MACHINE ELEMENTS

MIDTERM EXAM
REVIEWER:

INTRODUCTION: CHAPTER 1:
1.1 The Science of Mechanism
- treats of the laws governing the motion of the parts of a machine and the forces transmitted by these parts.
- Pure Mechanism or Geometry of Machinery -which treats of the motion and forms of the parts of a machine, and the
manner of supporting and guiding them, independent of their strength.
- Constructive Mechanism -which involves the calculation of the forces acting on different parts of the machine.
1.2 Kinematics of Machines
- is a name commonly applied to that branch of the science of mechanism referred to in the preceding article as pure
mechanism or geometry of machinery.
1.3 A Particle
- is an infinitesimal part of a body or of matter. It may be represented on a drawing by a point and is often referred to as a
point.
1.4 A Rigid Body
- is one whose component particles remain at a * constant distance from one another.
1.5 A Machine
- is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to
produce some effect or work accompanied with certain determinate motions.

A structure is a combination of resistant bodies capable of transmitting forces or carrying loads but having no relative motion
between parts.

1.6 A Mechanism
- is a combination of rigid bodies so arranged that the motion of one compels the motion of the others, according to a law
depending on the nature of the combination.
1.7 Frame.
- The frame of a machine is a structure that supports the moving parts and regulates the path, or kind of motion, of many of
them directly.
1.8 Driver and Follower.
- That piece of a mechanism which causes motion is called the driver, and the one whose motion is affected is called the
follower.

Pairs of Elements
1. Closed or Lower Pair.
- If one element not only forms the envelope of the other, but also encloses it, the forms of the elements being geometrically
identical, the one being solid or full, and the other being hollow or open.
2. Higher Pairs.
- Such a pair is called a higher pair, and the elements are either in point or line contact. Ball and roller bearings are examples of
higher pairs.
3. Incomplete Pairs of Elements.
- the reciprocal restraint of two elements forming a pair was complete.
4. Inversion of Pairs
- This exchange of the fixedness of an element with its partner and in any closed or lower pair it does not affect either the
absolute or the relative motion.
 Bearings
- The word bearing is applied, in general, to the surfaces of contact between two pieces which have relative motion, one of
which supports or partially supports the other.
 - pieces may be stationary; in which case the bearing may be called a stationary bearing;
 Collars and Keys.
- It is very often required that pulleys or wheels turn freely on their cylindrical shafts and at the same time have no motion
along them. For this purpose, rings or collars are used.
 Keys
- key may be made fast or integral to either piece, the other having a groove in which it can slide freely. The above
arrangement is very common, and is called a feather and groove, or spline, or a key and keyway.
 Cranks and Levers.
- A crank may be defined in a general way as an arm rotating or oscillating about an axis.
- two cranks on the same axis are rigidly connected to each other the name lever.
- When the angle between the two arms is less than 90° it is often called a bell crank lever, and when the angle is more than
90° it is often called a rocker.

ACTION OF CRANK
CRANK - A crank may be considered as a rigid piece connecting one member of a pair of cylindrical elements to one member of
another pair.

PARTS OF CRANKS

- Crankshaft - Bearing Block

-Crank pin - Guide block

-Connecting Rod - Slider

LINK - A rigid piece or a non-elastic substance which serves to transmit force from one piece to another or to cause or control
motion.

LINKAGE

- A linkage is the number of pairs of elements connected by links.

- Called when one of its links is fixed.

MECHANISM - Called when one of its links can create a definite motion.

STRUCTURE - Called when a redundant chain and its links are fixed.

FOUR BAR LINKAGE

- is a mechanical linkage consisting of four rigid bodies (bars or links) connected by joints.

FOUR BAR LINGKAGE W/ SLIDING MEMBER

- This linkage is the presence of a sliding member, which can move along one of the links rather than being fixed at a hinge
joint.
- Slider-crank linkage is a four-bar linkage with three revolute joints and one prismatic, or sliding, joint.

FINITE CRANK

- Is the crank that has a finite length and strength in a four-bar linkage.

INFINITE CRANK

- It is an imaginary crank that is said to be infinite in length.

RECIPROCATING MACHINERY

RECIPROCATING PUMP

PARTS

- MAIN BEARING
- CONNECTING ROD
- CRANKSHAFT
 - CONNECTING ROD BEARING
- CRANKPIN
- BEARING CAP
- PULLEYS
- DRIVE SHAFT
- CROSSHEAD GUIDES
- STUFFING BOX
- PLUNGER
- CYLINDER
- GEARS
- CROSSHEADS
- CROSSHEADS PIN
- FRAME
- KEYS

CHAPTER 2 MOTION:
MOTION

– Is a change of position

RELATIVE MOTION

– Two bodies are moving

ABSOLUTE MOTION

– Independent motion.

PATH
- a point moving in space describes a line called its path, maybe rectilinear or curvilinear.

DIRECTION AND SENSE

- a point is moving along a straight path the direction of its motion is along the line which constitutes its path.

CONTINUOUS MOTION

- When a point continues to move indefinitely in a given path in the same sense, its motion is said to be continuous.

RECIPROCATING MOTION

- When a point traverses the same path and reverses its motion at the ends of such path, the motion is said to be reciprocating.

OSCILLATION

- is a term applied to reciprocating circular motion, as that of a pendulum.

INTERMITTENT MOTION

- When the motion of a point is interrupted by periods of rest, its motion is said to be intermittent.

An Axis of Rotation or Revolution - is a line whose direction is not changed by the rotation; a fixed axis is one whose position,
as well m its direction, remains unchanged

A Plane of Rotation or Revolution - is a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation or revolution.

Direction of Rotation or Revolution –

- is defined by giving the direction of the axis, and the sense is given by stating whether the turning is right handed (clockwise)
or left handed (counterclockwise), when viewed from a specified side of the plane of motion.
Coplanar Motion

- A body, or a series of bodies, may be said to have coplanar motion when all their component particles are moving in the
same plane or in parallel planes.

Cycle of Motions.

- When a mechanism is set in motion and its parts go through a series of movements which are repeated over and over.

Period of Motion
- is the time occupied in completing one cycle.

Linear Speed

- is the time rate of motion of a point along its path, or the rate at which a point is approaching or receding from another point
in its path.

Angular Speed

- is the time rate of turning of a body about an axis, or the rate at which a line on a revolving body is changing direction, and is
expressed in angular units per unit of time.

Velocity

- is a word often used synonymously with speed.

Linear Acceleration

- is the time rate of change of linear velocity.

Tangential acceleration - Any change in the speed takes place in a direction tangent to the path of the point.

Angular Acceleration

- is the time rate of change of angular velocity.

Translation

- A body is said to have motion of translation when all its component particles have the same velocity, as regards both speed
and direction.
- the particles all move in straight lines, the body has rectilinear translation
- if they move in curved paths, the body has curvilinear translation.

Turning Bodies

- All motion consists of translation, turning about an axis, or a combination of the two.

Uniform Motion

- When the acceleration is zero the velocity is constant and the moving particle continues to move in a straight line over equal
distances in equal intervals of time.

Uniformly Varying Motion

- In this case the acceleration is constant.

Variable Acceleration.

- The acceleration of a moving particle may vary as some function of distance moved, velocity, or time.

Harmonic Motion

- A type of motion in which the acceleration varies directly as the displacement.

CHAPTER III
VECTORS
Scalar quantity

- is one which has magnitude only, as 1 ft, 2 lb, and so on.

Vector quantity

- is one which has magnitude, direction, and sense, such as force, velocity, acceleration.

Vectors.

- is a line which represents a vector quantity.

Vector Addition

- The sum of two vector quantities is a quantity whose effect is the same as the combined effect of the two original quantities.

CHAPTER IV
VELOCITY ANALYSIS
CENTRO
- a point common to two bodies having the same velocity in each
- a point in one body about which another body actually turns
- a point in one body about which another body tends to turn .
Angular Velocities of Links
- The method of centros affords an excellent manner for determining the instantaneous angular velocity ratio of any
two links

CHAPTER VIII
CAMS
Cam
- is a plate, cylinder, or other solid with a surface of contact so designed as to cause or modify the motion of a
second piece, or of the cam itself.
Plate Cams
- imparts motion to a follower guided so that it is constrained to move in a plane which is perpendicular to the axis
about which the cam rotates,

CHAPTER IX
BODIES IN PURE ROLLING CONTACT
Pure Rolling Contact
- consists of such a relative motion of two lines or surfaces that the consecutive points or elements of one come
successively into contact with those of the other in their order.
Friction Gearing.
- Rolling cylinders and cones, frequently used to transmit force, constitute what is known as friction gearing.
Grooved Friction Gearing. -Another form of friction gearing
Hyperboloid of circular cross section is a solid of revolution,

CHAPTER X
GEARS AND GEAR TEETH
Gear Drives. It was shown in Chapter IX that one shaft could cause another to turn by means of two bodies in pure
rolling contact.
Gearing Classified. In Art. 9-1 attention was called to the fact that rolling bodies may be used to connect axes which are
parallel, intersecting, or neither parallel nor intersecting.
The name pinion is often applied to the smaller of a pair of gears. The various kinds of gears enumerated above will be
discussed in more detail after the principles which apply to gearing in general have been considered.
External Spur Gears. Figure 10-1 shows a pair of external spur gears in mesh with each other. Since these are the
simplest form of gears the following discussion of definitions and general principles will be based on this type of gears.
Speed Ratio of a Pair of Gears. It was shown in the preced¬ ing chapter that if two cylinders as A and B , Fig. 10-2, are
keyed to the shafts S and Si respectively, the angular speed of S is to the angular speed of Si as D\ is to D, provided there
is sufficient friction between the circumferences of the disks to prevent one slipping on the other.
Pitch Circles and Pitch Point. Be found on the center line SSi such that on g and through this point draw circles about S
and St as centers.
Addendum and Root Circles. The circle passing through the outer ends of the teeth of a gear is called the addendum
circle, and the circle passing through the bottom of the spaces is called the root or dedendum circle.
Addendum Distance and Root Distance. Tooth Depth. The radius of the addendum circle minus the radius of the pitch
circle is the addendum distance or, more commonly, the addendum. The radius of the pitch circle minus the radius of the
root circle is the root distance or dedendum. The dedendum plus the addendum is the total tooth depth. The working
depth is equal to twice the addendum.
Face and Flank of Tooth. Acting Flank. That portion of the tooth curve which is outside the pitch circle is called the face of the tooth
or tooth face. The part of the tooth curve inside the pitch circle is called the flank of the tooth.
Face Width of Gear. The length of the gear tooth measured along an element of the pitch surface is called the face width
of the gear.
Clearance. The distance measured on the line of centers, between the adden¬ dum circle of one gear and the root circle of
the other, when they are in mesh, is the clearance.
Tooth Thickness. Space Width. Backlash. The width of the tooth, arc dis¬ tance, measured on the pitch circle is called
the tooth thickness. The arc distance between two adjacent teeth measured on the pitch circle is called the space width or
tooth space.
Circular Pitch. The distance from the center of one tooth to the center of the next tooth, measured on the pitch circle, is
called the circular pitch.
Diametral Pitch is the term ordinarily used to designate the tooth size; it is equal to the number of teeth divided by the
diameter of the pitch circle.
Angle and Arc of Action. (See also Art. 7-5.) The angle through which the driving gear turns while a given tooth on the
driving gear is pushing the corresponding tooth on the driven gear is called the angle of action of the driver.
The angle of approach, in each case, is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a pair of teeth come into
contact until they are in contact at the pitch point.
The angle of recess is the angle turned through from the time of pitch point contact until contact ceases.
The arc of action is the arc of the pitch circle which subtends its angle of action. The arcs of approach and recess bear
the same relation to the angles of approach and recess that the arc of action bears to the angle of action.
The Path of Contact. Referring still to Fig. 10-5, the teeth as shown in full lines are touching each other at one point a.
Obliquity of Action or Pressure Angle. The angle between the line drawn through the pitch point perpendicular to the
line of centers, and the line drawn from the pitch point to the point where a pair of teeth are in contact, is called the angle
of obliquity of action or pressure angle.