collected weekly
that contains weight, type of waste and classification. It
will also show the visualization of the zone that has the
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highest number of solid waste collected and a forecast of
waste generated data.
The mobile application for garbage collectors developed
to aid the process of recording data collection of
clients. Through scanning the generated QR code of the
client the garbage collector is going to fill out the
details of collection, such as type of waste,
classification, weight, picture as proof of collection and
inputting the status upon collection if it was collected
or not collected. It can also determine the optimized
schedule and recommended route in mobile applications.
The mobile application for clients developed by the
researchers to ease the process of registration, where
they fill up a form for short details upon registering,
and after the confirmation the generated QR code that is
given is going to be used for collecting the client’s
waste. Upon the collected waste, the schedule of pick-up
was shown as well as the history data of collection
through visualization of graphs.

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Assumptions and Preconditions
The web-server for solid waste management of Leon, a
precondition ensures that the execution of the software
application will not continue if certain conditions are
not met. An assertion is a condition that must be true in
order for the program to continue running. Pre-conditions
are set up at the start of a procedure (function or
method). This is the most popular method of defensive
programming. "A program cannot be run outside of nominal
conditions," the underlying premise goes.
To run the application precondition must be
fulfilled, the application will be downloaded and will run
on the associated controller. A PC, laptop, or mobile
device with a compatible web browser is connected to the
same network as the controller so that the web
visualization can be accessed.

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Methods and Proposed Enhancement
This study is set on to develop a solid waste management
system that will improve the manual process of solid waste
collection and management process in a municipality. This SWM
system will help the local government units, specifically the
MENRO, as this will be implemented to the public.
For the features of the SWM system, a web-based system
for the admin and one mobile application each for the clients
and garbage collectors are developed so that the overall manual
process of solid waste collection and management, and other
issues about solid waste are tackled easily.
The three main features of the system: (1) With the use
of Google Maps, recommended routes are shown for the garbage
collectors to easily navigate and guide them during their waste
collection. (2) Optimized schedules are being made for the
garbage collectors to improve, minimize financial problems, and
to help the local government units, specifically the MENRO, in
their decision making. (3) With the data provided by the clients
and garbage collectors, the data are being analyzed and
forecasted for local government units to use in their future
projects about solid waste management.

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In the forecasting method, moving average is used to forecast
the overall waste generated by types and classification of
waste.
Moving Average equation: MA = A₁ + A₂ + . . . + Aₙ / n (3)
Where:
A = Average in period n
N = Number of time periods
Methods
There will be various steps throughout the system with different
data requirements for each section. The data gathered will allow
the system to configure its internal parameters from clients to
admin.
Account Generation. The system has three components namely,
Client, garbage collector, and admin. Each component has to
create their own account in order to be recognized by the system
and also for informational purposes.
Client Registration Data. The client’s registration data will be
collected from the mobile application and will be used for
identification purposes. The information from the registration
data will be used by the garbage collectors in order to identify
them and be part of the collection process.
Waste Collection Data Gathering. The waste data collected from
the daily collection process and the historical data given by

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Leon’s local government unit (MENRO). This data will be mainly
used in the forecasting method applied in the system.
Location Data Gathering. During the client’s registration, the
specific location will be collected and used by the garbage
collector and admin.
Components and Design
Software Architecture
The software architecture explains the design decisions
related to overall system structure. The system’s front end
composed of (3) three users, the client, garbage collector and
admin, was developed using \On the client it is composed of
account generation, virtualization and waste history creation.
On the garbage collector, it consists of mapping,
virtualization and waste collection history creation. The admin
front end is composed of the account validation, monitoring and
forecasting. The system’s backend will be supported by
phpMyAdmin, Google Maps API and programming languages.

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Figure 2. Solid Waste Management System Software Architecture

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System Architecture
The system architecture explains the overall system and
illustrates how the major components interact.
Figure 3. Solid Waste Management System System Architecture

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Figure 3 is the bird's eye view of the solid waste management
system. Clients, admin, and garbage collectors are the main
users of this system divided into (1) one web-based system and
(2) two mobile applications. The process initiates when clients
register for collection, then obtains QR code, schedule and
access to their collection history after the admin validates the
client's accounts to the database. Waste data is collected when
garbage collectors with the optimized schedule, recommended
route points, scans client's QR codes and provides feedback on
collection details (waste characterization and waste analysis).
All of this data collected is then stored in the system’s
database. The admin applies moving average to the collected
waste data to forecast waste generation. Then the system
visualizes the data for further analysis.

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Database Design
Figure 4. Database Design of the System
Figure 4 shows the Database design of entity relationship
diagram (ERD) of the web-based system and mobile application,
the collecting process of solid waste. The CLIENTS table has
its primary key of client_id and consists of client_pin,
first_name, middle_name, last_name, address, latitude,
longitude, email, contact and type of the clients. It also has
three foreign keys of zone_id, user_id, location_id coming from
the ZONE, USER and LOCATION table respectively. The USERS table
contains the primary key of user_id with the other attributes

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like username, password, first_name, middle_name, last_name,
address, contact and role. The COLLECTIONS table has a primary
key of collection_id and consists of other attributes like
datetime, weight, classification, type, remarks, status and
percentage of collection. It also has three foreign keys of
user_id, client_id and truck_id that come from the USER, CLIENT
and TRUCK table. The SCHEDULE table has a primary key of
schecule_id and contains attributes like name, type, monday,
tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday and sunday. It
also has two foreign keys of zone_id and user_id that come from
the ZONE and USER table. The TRUCK table has a primary key of
truck_id and consists of name, latitude, longitude as well as
the two foreign keys user_id and zone_id come from USER and
ZONE table. The ROUTE_POINTS table contains its primary key of
routepoints_id and consists of attributes like latitude and
longitude. It also has two foreign keys such as zone_id and
user_id that come from the ZONE and USER table. The ZONE table
has its primary key of zone_id and an attribute like name,
area_coverage_data_points and a single foreign key of user_id
from USER table. The LOCATIONS table also contains a primary
key of location_id and an attribute like name and type. It also
has a foreign key of user_id and zone_id come from USER and
ZONE table respectively.

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Procedural and Object-Oriented Design
Procedural Design
The system follows a data flow from clients input to output to
generate processes required by the system. Figure 4 shows the
procedural design of the solid waste management system. The
system has three users, the clients, garbage collectors, and
admin. Clients have the ability to register to the system, and
have access to the mobile application by logging in using the
username and pin provided by the admin as seen in the figure.
The clients of this system will be focused on households in
barangays and subdivisions, since the system is for LGU.
Commercial establishments are also included for capturing of
waste collection. Garbage collectors mobile application can be
accessed via the provided username and password, where different
processes can be seen in the interface of the application,
focused on the collection of waste via scanning of QR code and
giving feedback reports to clients. The admin is the one who
mainly manages the overall processes of the solid waste
management system. The admin monitors the overall flow of data
collected to the database. The admin can generate forecasting
through the data collected enabling the management of validating
client accounts if the clients paid the amount for waste
collection.
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Figure 5. Procedural Design for the Client

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Figure 6. Procedural Design for the Garbage Collector

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Figure 7. Procedural Design for the Admin

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Figure 8. Procedural Design for account validation

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Figure 9. Procedural Design for forecasting

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Figure 10. Procedural Design for Google Maps
Object-Oriented Design
There are multiple levels of users to the solid waste
management system. Figure _ shows clients can register for their
accounts, pay for the subscription of waste collection and
access the mobile application where they can choose between
viewing its schedule for collection or view its waste collected
history details.
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On the other hand, the garbage collector when going to collect
waste can also access the mobile application and able to choose
different options between viewing the google map, its optimized
schedule, can use to scan QR code and collect, also includes
providing feedback such as waste collected details, status and
report, then finally the garbage collector can view its
collection history.
Then on the admin side by the web-based system, they are able
to access the main dashboard of the system wherein the admin can
access the records of clients through which it can validate
client accounts, then view the overall waste data, where the
admin can use this to monitor and visualize which in the last
part it can generate forecasting through the data
collected.
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Figure 11. UML (Use Case) Diagram of the System

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(cont.)
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Process Design
Figure 12. Context Diagram of 360° Solid Waste
Management System
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System Development Life Cycle or Research Methodology
The method of developing an assistive application can be
separated into various life cycle stages, much like
traditional software development. This can be accomplished
using the methods that were used in the study.
The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a
mechanism for rapidly generating high-quality, low-cost
software. SDLC is a well-structured flow of stages that
enables developers to deliver high-quality software that
has been properly tested and is ready for production in an
expedient manner. The SDLC process strives to guarantee
that software satisfies the expectations of users.

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Figure 13. System Development Life Cycle
Figure 13 shows the system development cycle of the
360° Solid Waste Management System for Local Government
Units.
By the observation of the researchers, they
identified the target organization, Local Government Units
and the Municipal energy and Natural Resources Office
(MENRO). The researchers then had insights of the
potential system that are need in the organization.

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In the Problem and Planning phase, the researchers
had their targeted organizations and gained insights for
the developing system as well as determining the problem.
The Planning phase is when the brainstorming occurs and
doing research for related studies and point out the
requirements of the potential system.
In the Data Collection Phase, the researchers studied
the potential areas that are significant to the solid
waste, and those are schedule, route and waste types. The
researchers referenced it to the Waste Analysis and
Characterization Study (WACS), the standardized and
mandatory guide for Philippine Local Government Units and
Solid waste Management Practitioners. With the gathered
data, the researchers did manual input for the solid waste
management system.
After the collection phase, is the Data Preparation.
Data from the Municipality had been prepared by the
researchers for the process and flow of the collection of
solid waste from registering clients to the collection by
the garbage collectors. Upon the gathering of data,
researchers optimized the schedule as well as the
recommended route for garbage collection.

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The waste generated historical data of two years and
nine months were used by the researchers for forecasting
and it is present in the modeling phase.
As part of the system deployment preparation, the
researchers examined and analyzed the technical debt
accumulated during early prototyping, making adjustments
to the implementation to ensure stability and
maintainability.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Implementation
Generally, this research aims to develop an innovation, and
improvement of the manual process of waste collection and
management in a municipality. The system and applications can
provide features such as monitor waste generated, collection
points, QR code scanning, and others that complete the overall
waste collection and management process. Highlighting its
ability to optimize the route and schedule for waste collection
and forecast the waste generated by the clients in an efficient
and effective manner.
The web-based system implementation was deployed with the
minimum hardware requirements of at least Windows 10 64-bit,
x64-based processor, 8gb of ram, Any CPU (Intel/AMD), at least
1.10GHz, 5gb of storage, and any integrated graphics. While
during the implementation the highest hardware requirements that
run the web-based system testing is Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-6006U
CPU @ 2.00GHz processor, Windows 10 Pro 64-bit, x64-based
processor, 12gb of ram, Intel (HD) Graphics 520. For the mobile
application implementation was deployed with the minimum
requirements using the Android 6.0 version, CPU type of Quad-

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Core (or more), with at least CPU speed of Quad-core 1.2GHz, and
2.0 GB RAM, in the course of the implementation the highest
device specification that run the application testing is the
XIaomi Redmi Note 8 Pro, which contains a processor of Mediatek
Helio G90T (12nm), operating system of Android 11, MIUI 12.5,
GPU of Mali-G76 MC4 and a CPU of Octa-core (2x2.05 GHz Cortex-
A76 & 6x2.0 GHz Cortex-A55), it should be able to work with a
requirement of internet connection in either of the device’s Wi-
Fi or 4G data services.
The development process was performed using HTML, PHP and
Android SDK. The implementation of the system's database
is synced in real-time with the use of the PhpMyAdmin.

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Figure 14. Garbage Collector Mobile Application

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Figure 18 Client Mobile Application

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Figure 21. Client Mobile Application

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Results Interpretation and Analysis
In this study, a total of 43 respondents were selected.
A group of 36 clients, 4 garbage collectors, 3 MENRO Officers
took part in the testing of the web-based system and mobile
applications. A questionnaire consisting of 9 questions for the
clients, 9 questions for the garbage collectors, __ questions
for the MENRO officers.
The respondents were fully informed about the study's
objective, the scope of its use of the results, and the purpose
of its future usage. The questionnaire was answered on the
MENRO Office of the Municipality of Leon. Each type of
respondent was given an opportunity to make use of the
applications and web-based system provided.

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Table 1 Client Questionnaire Results
Questions SD D U A SA Mean Description
Logging in the
application was 0 0 0 11 25 4.69 Strongly Agree
easy and smooth
The QR code of
the application
is working for 0 0 1 3 32 4.86 Strongly Agree
collecting
waste
The application
provides
information if
0 0 2 6 28 4.72 Strongly Agree
the waste was
collected or
not
The application
gives
information 0 0 2 22 12 4.28 Strongly Agree
about my
collected waste
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The
functionality
or features of
the application
is easy to
understand.
The application
runs smoothly 0 0 12 6 18 4.17 Agree
on my device
The application
provides
scheduled date,
time and type
of waste to be
collected
The application
provides waste
disposal
reminders
The
registration of
the application
for waste
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generators is
functional
The correspondence of the clients towards the
client mobile application was determined by using the
mean. The overall computed mean of the client’s
correspondence was 4.65 which is ruled as a strongly
agreed rate or has positive feedback. The researchers
concluded that the result of clients using the application
gained a positive response with its potential. Moreover,
no negative responses such as strongly disagree or
disagree from the clients shows that when taken as a
group, none of them are discontented with the application.
Out of the 9 questions, 8 of which resulted
strongly agree while only 1 agree were recorded. Item no.
2 “The QR code of the application is working for
collecting waste.” had the highest mean of 4.86 which
achieves the pivotal functionality of the mobile
application for collecting the waste of the clients

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therefore, satisfies the first objective “Develop a mobile
application that registers waste generators (i.e.
households, commercial, industrial, institutional) of a
local government unit using QR codes.”. The clients’
positive response and astonishment while using the mobile
application was seen by the researchers, wherein various
clients commended the impact of such tool that results to
diverse information that little did they know they gained.
Both item no. 5 and item no. 9 attained the second
highest mean value of 4.83. On item no. 9 “The
registration of the application for waste generators is
functional” pertains to the accounts of the clients able
to function after the registration, reflecting to the 3rd
objective of the study fulfilled. The registration serves
as the basis of garnering data for the collection of
client’s waste. Meanwhile item no. 5. “The functionality
or features of the application is easy to understand”
shows the application being user friendly for clients with
its usability enables clients to learn how to use the app
with effectiveness and its operability, easy to operate,
control and appropriate to use.

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Table 2. Garbage Collector
Questions SD D U A SA Mean Description
Logging in the
application was 0 0 0 1 3 4.75 Strongly Agree
easy and smooth
The application
provides schedule
0 0 0 0 4 5 Strongly Agree
and type of waste
to be collected
The functionality
or features of
the application 0 0 1 0 3 4.5 Strongly Agree
is easy to
understand.
The application
runs smoothly on 0 0 2 0 2 4 Strongly Agree
the device
Scanning for QR
Codes is 0 0 0 1 3 4.75 Strongly Agree
functional
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The application
provides map with
a defined route 0 0 0 0 4 5 Strongly Agree
of truck and
collection points
The application
provides a
feedback on waste
0 0 0 0 4 5 Strongly Agree
characterization
and collection
details
The application
provides history
of waste
collected
The application
provides waste
disposal
reminders
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The response of the garbage collectors towards the
Collector’s application was calculated using mean. The
overall computed mean of the garbage collector’s feedback
was 4.77 which indicates that it is strongly agreed with
the application. As a result, the garbage collectors
admired the application and had a favorable response in
its capability and usage. Findings show that out of the 9
questions, garbage collector’s had an overall
correspondence of strongly agree in all items. Moreover,
findings of the study reveals that 3 out of the 9
questions are item no. 2 “The application provides
schedule and type of waste to be collected” and item no. 6
“The application provides map with a defined route of
truck and collection points” and item no. 7 “The
application provides a feedback on waste characterization
and collection details ” gained the highest mean of 5
indicates that the objectives 2,3,4 respectively which a
system that manages waste collection schedules based on
waste classification and route, guides garbage collectors
on the designated collection points of waste generators
using Google Maps API and enables garbage collectors to

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provide feedback on waste characterization and collection
details is perfectly fulfilled and strongly agreed by the
respondents. The results showed the impact towards the
garbage collectors where they utilized fully the
application starting from the checking of collection
route, collection points, through collecting of waste via
QR code, and the feed backing of waste characterization
and collection details if it has been collected or not to
the clients. The application showed great importance to
the garbage collectors as it can be used for future
optimization opportunities and innovation of processes.

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System Evaluation Results
The system evaluation was conducted to the two experts.
The researchers sent a letter with them and the data was
collected through ISO 25010 evaluation form with the attached
application.
ISO 25010 - Functional Stability
V
Indicators G F P V P Mean
G
The set of
instructions all
the specified
Completeness 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
task
and user
objectives.
The system
Correctness provides correct 2 0 0 0 0 5
results with the

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needed degree of
precision.
The system
provides the
Appropriaten accomplishment
2 0 0 0 0 5
ess of specified
tasks and
objectives.
ISO 25010
Reliabiity
V
Indicators G F P V P Mean
G
A system,
product or
component meets
Maturity 1 0 1 0 0 4
for reliability
under normal
operation.
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A product or
system is
operational and
Availability 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
accessible when
required for
use.
A system,
product or
component
operates as
intended despite
Fault tolerance 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
the presence of
hardware or
software results
software
results.
In the event of
an interruption
Recoverability 0 0 2 0 0 3
or a failure, a
product or
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system can
recover the data
and establish
the desired
state of the
system.
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ISO 25010 - Portability
V
G F P V P Mean
G
Indicators
A product or
system can
effectively and
efficiently be
adapted for
different or
Adaptability evolving 2 0 0 0 0 5
hardware,
software or
other
operational or
usage
environments
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A product or
system can
withstand
technology
evolution and
Durability 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
changes without
costly
redesign,
reconfiguration
or recoding.
A product or
system can be
successfully
installed
Installability 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
and/or
uninstalled in
a specified
environment.
A product can
Replaceability replace another 0 0 2 0 0 3
specified
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software
product for the
same purpose
in the same
environment.
A product or
system can
increase
efficiency
and
productivity by
Affordability 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
reducing the
time and
costs involved
in delivering
instruction.
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ISO 25010 - Usability
V V
G F P Mean
G P
Indicators
Users can
recognize
Appropriate-
whether a
ness
product or the 1 0 1 0 0 4
Recognizabi-
system is
lity
appropriate for
their needs.
A product or
system enables
the user to
learn
how to use it
Learnability 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
with
effectiveness,
efficiency in
emergency
situations
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A product or
system is easy
to operate,
Operability 2 0 0 0 0 5
control and
appropriate to
use.
A product or
User error system protects

0 2 0 0 0 4
protection users against
making errors.
A user
interface
User enables
interface pleasing and 0 2 0 0 0 4
aesthetics satisfying
interactions
for the user.

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A product or
system can be
used by people
with the widest
range of
Accessibilit characteristics 4.
1 1 0 0 0
y and 5
capabilities to
achieve a
specified goal
in aspecified
context of use.
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ISO 25010 - Performance Efficiency
V
V G G F P Mean
P
Indicators
The response
and processing
times and
throughput
rates of a
Time-
product or 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
behavior
system,
whenperforming
its functions,
meet
requirements.
The amounts
Resource
and types of 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
utilization
resources used
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by a product
or system,
when
performing its
functions meet
requirements.
The maximum
limits of the
product or
Capacity system 2 0 0 0 0 5
parameters
meet
requirements.
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ISO 25010 - SECURITY
V G G F P V P Mean
Indicators
The
prototype
ensures that
data are
Confidential accessible
1 1 0 0 0 4.5
ity only to
those
authorized
to have
access.
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A system,
product, or
component
prevents
unauthorized
Integrity access to, 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
or
modification
of, computer
programs or
data.
Actions or
events can
be proven to
have taken
Non- place so
0 0 2 0 0 3
repudiation that the
events or
actions
cannot be
repudiated
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later.
The actions
of an entity
Accountabili can be
1 1 0 0 0 4.5
ty traced
uniquely to
the entity.
The identity
of a subject
or resources
Authenticity can be 2 0 0 0 0 5
proved to be
the one
claimed.
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ISO 25010 - Compatibility
V G G F P V P Mean
Indicators
A product
can perform
its
required
functions
efficiently
Co-existence while 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
sharing a
common
environment
and
resources
with other
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products,
without
detrimental
impact on
anyother
product
Two or more
systems,
products or
components
can
Interoperabili exchange
2 0 0 0 0 5
ty information
and use the
information
that has
been
exchanged.
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ISO 25010 - Maintainability
V G G F P V P Mean
Indicators
The
application
is composed
of discrete
components
such that a
Modularity 0 0 2 0 0 3
change to one
component has
minimal
impact on
other
components.
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An asset can
be used in
more than one

Reusability 2 0 0 0 0 5
system, or in
building
other assets.
It is
possible to
assess the
impact on a
product or
system of an
intended
Analyzability change to one 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
or more of
its parts, or
to diagnose a
product for
deficiencies
or causes of
failures, or
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to identify
parts to be
modified.
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The
application
can be
effectively
and
efficiently
modified
Modifiability 0 0 2 0 0 3
without
introducing
defects
or degrading
existing
product
quality.
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Test criteria
can be
established
for an
application,
product or
component and
Testability 1 1 0 0 3.5
tests can be
performed to
determine
whether
thosecriteria
have been
met.
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The objective of this study is to develop a web-system
for the LGU’s MENRO that will monitor the generated waste.
The aim of this study is to provide the clients, the
truck drivers (garbage collectors), and the admin (MENRO)
with improved, effective, and innovative waste collection
and management web systems and mobile applications.
The main users of this system are the clients, truck
drivers, and MENRO, also known as the admin. As the client
starts their registration through the mobile application
and starts the waste disposal process, then it’s the
garbage collector’s job to collect. Through the mobile
application and using Google maps API, the garbage
collector will view the optimized schedule and navigate
the recommended route. Then the MENRO admin will be the
one to confirm the clients’ registration, monitor, and
forecast the data gathered from the daily waste collect

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This study consists of: (1) Two mobile applications for
daily waste collection. One is for the clients and the
other is for the garbage collectors. On the client side,
this includes registration, generated QR code, schedule,
and waste generated graphs or charts. On the garbage
collectors side, this includes Google maps API for
navigation, scheduling, scanning QR codes, and forms for
submitting status and reports. (2) web-based system for
the admin that can store data, monitor, and forecast the
waste generated by the municipality. (3) Solid waste
management has aided for optimizing the schedule,
providing recommended routes, easier registration for
clients and monitoring the solid waste. The Local
Government Units (Municipal Energy and Natural Resources
Office) collect solid waste from clients every week
through the scheduled areas, paid clients and specific
types of waste. The app also shows the date and time of
collection as well as the history data of each collection.

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Conclusion
The researchers were able to achieve the objectives
set for the study after the evaluation and certain
observations were done. The following conclusions were
drawn from the results of this study:
A system that manages waste collection schedules
based on waste classification and route. Mobile
applications that register waste generators of the Local
Government Unit using QR codes and guide for garbage
collection on designated collection points of waste
generators through the use of Google Maps API and can
provide feedback on Waste Characterization and collection
details.
A monitoring system that displays the dashboard on
waste collected data and analysis using forecasting
techniques. The system is evaluated through the ISO 25010
to determine the quality of the system in terms of its
usability, more particularly in effectiveness, efficiency,
and satisfaction in assessing and analyzing waste
generated information by developers and the target users
of the system.
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The system will aid the Local Government Units (LGU)
specifically the Municipal Energy and Natural Resources
Office (MENRO) for pertaining to the environment and
natural resources and managing the collection of solid
wastes in the Municipality.
Recommendations
The following recommendations are suggested based on the
observations and conclusions presented:
1. To include to capture data of waste disposal in the
system
2. To explore various time series forecasting methods
3. To expand coverage of waste collection to the whole
Municipality
4. To expand coverage of identification of waste
generators, waste characterization
5. To explore various prescriptive analytic techniques

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360° SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Information and Communications Technology

West Visayas State University

La Paz, Iloilo City

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Information Systems

Leonil Joseph P. Isaran

Kyle Christian S. Robles

Justine Danielle G. Sedigo

Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework

Inefficient waste collection and a lack of disposal

in waste facilities are the common problem in developing

countries such as ours. This condition has created both

environmental and health problems due to inability of both

local and national governments to implement proper waste

disposal primarily because of scarce financial, human and

Proper waste management is to protect the environment

and for the health and safety of the population. It is a

very important topic that needs to be addressed, and

everyone should be aware why waste segregation can be the

difference between the survival of the earth and the

worsening effects in the natural biological system. The

Philippines has endeavored to improve its management of

solid waste through the passage of RA 9003 or the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. The ecological

solid waste management program is expected to assist Local

Government Units in implementing RA 9003 or the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act particularly in the

development of their 10 yr. SWM Plan, closure and

rehabilitation of dumpsites, establishment of Materials

Recovery Facilities, and an environmentally sound disposal

system. In Section 10 of R.A 9003, the Role of LGUs in

Solid Waste Management. — Pursuant to the relevant

provisions of R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local

Government Code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible

for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions

of this Act within their respective jurisdictions.

The issuance of Guidelines and provisions of

technical support in the establishment and operation of

Waste to Energy facilities will enhance the sustainability

of the disposal system for municipal residual wastes to

all provinces and highly urbanized areas. The significant

contribution of this project is expected to enhance the

economic development of the country through formalizing

the waste collection and recycling, and promotion of job

opportunities. It also helps the economy to reduce

reliance on imported oils and increase in power generation

The Government Units have the policy for segregating a

solid waste (non-biodegradable, biodegradable, and

recyclable) in every household and determine the tons of

garbage that are disposed of in the dumping site, and if

the households failed to segregate the wastes, it will not

be collected. Registration of households for garbage

collection needs to be processed in Municipal Energy and

Natural Resources Office (MENRO) the process that they use

for listing for the garbage collection. If there are no

plates there's no collection of waste. It is also to

mitigate some issues and problems that they encounter

collection and disposal of garbage.

The Municipality of Leon had their own policy regarding

the improper segregation and collection of solid waste

that is based upon the LGU’s Solid Waste Management