Basis of FEM

FEM for trusses

dr inż. Marcin Wikło
 All students are expected to provide two exercises truss and
beams.
For highest grade, the frame structure is required
The report must include all calculations for the truss prepared in the word odt or
pdf file.

Demands

The FEM software used in the calculation is Autodesk Inventor with Nastran
Environment.
After registration on
https://www.autodesk.com/education/home
Download Autodesk Inventor and install it firs, afterwards download and
install Inventor Nastran

2
 Consider the truss element (1-2), whose position in the
coordinate system XY (in global system), for all the structure

Basics of FEM

3
 Assume that the cross sectional area A is constant the whole
length the bar, and the Young's modulus E. We determine the
length L as the simple relationship a function of the geometric
coordinates of nodes:

L= ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

Basics of FEM Relationships defining

the element slope :

x2 − x1 y2 − y1
cos  = c = sin  = s =
L L

d = u1 , v1 , u 2 , v2 
T

4
 As a result of the load and the deformation the
truss element will take the new position.
We write elongation in form of equation:
L = (u2 − u1 )c + (v2 − v1 ) s
L = u2 c − u1c + v2 s − v1s
Basics of FEM L = −u1c − v1s + u2 c + v2 s

Rewriting the equation in a matrix form

 u1 
v 
L = − c − s c s  1 
u2 
 
 v2 
5
 A strain can be calculated from the equation
L
=
L
A strain definition in matrix form with utilization of the elongation can be write in the
following way
 u1 
v 
 = − c − s c s  1 
1
L u2 
Basics of FEM  
 v2 
Introducing vector B (called strain-displacement vector), and keeping in mind the d
vector
1
B=  − c − s c s  d = u1 , v1 , u 2 , v2 
T

L
On the end the strain can be calculated with use the following formula:

 = Bd
6
 Hooke's law shows that the axial force N in the
element is:

N = E  A = E  A B  d = C  d

Where:

Basics of FEM C = E  A B

7
 Let’s write now nodal forces, expressed in components
referenced to the global system, acting at the nodes 1 and 2
Vector of these forces will be marked by P :

P = H 1 V1 H 2 V2 
T

Nodal forces are expressed by the following dependence :

Basics of FEM H1 = − N  c V1 = − N  s

H2 = N c V2 = N  s

8
 P = BT  L  N = BT  L  E  A  B  d = E  A  L  B  BT  d

H1 c2 cs − c2
− c  s u1
Basics of FEM V1 E  A c  s s2 − c  s − s 2 v1
=  
H2 L −c 2
−cs c 2
c  s u2
V2 − c  s − s2 cs s 2 v2

P = Ke  d
where: K e - element stiffness matrix
P- nodal force matrix d – displacement matrix 9
 Data
𝑃 = 250𝑁
𝐸 = 2.1𝑒5𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 = 10𝑚𝑚2
𝐿1 = 500 𝑚𝑚

Example
traditional method

Use the data for the examples you were provided

 Calculation of the elements’ length with use the
sinus theorem

Example
traditional method
 Calculation of the force reaction

෍ 𝐹𝑥𝑖 = 0
𝑖
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝑋 − 3P = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑦𝑖 = 0
𝑖
𝑃 + 𝑅𝐵𝑌 − 2P = 0
Example
traditional method ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑖
2𝑃𝑙3 + 𝑅𝐵𝑋 𝑙1 = 0

𝑃 + 𝑅𝐵𝑌 − 2P = 0 → 𝑅𝐵𝑌 = 𝑃 = 250

2𝑃𝑙3
2𝑃𝑙3 + 𝑅𝐵𝑋 𝑙1 = 0 → 𝑅𝐵𝑋 = − =-288
𝑙1

2𝑃𝑙3
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝑋 − 3P = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 = 3𝑃 − =-462
𝑙1
 Determination of the axial forces in elements

The method of balancing nodes is used to calculate the axial forces in the truss
elements

Example
traditional method

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑁3 = 0
𝑃 + 𝑁1 = 0
−2𝑃 + 𝑁2 sin 60 = 0
𝑁1 = −250, 𝑁2 = 577, 𝑁3 = 461
From two nodes we have four equations to determine three axial forces, fourth
equation can be used to check if the calculation are correct
𝑁3 = 3𝑃 − 𝑁2 cos 60 = 461
 Nodal displacement

Displacement of node A in y direction

A virtual force equal to 1 is applied in the direction which the

direction is supposed to be determined.
For each case calculate nodal forces, to be able to do this a
reaction also have to be determined in advance.
Example 𝑟1𝑏𝑦 + 1 = 0
traditional method 𝑟1𝐵𝑥 ∙ 𝑙1 = 0
𝑟1𝐴 + 𝑟1𝐵𝑥 = 0

𝑟1𝐴 = 0, 𝑟1𝐵𝑥 = 0, 𝑟1𝐵𝑦 = −1

𝑟1𝐴 + 𝑛13 = 0
1 + 𝑛11 = 0
𝑛12 sin 60 = 0

𝑛11 =-1, 𝑛12 = 0, 𝑛13 = 0

Where 𝑛13 - superscrip 1 means 1st case – displacement in A node in y direction,
subscript 3 means force in 3rd element.
 Nodes displacement

Displacement of node C in y direction

𝑟2𝑏𝑦 − 1 = 0
1 ∙ 𝑙3 + 𝑟2𝐵𝑥 ∙ 𝑙1 = 0
Example 𝑟2𝐴 + 𝑟2𝐵𝑥 = 0

traditional method
𝑟2𝐴 = 0.577, 𝑟2𝐵𝑥 = −0.577, 𝑟2𝐵𝑦 = 1

𝑟2𝐴 + 𝑛32 = 0
𝑛12 = 0
−1 + 𝑛22 sin 60 = 0

𝑛12 = 0, 𝑛22 =1.15, 𝑛32 =-0.57

Where 𝑛32 - superscrip 2 means 2nd case – displacement in C node in y

direction, subscript 3 means force in 3rd element.
 Nodes displacement

Displacement of node C in x direction

𝑟3𝑏𝑦 = 0
𝑟3𝐵𝑥 ∙ 𝑙1 = 0
Example 𝑟3𝐴 + 𝑟3𝐵𝑥 + 1 = 0

traditional method
𝑟3𝐴 = −1, 𝑟3𝐵𝑥 = 0, 𝑟3𝐵𝑦 = 0

𝑟3𝐴 + 𝑛33 = 0
𝑛13 = 0
−1 + 𝑛23 sin 60 = 0

𝑛13 = 0, 𝑛23 = 0, 𝑛33 = 1

Where 𝑛33 - superscrip 3 means 3rd case – displacement in A node in x

direction, subscript 3 means force in 3rd element.
 Displacement calculation
3
𝐿𝑖
𝑢𝑘 = ෍ 𝑁𝑖 𝑛𝑖𝑘
𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝑖
While the Young modulus E and cross-section area A are constant for all I
indexes the equation can be rearranged
3
1
෍ 𝐿𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑛𝑖𝑘
Example 𝑢𝑘 =
𝐸𝐴
𝑖
traditional method Displacement of node A in y direction
1
𝑢1 = (𝐿1 𝑁1 𝑛11 + 𝐿2 𝑁2 𝑛12 + 𝐿3 𝑁3 𝑛13 )
𝐸𝐴
1
𝑢𝐴𝑦 = 500 ∙ −250 ∙ −1 + 577.35 ∙ 577.35 ∙ 0 + 288.67 ∙ 461.32 ∙ 0
2.1𝑒5 ∙ 10
𝑢𝐴𝑦 = 0.059
Displacement of node C in y direction
1
𝑢𝑐𝑦 = 𝐿1 𝑁1 𝑛12 + 𝐿2 𝑁2 𝑛22 + 𝐿3 𝑁3 𝑛32 = 0.15
𝐸𝐴
Displacement of node C in x direction
1
𝑢𝑐𝑥 = 𝐿1 𝑁1 𝑛13 + 𝐿2 𝑁2 𝑛23 + 𝐿3 𝑁3 𝑛33 = 0.06
𝐸𝐴
 All results from the calculations are expected to be placed in the table

𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩𝒙 𝑹𝑩𝒚 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟑 𝒖𝑨𝒚 𝒖𝑪𝒙 𝒖𝒄𝒚

Traditional
method
-462 −288 250 250 577 461 0.059 0.06 0.15
Result FEM – by
summary hand
FEM –
software
 Define the degree of freedom (dof) (𝑢1 , 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑣2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑣3 ),
two dof for each node; horizontal 𝑢 and vertical 𝑣.
Keep the dof numbers unchanged to the end of the
exercise DO NOT change it.

Example
FEM – by hand
 Determine the angles of inclination of the
elements to the x axis.

The angle of inclination is measure from

the node where lower dof is defined.

Example 𝛼1 = 270
𝛼2 = 300
FEM – by hand
𝛼3 = 0
 Build the element stiffness matrix for element 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝐸⋅𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
K el = ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑙 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

𝛼1 = 270
Assign to the row and
Example 𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢2 𝑣2 columns of the element
stiffness matrix to the global
FEM – by hand 0 0 0 0 𝑢1
dofs.
1 𝐸𝐴 0 1 0 −1 𝑣1
𝐾𝑒𝑙 = The 1st element relates to
𝑙1 0 0 0 0 𝑢2 𝑢1 , 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑣2 global degrees
0 −1 0 1 𝑣2 of freedom

𝐸𝐴
Let’s make the scalar constant for all
𝑙1
stiffness matrices. To make it, the length
of the 2nd and 3rd element must be scale
with use scaling coefficient
 Build the element stiffness matrix for element 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝐸⋅𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
K el = ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑎2 ∙ 𝑙1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
𝑙
scaling factor can be found from relation 𝑎2 = 𝑙2 𝛼2 = 300
1
The 1st element relates to
0.25 −0.433 −0.25 0.433 𝑢1 , 𝑣1 , 𝑢3 , 𝑣3 global degrees
Example 2
𝐾𝑒𝑙
𝐸𝐴
= 1.155∙𝑙
−0.433 0.75 0.433 −0.75 of freedom
FEM – by hand 1 −0.25 0.433 0.25 −0.433
0.433 −0.75 −0.433 0.75
Let’s multiply the stiffness matrix by 𝑎2 scaling factor
𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢3 𝑣3

0.217 −0.375 −0.217 0.375 𝑢1

𝐸𝐴 −0.375 0.65 0.375 −0.65 𝑣1
2
𝐾𝑒𝑙 = 𝑢3
𝑙1 −0.217 0.375 0.217 −0.375
0.375 −0.65 −0.375 0.65 𝑣3
 Build the element stiffness matrix for element 3

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝐸⋅𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
K el = ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑎3 ∙ 𝑙1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
𝑙
Scaling factor can be found from relation 𝑎3 = 𝑙2 𝛼3 = 0.577
1
1 0 −1 0
Example 3
𝐾𝑒𝑙 =
𝐸𝐴 0 0 0 0 The 1st element relates to
FEM – by hand 𝑙1 ∙0.577 −1 0 1 0 𝑢2 , 𝑣2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑣3 global degrees
of freedom
0 0 0 0
Let’s multiply the stiffness matrix by 𝑎3 scaling factor
𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢3 𝑣3

1.732 0 −1.732 0 𝑢2
𝐸𝐴 0 0 0 0 𝑣2
3
𝐾𝑒𝑙 = 𝑢3
𝑙1 −1.732 0 1.732 0
0 0 0 0 𝑣3
 Assembly the global stiffness matrix
The operation of the assembly the global stiffness matrix is an operation which
𝑖
places the element stiffness matrices 𝐸𝑒𝑙 into the strictly determined position in the
global matrix.
The placement relates to the defined at the beginning degrees of freedom 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣i of
the construction.
𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢3 𝑣3
0 + 0.217 0 − 0.375 0 0 −0.217 0.375 𝑢1
Example 0 − 0.375 1 + 0.65 0 −1 0.375 −0.65 𝑣1
𝑢2
FEM – by hand 𝐸𝐴 0 0 0 + 1.732 0 −1.732 0
𝐾= 𝑣2
𝑙1 0 −1 0 1 0 0
−0.217 0.375 −1.732 0 0.217 + 1.732 −0.375 𝑢3
0.375 −0.65 0 0 −0.375 0.65 𝑣3

1 3 2
𝐾𝑒𝑙 𝐾𝑒𝑙 𝐾𝑒𝑙
 Let’s define the force F and the displacement u vector

𝑅𝐵𝑥 0 𝑢1
𝑅𝐵𝑦 0 𝑣1
0 𝑢2
𝐹 = 𝑅𝐴 𝑑= 𝑣2
𝑃 𝑣2
3𝑃 𝑢3 𝑢3
−2𝑃 𝑣3 𝑣3

Example In the displacement vector 𝑑 zero value means there is no possible move. In dofs
FEM – by hand 𝑢1 , 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 must be placed 0.

The solution which must be solved is

𝐹 =𝐾∙𝑑
 Let’s define the force F and the displacement u vector
𝑅𝐵𝑥 0.217 −0.375 0 0 −0.217 0.375 0
𝑅𝐵𝑦 −0.375 1.65 0 −1 0.375 −0.65 0
𝑅𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴 0 0 1.732 0 −1.732 0 0
𝑃 𝑙1 0 −1 0 1 0 0 𝑣2
3𝑃 −0.217 0.375 −1.732 0 1.949 −0.375 𝑢3
−2𝑃 0.375 −0.65 0 0 −0.375 0.65 𝑣3
Using matrix multiplication method well known from linear algebra, 6 equations will be
formed
𝐸𝐴
Example 𝑅𝐵𝑥 =
𝑙1
(−0.217 ∙ 𝑢3 + 0.375 ∙ 𝑣3 )

FEM – by hand 𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝐵𝑦 = (−1 ∙ 𝑣2 + 0.375 ∙ 𝑢3 − 0.65 ∙ 𝑣3 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝐴 = (−1.732 ∙ 𝑢3 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
𝑃= (1 ∙ 𝑣2 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
3𝑃 = (1.949 ∙ 𝑢3 − 0.375 ∙ 𝑣3 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
−2𝑃 = (−0.375 ∙ 𝑢3 + 0.65 ∙ 𝑣3 )
𝑙1

Solve system of the equations for unknow 3 reactions and 3 displacement

 𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝐵𝑥 = (−0.217 ∙ 𝑢3 + 0.375 ∙ 𝑣3 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝐵𝑦 = (−1 ∙ 𝑣2 + 0.375 ∙ 𝑢3 − 0.65 ∙ 𝑣3 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝐴 = (−1.732 ∙ 𝑢3 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
𝑃= (1 ∙ 𝑣2 )
𝑙1
𝐸𝐴
3𝑃 = (1.949 ∙ 𝑢3 − 0.375 ∙ 𝑣3 )
Example 𝑙1
FEM – by hand −2𝑃
𝐸𝐴
= (−0.375 ∙ 𝑢3 + 0.65 ∙ 𝑣3 )
𝑙1
Solving the equations we get
𝑅𝐵𝑥 = −288.675 𝑅𝐵𝑦 = 250 𝑅𝐴 = −461.325

𝑣2 = 0.06 𝑣3 = −0.147 𝑢3 = 0.063

Determined values put into the table results summary

 Calculation of the axial forces
N = E  A = E  A B  d = C  d
Calculated displacement
𝑑 = 0 0 0 0.06 −0.147 0.063
For element 1st Dof corelated
− cos 𝛼1 with the element − cos 270
𝐸𝐴 − sin 𝛼1
𝑁1 = 𝐿 𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢2 𝑣2 = 𝐸1𝐴1 − sin 270 0 0 0 0.06
cos 𝛼1
Example 1
sin 𝛼1
𝐿1 cos 270
sin 270
FEM – by hand
2.1𝑒5∙10
𝑁1 = sin 270 ∙ 0.06 =-250
500
For element 2nd
− cos 𝛼2 − cos 300
𝐸𝐴 − sin 𝛼2 − sin 300
𝑁2 = 𝐿 𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢3 𝑣3 = 𝐸1𝐴1 0 0 −0.147 0.063
2 cos 𝛼 2 𝐿 1 cos 300
sin 𝛼2 sin 300

2.1𝑒5 ∙ 10
𝑁1 = cos 300 ∙ −0.147 + sin 300 ∙ 0.063 = 577.35
500
 Calculation of the axial forces
N = E  A = E  A B  d = C  d
Calculated displacement
𝑑 = 0 0 0 0.06 −0.147 0.063
For element 3rd
− cos 𝛼3 − cos 270
𝐸𝐴 − sin 𝛼3 − sin 270
𝑁3 = 𝐿 𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢3 𝑣3 = 𝐸1𝐴1 0 0.06 −0.147 0.063
cos 𝛼3
Example 3
sin 𝛼3
𝐿 1 cos 270
sin 270
FEM – by hand
2.1𝑒5 ∙ 10
𝑁3 = − sin 0 ∙ 0.06 − cos 0 ∙ 0.147 + sin 0 ∙ 0.063 = 461.325
500
 All results from the calculations are expected to be placed in the table

𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩𝒙 𝑹𝑩𝒚 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟑 𝒖𝑨𝒚 𝒖𝑪𝒙 𝒖𝒄𝒚

Traditional
-462 −288 250 250 577 461 0.059 0.06 0.15
method
Result FEM – by
461.325 −288.675 250 -250 577.35 461.325 0.06 0.063 -0.147
hand
summary FEM –
software
 Start Inventor
Create new part

Example
FEM – software
 Create a sketch on XY plane (a sketch can be created on any plane) but afterwards, the
direction of the acting forces must be kept very strictly.

Example 2

FEM – software
 Create the sketch according to the model provided. All line on the and must have a
dark blue colour, which means the model is fully defined.
In the Ribon/Tab Environments start Nastran

Example
FEM – software
 While the Inventor Nastran started, the environment is changing, including toolbar.
The first thing which must be changed is the edition of the analysis option, in the
output sets the force must be added.

Example
FEM – software

2
 Define material, choose steel make sure the Young Modulus E is equal to 2.1 e5 MPa.

Example 3

2
FEM – software

4
 Define idealization. Set a type of element as a line element and define the cross-
section area. As default the ROD element is set for which radius must be defined when
pressing Draw End A, all the cross-section parameters are calculated, including Area.
Adjust the radius in such a way to have Area equal to imposed one.

Example
FEM – software 2
3

4
 Define the support for A node

Example
FEM – software

3
 Define the support for B node

1
2

Example
FEM – software
 Define the load for all nodes

1 3

Example
FEM – software

2
 To be as close the calculated model as possible the proper element size must be
defined in such a way that each truss element consist of one finite element.
This is made by means the definition of the element size.

Example
2

FEM – software 3

4
 Inventor Nastran uses the beam element instead of truss elements. To have the
lattice-like construction the joints on the element end must be included. This can
be made using an End Beam Release.

1. Prawy przycisk myszy 5

Example
FEM – software
2
3

Uncheck Rz for both element end make sure to repeat it for all elements. Run
simulation.
 Results
In the option, set displaying without scaling.

Example 3

FEM – software
4
 Displacement in nodes.
For easier display of the results in the nodes, probs are placed.
Choose displacements and the directions of nodes interested to you. The results are
displayed at the colour map on the truss and in the created probes.

2 3

Example
FEM – software
 Display the reaction in the nodes, along each axis direction

1 2

Example
FEM – software
 Display the axial forces

The proper display of the axial

forces require modification of
the option.

1 2

Example
2
FEM – software

2
3
 All results from the calculations are expected to be placed in the table along
with the results from numerical calculation

𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩𝒙 𝑹𝑩𝒚 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟑 𝒖𝑨𝒚 𝒖𝑪𝒙 𝒖𝒄𝒚

Traditional
-462 −288 250 250 577 461 0.059 0.06 0.15
method
Result FEM – by
461.325 −288.675 250 -250 577.35 461.325 0.06 0.063 -0.147
hand
summary FEM –
software