Q4: Answer below Questions:

1. List examples of advances in past two decades.

answer:3-1:‫ساليد‬
• Examples of advances in past two decades
– Cell phones
– Email
– World Wide Web
– MP3 players

2. Different ways people are affected by technology, discuss that.

answer:4-1:‫ساليد‬
• Different ways people are affected by technology
– Physical changes (e.g., laptops)
– Psychological changes (e.g., cell phones)

3. Give examples, how the people can influence rate on the technology to be
developed

answer:5-1:‫ساليد‬
• People can influence rate at which technologies
are developed
- laws property Intellectual (‫)قوانين الملكية الفكرية‬
– Tax structure

4. Explain, how the market for calculators made the social change

answer:9-1:‫ساليد‬
Social Change  Market for Calculators
• Gilded Age (late 19th century America)
– Rapid industrialization
– Economic expansion
– Concentration of corporate power
• New, larger corporations
– Multiple layers of management
– Multiple locations
– Needed up-to-date, comprehensive, reliable, and
affordable information

5. Point to the commercial computers, then give an example of first commercial

computers.

answer:15-1:‫ساليد‬
• Remington-Rand
– Completed UNIVAC in 1951
– Delivered to U.S. Bureau of the Census
– Predicted winner of 1952 Pres. election

• IBM
– Larger base of customers
– Far superior sales and marketing organization
– Greater investment in research and development
– Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s

6. Compare between the integrated circuit and the transistor.

answer:19-1:‫ وساليد‬18-1:‫ساليد‬
Transistor
• Replacement for vacuum tube
• Invented at Bell Labs (1948)
• Semiconductor
– Faster
– Cheaper
– More reliable
– More energy-efficient
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Integrated Circuit
• Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors,
and resistors
• Invented at Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas
Instruments
• Advantages over parts they replaced
– Smaller
– Faster
– More reliable
– Less expensive

7. List the social impact of telephone.

answer:28-1:‫ساليد‬
• Social impact of telephone
– Blurred public life / private life boundary
– Eroded traditional social hierarchies
– Reduced privacy
– Enabled first “online” communities

8. Define the teletype, explaining the most important uses.

answer:29-1:‫ساليد‬
• Teletype (1908)
– Typewriter connected to telegraph line
– Popular uses
• Transmitting news stories
• Sending records of stock transactions
9. Compare between the telephone and television according to the social effects

answer:31-1:‫ وساليد‬28-1:‫ساليد‬
Telephone (1876)
• Social impact of telephone
– Blurred public life / private life boundary
– Eroded traditional social hierarchies
– Reduced privacy
– Enabled first “online” communities
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Television (1927)
• Social effects
– Worldwide audiences
– Networks strive to be first to deliver news
– Impact of incorrect information; e.g., 2000
presidential election

10. Define ARPANET and NSFNET pointing to the institution which funded them.

answer:36-1:‫ وساليد‬33-1:‫ساليد‬
ARPANET (1969)
• DoD creates ARPA in late 1950s

------------------------------------
NSFNET
• Created by National Science Foundation

11. List the web browsers referring to the first browsers

answer:44-1:‫ساليد‬
World Wide Web
• First browser built at CERN in Switzerland
– Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb (1990)
– Berners-Lee created Web protocols
– Protocols based on TCP/IP  general

• Later browsers
– Mosaic
– Netscape Navigator
– Netscape Mozilla
– Microsoft Internet Explorer (most popular)

12. Define the Crawler-based engines, give example of them and explain the
different with the
Human-assisted engines.
answer:45-1:‫ساليد‬
• Crawler-based engines (Google, AltaVista)
– Programs called spiders follow hyperlinks and visit
millions of Web pages
– System automatically constructs Web page database
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• Human-assisted engines (Open Directory)
– Humans build Web page database
– Web page summaries more accurate
– Far fewer Web pages in database

13. Define the information technology with examples.

answer:46-1:‫ساليد‬
• Definition: Devices used in creation,
storage, manipulation, dissemination of
data, sound, and/or images
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• Examples: Computers, telephones, video
cameras, MP3 players