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PREFACE
vii
reserved.
viii PREFACE
International Space Station. Just save your breath; it makes absolutely no sense to
your students. Yes, they want to please, so they will memorize the elements of the
Review of Systems, but that is about as far as it goes. On the other hand, if you pres-
ent the case of Jannette Patton, a 28-year-old first-year medical resident with a fever
and headache, you can see the lights start to come on. By the way, this is what
Jannette looks like, and as you can see, Jannette is sicker than a dog. This, at its most
basic level, is what Case-Based Learning is all about.
reserved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
reserved.
CONTENTS
xi
reserved.
xii CONTENTS
Index 207
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C H A P T E R
1
Bill Kidder
A 58-Year-Old Male With Right
Shoulder Pain
LE ARNING O BJ E CTIV E S
• Learn the common causes of shoulder pain.
• Develop an understanding of the unique anatomy of the shoulder joint.
• Develop an understanding of the causes of glenohumeral joint arthritis.
• Learn the clinical presentation of osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint.
• Learn how to use physical examination to identify pathology of the rotator cuff.
• Develop an understanding of the treatment options for osteoarthritis of the
glenohumeral joint.
• Learn the appropriate testing options to help diagnose osteoarthritis of the
glenohumeral joint.
• Learn to identify red flags waving in patients who present with shoulder pain.
• Develop an understanding of the role in interventional pain management in the
treatment of shoulder pain.
2
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 3
Bill Kidder
Bill Kidder is a 58-year-old painter
with the chief complaint of “my
right shoulder is killing me.” Bill
went on to say that he wouldn’t
have bothered coming in, but he was
getting where he couldn’t paint ceil-
ings anymore. I asked Bill if he had
anything like this happen before.
He shook his head and responded,
“Just the usual aches that a guy my
age comes to expect. You can’t work
all day as a painter and not have
some pain. Usually I just take a cou-
ple of Motrin and use a heating pad.
That will usually set me right after a day or so. What worries me this time is that
this damn right shoulder is hurting all the time, especially when I reach up to cut
in the top of a wall or paint a ceiling. I’m pretty tough, but this has me worried
because if I don’t work, I don’t eat. The other thing is, this damn shoulder has my
sleep all jacked up. Every time I roll over on it, the damn pain wakes me up! Hell,
some mornings I can’t even comb my hair.”
I asked Bill about any antecedent trauma and he just shook his head. “Doc,
this kind of snuck up on me. At first, my shoulder had this deep ache that would
get better with some Motrin and rest. Over time, the Motrin just quit working.
But Doc, like I said, I gotta work.” I asked Bill what made his pain worse and he
said, “Any time I use this shoulder, it hurts.”
I asked Bill to point with one finger to show me where it hurts the most. He
grabbed his right shoulder and said, “Doc, I can’t really point to one place, it kind
of hurts all over; and you know Doc, the crazy thing is, sometimes I feel like the
shoulder is popping.” I asked if he had any fever or chills and he shook his head
no. “What about steroids? Did you ever take any cortisone or drugs like that, Bill?”
Bill again shook his head no, then said, “Doc, you know me. I am healthy as a
horse. If it wasn’t for this damn shoulder, I’d arm-wrestle you!” I laughed and said
I’d take a raincheck on the arm wrestle, but after I got his shoulder better “we
would see who was the better man!” Bill smiled and said, “Doc, you’re on!”
On physical examination, Bill was afebrile. His respirations were 18 and
his pulse was 74 and regular. His blood pressure (BP) was slightly elevated
at 142/84. I made a note to recheck it again before he left because who knew
when or if he would come back. His head, eyes, ears, nose, throat (HEENT) exam
was normal, as was his cardiopulmonary examination. His thyroid was normal.
His abdominal examination revealed no abnormal mass or organomegaly. There
reserved.
4 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
Fig. 1.1 Visual inspection of the shoulder. (From Waldman SD. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of
Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Fig. 18.1].)
Fig. 1.2 Palpation of the shoulder. (From Waldman SD. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs
and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Fig. 19.1].)
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 5
Fig. 1.3 Internal rotation of the shoulder. (From Waldman S. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of
Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Fig. 21.1].)
appreciate any popping. Range of motion was decreased, with pain exacerbated
with elevation and internal rotation of the shoulder (Fig. 1.3). The drop test was
negative bilaterally (Fig. 1.4). The left shoulder examination was normal, as was
examination of his other major joints, other than some mild osteoarthritis in the
right hand. A careful neurologic examination of the upper extremities revealed
that there was no evidence of peripheral or entrapment neuropathy, and the deep
tendon reflexes were normal.
reserved.
6 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
Fig. 1.4 (A, B) The drop arm test for complete rotator cuff tear. (From Waldman S. Physical Diagnosis
of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Figs. 52.1 and 52.2].)
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 7
Fig. 1.5 Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of a patient with severe glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis.
Note the superior migration of the humeral head with complete loss of the subacromial space and
bony eburnation of the acromion. (From Waldman S, Campbell RSD. Imaging of Pain. Philadelphia,
PA: Saunders; 2011 [Fig. 86.2].)
TEST RESULTS
The plain radiographs of the right shoulder revealed severe osteoarthritis of the
glenohumeral joint with loss of the subacromial space and bony eburnation of
the acromium (Fig. 1.5).
reserved.
8 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral
joint
Scapula
Humerus
Fig. 1.6 The shoulder joint. (From Waldman S. Pain Review. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2009
[Fig. 37.1].)
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 9
four separate joints working in concert to function as one (Fig. 1.6). These four
joints are as follows:
’ Sternoclavicular joint
’ Acromioclavicular joint
’ Glenohumeral joint
’ Scapulothoracic joint
While the glenohumeral joint is responsible for the main functional mobility
of the shoulder joint, each of the other joints works synergistically with its coun-
terparts to allow for the extensive and extremely varied range of motion of the
shoulder joint. This unique range of motion of the shoulder joint is further
enhanced by the unusual physical characteristics of the humeral head and the
glenoid fossa. While the articular surfaces of most joints are well matched in
terms of their complementary shape with one another (e.g., the acetabulum and
the femoral head), the large, rounded humeral head is amazingly mismatched to
the much smaller and shallower, ovoid-shaped glenoid fossa. While this mis-
match allows for the unique range of motion of the shoulder joint, it also contri-
butes to the relative instability of the joint and is in large part responsible for the
shoulder joint’s propensity for injury. To this end, the shoulder joint is the most
commonly dislocated large joint in the body.
reserved.
TABLE 1.1 ’ Causes of Shoulder Pain
Localized Bony or Periarticular Sympathetically Mediated
Joint Space Pathology Pathology Systemic Disease Pain Referred From Other Body Areas
Fracture Bursitis Rheumatoid arthritis Causalgia Brachial plexopathy
Primary bone tumor Tendinitis Collagen vascular disease Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Cervical radiculopathy
Primary synovial tissue Rotator cuff tear Reiter syndrome Shoulder-hand syndrome Cervical spondylosis
tumor
Joint instability Impingement Gout Dressler syndrome Fibromyalgia
syndromes
Localized arthritis Adhesive capsulitis Other crystal arthropathies Postmyocardial infarction Myofascial pain syndromes such as
adhesive capsulitis of the scapulocostal syndrome
shoulder
Osteophyte formation Joint instability Charcot neuropathic Parsonage-Turner syndrome
arthritis (idiopathic brachial neuritis)
Joint space infection Muscle strain Thoracic outlet syndrome
Hemarthrosis Periarticular infection Entrapment neuropathies
not involving joint
space
Villonodular synovitis Muscle sprain Intrathoracic tumors
Intraarticular foreign body Pneumothorax
Subdiaphragmatic pathology
such as subcapsular hematoma
of the spleen with Kerr sign
From Waldman S. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Table 24.1].
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 11
Fig. 1.7 Longitudinal ultrasound image of the shoulder demonstrating a large tear of the supraspinatus
muscle. (Image credit: Steven Waldman, MD.)
TESTING
Plain radiographs are indicated in all patients who present with shoulder pain
(see Fig. 1.5). Based on the patient’s clinical presentation, additional testing
may be indicated, including a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimenta-
tion rate, and antinuclear antibody testing. Computerized tomography may
help identify bony abnormalities. Magnetic resonance and ultrasound imag-
ing of the shoulder are indicated if a rotator cuff tear or other soft tissue pathol-
ogy is suspected (Figs. 1.7 and 1.8). Radionuclide bone scanning is indicated if
metastatic disease or primary tumor involving the shoulder is a possibility
(Fig. 1.9).
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Osteoarthritis of the joint is the most common form of arthritis that results in
shoulder pain; however, rheumatoid arthritis, posttraumatic arthritis, and rota-
tor cuff arthropathy are also common causes of shoulder pain (Table 1.2;
Fig. 1.10). Less common causes of arthritis-induced shoulder pain include
collagen vascular diseases, infection, villonodular synovitis, and Lyme disease.
Acute infectious arthritis is usually accompanied by significant systemic
symptoms, including fever and malaise, and should be easily recognized; it is
diagnosed with culture and treated with antibiotics rather than injection therapy.
Collagen vascular diseases generally manifest as a polyarthropathy rather than
a monoarthropathy limited to the shoulder joint; however, shoulder pain
secondary to collagen vascular disease responds exceedingly well to the intra-
articular injection technique described here.
reserved.
12 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
A B
C D
Fig. 1.8 (A) Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of a patient with early osteoarthritis (OA) of the gleno-
humeral joint. There is asymmetric joint space narrowing and minor inferior osteophyte formation.
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is normal, and the subacromial space is preserved. (B) The coronal
T1-weighted (T1W) magnetic resonance (MR) arthrogram image demonstrates chondral thinning
(white arrows), the inferior osteophyte (black arrow), and low signal intensity (SI) loose bodies within
the spinoglenoid notch (broken arrow). (C) The chondral thinning is also seen on an axial T1W with fat
suppression (FST1W) MR image (white arrows). (D) On a more inferior axial FST1W MR image, the
osteophytes (black arrow) are visualized in association with bony eburnation of the posterior glenoid
(thick white arrow). (From Waldman SD, Campbell RSD. Imaging of Pain. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders;
2011 [Fig. 86.1].)
TREATMENT
Initial treatment of the pain and functional disability associated with osteoarthri-
tis of the shoulder includes a combination of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and physical therapy.
Local application of heat and cold may also be beneficial, as may be the topical
application of capsaicin. For patients who do not respond to these treatment
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 13
A B
C D
E F
Fig. 1.9 A 67-year-old male with clear-cell chondrosarcoma of the humerus. (A) Plain radiograph of proxi-
mal right humerus demonstrates diffuse sclerosis. Also evident are articular margins, irregularities reconsti-
tuted by tumor matrix, ill-defined glenoid, and increase in matrix density in the subcoracoid bursal space.
(B) Axial computed tomography (CT) of proximal humerus at tip of coracoids demonstrates intraarticular
bodies and tumor matrix in the medullary canal with disorganized cortical margination and reactive sclero-
sis. (C, D) Comparable axial T1 and T2 with fat saturation at inferior glenoid. Note complete fat marrow
replacement and extension of tumor into anteromedial joint recess and expansion of lesser tuberosity.
(E) Coronal inversion recovery demonstrates diffuse marrow involvement and tumor involving the articular
segment and extending into the metadiaphyseal junction with permeation of the cortices and medial sub-
coracoid extension into the joint. (F) Postgadolinium imaging shows heterogeneous enhancing tumor,
replacement of marrow cavity cortices, and periosteal surface with extension along undersurface of the
supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff and diaphyseal satellite lesions. (From Elojeimy S, Ahrens WA,
Howard B, et al. Clear-cell chondrosarcoma of the humerus. Radiol Case Rep. 2013;8(2):848 [Fig. 1].)
reserved.
14 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
From Waldman S. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis,
MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Table 24.2].
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 15
22 22 22 22 22 In chronic Local
cases tenderness
(Fig. 1.11). The needle is carefully advanced through the skin and subcutane-
ous tissues, through the joint capsule, and into the joint. If bone is encountered,
the needle is withdrawn into the subcutaneous tissues and is redirected supe-
riorly and slightly more medially. After the joint space is entered, the contents
of the syringe are gently injected. Little resistance to injection is felt; if resis-
tance is encountered, the needle is probably in a ligament or tendon and
should be advanced slightly into the joint space until the injection can proceed
without significant resistance. The needle is then removed, and a sterile pres-
sure dressing and ice pack are applied to the injection site. Recent clinical
reserved.
16 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
Fig. 1.10 Ultrasound image demonstrating rotator cuff tendinopathy. (Image credit: Steven Waldman,
MD)
Worn arthritic
cartilage
Glenoid
fossa
Fig. 1.11 Intraarticular injection of the glenohumeral joint. (From Waldman SD. Atlas of Pain
Management Injection Techniques. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017 [Fig. 26.2].)
reserved.
1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN 17
Fig. 1.12 Ultrasound guided intraarticular injection of the glenohumeral joint. (Image credit: Steven
Waldman, MD)
experience has suggested that the injection of platelet-rich plasma into the gle-
nohumeral joint may provide improvement of the pain and functional disabil-
ity associated with osteoarthritis of the shoulder. Ultrasound needle guidance
may aid in the intraarticular placement of the needle in patients in whom ana-
tomic landmarks are difficult to identify (Fig. 1.12).
Physical modalities, including local heat and gentle range of motion exercises,
should be introduced several days after the patient undergoes injection for
shoulder pain. Vigorous exercises should be avoided because they will exacer-
bate the patient’s symptoms.
HIGH-YIELD TAKEAWAYS
• The patient is afebrile, making an acute infectious etiology (e.g., septic arthritis)
unlikely.
• The patient’s symptomatology is not the result of acute trauma but more likely
the result of repetitive microtrauma that has damaged the joint over time.
• The patient’s pain is diffuse rather than highly localized as would be the case
with a pathologic process like subdeltoid bursitis.
• The patient’s symptoms are unilateral and only involve one joint, which is more
suggestive of a local process than a systemic polyarthropathy.
• Sleep disturbance is common and must be addressed concurrently with the
patient’s pain symptomatology.
• Plain radiographs will provide high-yield information regarding the bony
contents of the joint, but ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance imaging
will be more useful in identifying soft tissue pathology.
reserved.
18 1—MALE WITH RIGHT SHOULDER PAIN
Suggested Readings
Allen H, Chan BY, Davis KW, et al. Overuse injuries of the shoulder. Radiol Clin N Am.
2019;57(5):897 909.
Cibulas A, Leyva A, Cibulas G, et al. Acute shoulder injury. Radiol Clin N Am. 2019;57
(5):883 896.
Netter FH. Shoulder (glenohumeral joint). In: Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2006.
Reschke D, Dagrosa R, Matteson DT. An unusual cause of shoulder pain and weakness.
Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(12):2339.e5 2339.e6.
Waldman SD. Clinical correlates: functional anatomy of the shoulder. In: Physical
Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Saunders; 2016.
Waldman SD. Rotator cuff tear. In: Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. 4th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:129 133.
reserved.
C H A P T E R
2
Terrell Williams
A 28-Year-Old Male With Left
Shoulder Pain
LE ARNING O BJ E CTIV E S
• Learn the common causes of shoulder pain.
• Develop an understanding of the unique anatomy of the shoulder joint.
• Develop an understanding of the causes of acromioclavicular joint pain.
• Develop an understanding of the various types of acromioclavicular joint injury.
• Learn the clinical presentation of osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint.
• Learn how to examine the shoulder.
• Learn how to use physical examination to identify pathology of the
acromioclavicular joint.
• Develop an understanding of the treatment options for acromioclavicular joint
pain.
20
reserved.
2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 21
Terrell Williams
Terrell Williams is a 28-year-old
bicycle messenger with the chief
complaint of “my left shoulder is
killing me.” Terrell stated that about
a week ago, a kid threw a rock at
him while he was delivering some
papers for a lawyer on his route.
“The rock flew out of nowhere and it
startled me. The next thing I knew I
was falling. I put out my left hand to
try and break my fall, but I landed really hard anyway.” I asked if he was wear-
ing a helmet and he gave me the “are you kidding me” look as he answered that
he always wears a helmet. “Good,” I said, then asked, “So did you hit your
head?” He said, “No, but I really banged up the palm of my left hand and had to
dig out some gravel and splinters.”
I asked Terrell if he had anything like this happen before. He shook his head
and responded, “Never. I saw the kid out of the corner of my eye, but things just
happened too fast.” “What I meant, Terrell, was have you ever passed out or lost
concentration and fallen off your bike?” “No, that has never happened. I am
very careful with all the distracted driving and all. You know what I mean?
What worries me is that my left shoulder isn’t working right and it is making it
hard to ride. It feels like something has come loose inside the joint. I am even hav-
ing a hard time getting my coffee cup off the cupboard shelf.”
I asked Terrell about any antecedent shoulder trauma and he just shook his
head no. “Doc, I was never much for sports, but I love my bike. I tried some
Advil and Tylenol and they don’t do much.” I asked Terrell what made his pain
worse and he said, “Anytime I use my left shoulder, it hurts.” Terrell went on to
say that when he reached up, he felt a kind of grating sensation, especially in the
morning when he first got up. I asked how he was sleeping and he shook his
head and said, “Doc, I’ll bet this shoulder wakes me up one hundred times a
night. I usually sleep on my left side, but since I fell, I can’t do that, so I try to
sleep on my right side. Every time I roll over to my left side, my shoulder wakes
me up.”
I asked Terrell to point with one finger to show me where it hurts the most. He
pointed to the anterior aspect of the shoulder and said, “Doc, it’s right here
where something is wrong. It feels like something is loose in there and the whole
shoulder feels kind of squishy or swollen up.” I asked if he had any fever or chills
and he shook his head no.
On physical examination, Terrell was afebrile. His respirations were 16 and
his pulse was 68 and regular. His blood pressure (BP) was 112/70. His head,
reserved.
22 2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN
Fig. 2.1 The chin adduction test for acromioclavicular joint dysfunction is performed by having the
patient abduct the affected arm to 90 degrees. The patient is then instructed to adduct the affected
arm and shoulder directly under the chin and grasp the contralateral shoulder. Patients who suffer
from acromioclavicular joint dysfunction will experience a marked increase in pain with adduction.
(From Waldman SD. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis,
MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Fig. 62.1].)
eyes, ears, nose, throat (HEENT) exam was normal, as was his cardiopulmonary
examination. His thyroid was normal. His abdominal examination revealed no
abnormal mass or organomegaly. There was no costovertebral angle (CVA) ten-
derness. There was no peripheral edema. His low back examination was unre-
markable. Visual inspection of the left shoulder revealed a small area of
resolving ecchymosis anteriorly. I noted that Terrell was splinting his left shoul-
der by holding his left upper extremity close to his side. The shoulder was a little
warm, but did not appear to be infected. The left shoulder felt slightly edematous
on palpation, but there was no point tenderness over the deltoid. Palpation of
the acromioclavicular joint exacerbated Terrell’s pain. I did not appreciate any
obvious separation of the joint. I performed a cross-body adduction test and an
adduction stress test, which were both positive on the left and negative on the
right (Figs. 2.1 and 2.2). The right shoulder examination was normal, as was
examination of his other major joints. A careful neurologic examination of the
reserved.
2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 23
Fig. 2.2 The adduction stress test for acromioclavicular joint dysfunction is performed by having the
patient maximally extend the affected shoulder and arm behind him or her while the examiner exerts
forward pressure on the scapula. (From Waldman SD. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs
and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Fig. 61.6].)
reserved.
24 2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN
TEST RESULTS
The plain radiographs of the left shoulder revealed no evidence of acromiocla-
vicular separation with normal coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular
distances (Fig. 2.3). The radiograph of the scapula revealed no fracture or other
abnormality.
reserved.
2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 25
Fig. 2.3 Normal radiograph of the acromioclavicular joint with normal coracoclavicular distance (CCD)
and acromioclavicular distance (ACD). (From Horst C, Garving T, Thometzki P, et al. Comparative
study on the treatment of Rockwood type III acute acromioclavicular dislocation: clinical results from
the TightRopes technique vs. K-wire fixation. OTSR. 2017;103(2):171 176.)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The acromioclavicular joint is vulnerable to injury from both acute trauma and
repetitive microtrauma. Acute injuries frequently take the form of falls directly
reserved.
26 2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN
Subacromial
Coracoclavicular ligament bursa
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament
Inflamed supraspinatus
tendon
Subacromial
Biceps Long head bursa
brachii m. Short head impinged
Subcapularis m.
Fig. 2.4 The anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint. (From Waldman SD. Subacromial impingement
syndrome. In: Waldman SD, ed. Atlas of Uncommon Pain Syndromes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Saunders; 2014 [Fig. 30.2].)
onto the shoulder when playing sports or falling from a bicycle. Repeated strain
from throwing injuries or working with the arm raised across the body also may
result in trauma to the joint. After trauma, the joint may become acutely
inflamed; if the condition becomes chronic, arthritis of the acromioclavicular
joint may develop.
The patient with acromioclavicular joint pain frequently reports increased
pain when reaching across the chest. Often the patient is unable to sleep on the
affected shoulder and may report a grinding sensation in the joint, especially on
first awakening. Physical examination may reveal enlargement or swelling of
the joint with tenderness to palpation. Downward traction or passive adduction
of the affected shoulder may cause increased pain. The chin adduction test will
also help confirm the diagnosis. This test is performed by having the patient
abduct the affected arm to 90 degrees and then adduct the arm across the chest
just under the chin with the objective of grasping the contralateral shoulder (see
Fig. 2.1). Patients with acromioclavicular joint dysfunction will experience severe
pain and often will be unable to repeat the maneuver. Furthermore, if there is
disruption of the ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint, these maneuvers may
reveal joint instability.
reserved.
2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 27
Fig. 2.5 A 32-year-old male with type III acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation. Anteroposterior (AP)
radiograph shows superior dislocation of distal clavicle from ACJ, with increased coracoclavicular
interval, indicating disruption of coracoclavicular ligaments of the lesion. (From Bindra J,
VanDenBogaerde J, Hunter JC. Coracoid fracture with recurrent AC joint separation after tightrope
repair of AC joint dislocation. Radiol Case Rep. 2011;6(4):624.)
TESTING
Plain radiographs are indicated in all patients who present with acute shoulder
pain following traumatic injury (see Fig. 2.3). If acromioclavicular joint injury is sus-
pected, AP, lateral, and axillary views of the shoulder should be obtained as well as
a lateral radiograph of the scapula (Fig. 2.5). Radiographic findings may help char-
acterize the extent of ligamentous injury (Table 2.1). Based on the patient’s clinical
presentation, additional testing may be indicated, including a complete blood
count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and antinuclear antibody testing.
Computerized tomography may help identify bony abnormalities, including septic
arthritis (Fig. 2.6). Magnetic resonance (MRI) and ultrasound imaging of the
reserved.
28 2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN
Fig. 2.6 Computed tomography of the right shoulder showing erosions on both sides of the acromio-
clavicular joint, consistent with septic arthritis. (From Bossert M, Prati C, Bertolini E, et al. Septic arthri-
tis of the acromioclavicular joint. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(5):466 469.)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
In the presence of trauma, the focus of the evaluation is to identify ligamentous
injury and fractures, especially of the acromion and coronoid. Occult scapular
fractures can be easily missed, so a high index of suspicion is indicated. In the
absence of trauma, osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint is the most com-
mon form of arthritis that results in shoulder pain; however, rheumatoid arthri-
tis, posttraumatic arthritis, and rotator cuff arthropathy are also common causes
of shoulder pain (Table 2.2, Fig. 2.9). Less common causes of arthritis-induced
shoulder pain include collagen vascular diseases, infection, brachial plexopa-
thies, and Lyme disease. Acute infectious arthritis is usually accompanied by sig-
nificant systemic symptoms, including fever and malaise, and should be easily
recognized; it is diagnosed with culture and treated with antibiotics rather than
injection therapy. Collagen vascular diseases generally manifest as a polyar-
thropathy rather than a monoarthropathy limited to the shoulder joint; however,
shoulder pain secondary to collagen vascular disease responds exceedingly well
to the intraarticular injection technique described here.
TREATMENT
Initial treatment of the pain and functional disability associated with osteoarthri-
tis of the shoulder includes a combination of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
reserved.
2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 29
Fig. 2.7 (A) Magnetic resonance imaging of the acromioclavicular joint demonstrating osteoarthritis
with marrow edema and subchondral cyst formation. (B) Subluxation of the acromioclavicular joint is
also noted indicating joint instability. (From Waldman SD, Campbell R. Imaging of Pain. Philadelphia,
PA: Saunders; 2011 [Fig. 89.3].)
reserved.
30 2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN
Fig. 2.8 Transverse ultrasound imaging of the acromioclavicular joint revealing an effusion and a small
stepoff suggestive of ligamentous injury. (Courtesy Steven Waldman, MD.)
From Waldman SD. Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed.
St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016 [Table 24.2].
with antiseptic solution. With strict aseptic technique, the tip of the acromion is
identified, and at a point approximately 1 inch medially, the acromioclavicular
joint space is identified. The needle is then carefully advanced through the skin
and subcutaneous tissues medially at a 20-degree angle through the joint capsule
into the joint (Fig. 2.10). If bone is encountered, the needle is withdrawn into the
subcutaneous tissues and redirected slightly more medially. After the joint space
has been entered, the contents of the syringe are gently injected. There should be
some resistance to injection, because the joint space is small and the joint capsule
is dense. If significant resistance is encountered, the needle is probably in a liga-
ment and should be advanced or withdrawn slightly into the joint space until the
injection proceeds with only limited resistance. If no resistance is encountered on
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2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 31
Fig. 2.9 (A) Oblique radiograph of the acromioclavicular joint demonstrating osteophytes and bony
sclerosis consistent with osteoarthritis. (B) Sagittal oblique T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
shows inferior osteophyte formation. (From Waldman SD, Campbell RSD. Imaging of Pain.
Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2011 [Fig. 89.1].)
injection, the joint capsule is probably not intact and arthrography and/or MRI
of the joint is recommended. The needle is then removed and a sterile pressure
dressing and ice pack are placed at the injection site.
Ultrasound needle guidance may aid in the intraarticular placement of the
needle in patients in whom anatomic landmarks are difficult to identify
(Fig. 2.11).
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32 2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN
Acromioclavicular
ligament
Fig. 2.10 Acromioclavicular joint injection technique. (From Waldman SD. Atlas of Pain Management
Injection Techniques. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017 [Fig. 27.4].)
Fig. 2.11 Anatomy for ultrasound-guided injection of the acromioclavicular joint. (Courtesy Steven
Waldman, MD.)
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2—MALE WITH LEFT SHOULDER PAIN 33
Physical modalities, including local heat and gentle range of motion exercises,
should be introduced several days after the patient undergoes injection for
shoulder pain. Vigorous exercises should be avoided because they will exacer-
bate the patient’s symptoms.
HIGH-YIELD TAKEAWAYS
• The patient is afebrile, making an acute infectious etiology (e.g., septic arthritis)
unlikely.
• The patient’s symptomatology is the result of acute trauma, and physical
examination and testing should be focused on the identification of ligamentous
injury and fracture.
• The patient’s pain is localized to the acromioclavicular joint.
• The patient’s symptoms are unilateral and only involve one joint, which is more
suggestive of a local process than a systemic polyarthropathy.
• Sleep disturbance is common and must be addressed concurrently with the
patient’s pain symptomatology.
• Plain radiographs will provide high-yield information regarding the bony
contents of the joint, but ultrasound imaging and MRI will be more useful in
identifying soft tissue pathology.
Suggested Readings
Allen H, Chan BY, Davis KW, et al. Overuse injuries of the shoulder. Radiol Clin N Am.
2019;57(5):897 909.
Cibulas A, Leyva A, Cibulas G, et al. Acute shoulder injury. Radiol Clin N Am.
2019;57(5):883 896.
Netter FH. Shoulder (glenohumeral joint). In: Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed.
Philadelphia PA: Saunders; 2006.
Reschke D, Dagrosa R, Matteson DT. An unusual cause of shoulder pain and weakness.
Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(12):2339.e5 2339.e6.
Waldman SD. Clinical correlates: functional anatomy of the shoulder. In: Physical
Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. Philadelphia PA: Saunders;
2016.
Rotator cuff tear. In: Waldman SD, ed. Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. 4th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:129 133.
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C H A P T E R
3
Daisy Chang
A 26-Year-Old Female With
Severe Left Shoulder Pain With
Associated Swelling
LE ARNING O BJ E CTIV E S
• Learn the common causes of shoulder pain.
• Develop an understanding of the unique anatomy of the shoulder joint.
• Develop an understanding of the bursae of the shoulder.
• Develop an understanding of the causes of subdeltoid bursitis.
• Develop an understanding of the differential diagnosis of subdeltoid bursitis.
• Learn the clinical presentation of subdeltoid bursitis.
• Learn how to examine the shoulder.
• Learn how to use physical examination to identify subdeltoid bursitis.
• Develop an understanding of the treatment options for subdeltoid bursitis.
34
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3—FEMALE WITH SEVERE LEFT SHOULDER PAIN WITH ASSOCIATED SWELLING 35
Daisy Chang
Daisy Chang is a 27-year-old phar-
maceutical representative with the
chief complaint of “my left shoulder
is killing me.” Daisy stated that she
was traveling to a medical meeting
in Montreal about a 3 week ago
when she did something “really stu-
pid.” Daisy went on to say that she
decided to take the train up to
Montreal from New York so she
could get some work done while on
the train. When she went to get an
Uber to take her to her hotel, she saw
that prices were surging, so she
decided to walk. “I had on pretty
good shoes and I wanted to get my
steps in after sitting on the train, but I
didn’t understand that there were
about 100 flights of stairs between
me and the hotel. As usual, I had
overpacked and my rolly bag was
really heavy, but, I thought, no big
deal, and off I went. It really wasn’t that far of a walk to the hotel, but dragging
that bag up all of those stairs really did my shoulder in. I was a real idiot!”
I asked Daisy about any antecedent shoulder trauma and she just shook her
head no, but went on to say that from time to time her left shoulder would bother
her a little after playing golf, but a couple of Advil and she was good to go. This
time, the pain just wouldn’t go away in spite of using the Advil and a heating
pad. Daisy said that she felt that her shoulder was kind of swollen and “squishy”
and that it felt hot to touch. I asked Daisy what made her pain worse and she
said, “Anytime I lift my left arm, I feel a sudden sharp pain and a kind of catch-
ing sensation. It really hurts and the pain is messing with my sleep. Every time I
roll over onto my left side, the pain in my left shoulder wakes me up.”
I asked Daisy to point with one finger where it hurt the most. She pointed to
the lateral aspect of the left shoulder and said, “Doctor, it’s really the whole
shoulder that hurts,” and she cupped her left shoulder in her right palm to
emphasize the point.
On physical examination, Daisy was afebrile. Her respirations were 18, and her
pulse was 64 and regular. Her blood pressure (BP) was 119/68. Daisy’s HEENT
(head, eyes, ears, nose, throat) exam was normal, as was her cardiopulmonary
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36 3—FEMALE WITH SEVERE LEFT SHOULDER PAIN WITH ASSOCIATED SWELLING
reserved.
3—FEMALE WITH SEVERE LEFT SHOULDER PAIN WITH ASSOCIATED SWELLING 37
Fig. 3.1 (A) The drop arm test for subdeltoid bursitis shows the examiner supports the abducted arm.
(B) The drop arm test for subdeltoid bursitis shows the abducted arm is released. (From Waldman SD.
Physical Diagnosis of Pain: An Atlas of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016
[Figs. 59.1, 59.2].)
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38 3—FEMALE WITH SEVERE LEFT SHOULDER PAIN WITH ASSOCIATED SWELLING
Fig. 3.2 Longitudinal ultrasound image of subdeltoid bursitis. Note relationship of the biceps tendon
(B.T.), the bursa, and the humeral head. (From Waldman SD. Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes.
4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019 [Fig. 27.3].)
TEST RESULTS
The plain radiographs of the left shoulder revealed soft tissue swelling and mild
calcification of the subdeltoid bursa. Ultrasound examination of the left shoulder
revealed an effusion around the subdeltoid bursa (Fig. 3.2).
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3—FEMALE WITH SEVERE LEFT SHOULDER PAIN WITH ASSOCIATED SWELLING 39
Fig. 3.3 Normal anatomy of the subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa. (A) Diagram of a coronal section of the
shoulder shows the glenohumeral joint (arrow) and subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa (arrowhead), separated
by a portion of the rotator cuff (i.e., supraspinatus tendon). The supraspinatus (ss) and deltoid (d) muscles
and the acromion (a) are indicated. (B) Subdeltoid-subacromial bursogram, accomplished with the injection
of both radiopaque contrast material and air, shows the bursa (arrowheads) sitting like a cap on the humeral
head and greater tuberosity of the humerus. Note that the joint is not opacified, indicative of an intact rotator
cuff. (C) In a different cadaver, a subacromial-subdeltoid bursogram shows much more extensive structure
as a result of opacification of the subacromial, subdeltoid, and subcoracoid (arrow) portions of the bursa.
(D) Radiograph of a transverse section of the specimen illustrated in (C) shows both the subdeltoid (arrow-
heads) and subcoracoid (arrow) portions of the bursa. The glenohumeral joint is not opacified. (From
Waldman SD. Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019 [Fig. 27.1].)
reserved.
40 3—FEMALE WITH SEVERE LEFT SHOULDER PAIN WITH ASSOCIATED SWELLING
Deltoid m.
Subdeltoid bursa
Head of humerus
Fig. 3.4 Abduction of the shoulder exacerbates the pain of subdeltoid bursitis. (From Waldman SD.
Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019 [Fig. 27.2].)
CLINICAL SYNDROME
The subdeltoid bursa is vulnerable to injury from both acute trauma and
repeated microtrauma. Acute injuries frequently take the form of direct
trauma to the shoulder when playing sports or falling off a bicycle. Repeated
strain from throwing, bowling, carrying a heavy briefcase, working with the
arm raised across the body, rotator cuff injuries, or repetitive motion associ-
ated with assembly-line work may result in inflammation of the subdeltoid
bursa. If the inflammation becomes chronic, calcification of the bursa may
occur.
Patients suffering from subdeltoid bursitis frequently complain of pain with
any movement of the shoulder, but especially with abduction (Fig. 3.4). The pain
is localized to the subdeltoid area, with referred pain often noted at the insertion
of the deltoid at the deltoid tuberosity on the upper third of the humerus.
Patients are often unable to sleep on the affected shoulder and may complain of a
sharp, catching sensation when abducting the shoulder, especially on first
awakening.
reserved.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
A B 1, nous pouvons rattacher tout un côté des œuvres classées
en A 1 de la XXVIIe.
Est-il besoin que je fasse remarquer le petit nombre, mais la
terrible beauté des œuvres ci-dessus ? Est-il nécessaire d’indiquer
les variétés infinies du remords, selon : 1o la faute commise (pour
ce, énumérer tous les délits et crimes selon le code, — plus ceux-là
qui ne tombent pas sous le coup d’une loi ; la faute, d’ailleurs, sera,
à volonté, réelle, imaginaire, non voulue mais accomplie, voulue
mais non accomplie, — ce qui réserve le « dénouement heureux »,
— voulue et accomplie, préméditée ou non, avec ou sans complicité,
impulsions étrangères, raffinement, que sais-je !) ; 2o la nature plus
ou moins impressionnable et nerveuse du coupable ; 3o le milieu, les
circonstances, les mœurs qui préparent l’apparition du remords
(forme plastique, solide et religieuse chez les Grecs ; fantasmagories
énervantes de notre moyen-âge ; craintes pieuses pour l’autre vie,
dans les siècles récents ; déséquilibre logique des instincts sociaux
et par suite de la pensée, selon les indications de Zola, etc.).
Au Remords tient l’Idée fixe ; par sa tentation permanente, elle
rappelle d’autre part la Folie ou la Passion criminelle, et n’est, très
souvent, que le remords d’un désir, remords d’autant plus vivace
que le désir renaît sans cesse et l’alimente, s’y mêle et, grandissant
comme une sorte de cancer moral, pompe la vitalité entière d’une
âme, peu à peu, jusqu’au suicide, lequel n’est, presque toujours, que
le plus désespéré des duels. René, Werther, le maniaque du Cœur
révélateur et de Bérénice (celle d’Edgar Poe, j’entends) et surtout le
Rosmersholm d’Ibsen, en sont des portraits significatifs.
XXXV e SITUATION
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