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Textbook Ebook Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering Scientific Books Collection Volume 28 Akhyar All Chapter PDF
Textbook Ebook Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering Scientific Books Collection Volume 28 Akhyar All Chapter PDF
Edited by
Dr. Akhyar Akhyar
Dr. Mohd Iqbal
Experimental and
Computational Mechanics in
Engineering
Aggregated Book
Edited by
Dr. Akhyar Akhyar and Dr. Mohd Iqbal
Copyright 2022 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland
All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the
publisher.
Volume 28 of
Scientific Books Collection
ISBN 978-3-0357-1631-3
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Preface
The editors proudly present this book with the theme of empowering applied technology and
innovation for sustainable development. The articles comprised in this book cover the most recent
research results, new ideas, and experiences in materials science, metallurgy, metalworking, and
materials synthesis. Because the writers of the papers come from Japan, Germany, Saudi Arabia,
India, Malaysia, and Indonesia, the book gives information on the worldwide level of research
activities. All of the authors are thanked profusely for their contributions and involvement. The book
could serve as a foundation for future collaborative research and publication.
High appreciation is extended to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Syarifah Nur Aqida Syed Ahmad from
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia, Prof. Dr. Ing. Tamara Nestorovic from Rjhr-Universitat,
Bochum, Germany, Prof. Dr. Ir. Samsul Rizal, M.Eng from Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh,
Indonesia, and Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohammad Yeakub Ali from Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei
Darussalam for sharing their knowledge and insights in the keynote addresses. The reviewers and
editorial team deserve special recognition for their efforts in reviewing and revising the papers. The
editors would also like to thank the Scientific Net team for their unwavering support during the
creation of this edition.
Preface
The Failure Analysis of Crankshaft of Four Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Experimental
Method
Husaini, A. Rizqullah, I. Hasanuddin and S. Muammar 51
A Comparative Study on Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel in NaCl Solution with Continuous
and Discontinuous Weight Loss Methods
N. Ali, M.S. Mustapa, Z.I. Vega, T. Sulaiman and I. Hasanuddin 60
Analysis of the Leaf Spring Failure in Light Duty Dump Truck
Husaini, M. Farhan, N. Ali, T.E. Putra, R. Anshari and K. Suherman 67
Chapter 3: Composites
Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Frond Fiber
Composite
Sabri, Z. Fuadi, R. Kurniawan, S. Rizal and H. Homma 79
Finite Element Analysis of the Jaloe kayoh Boat Structure with Load Variations by Using E-
Glass and Ramie Fiber Composite Materials
A. Tamlicha, S. Rizal, I. Hasanuddin, M.M. Noor and Nazaruddin 85
The Effectiveness Evaluation of Sacrificial Anode in Reinforced Concrete that has been
Installed for One Year
M. Isra, S. Huzni, B.M.I. Israr and S. Fonna 97
Flexural Strength and Physical Properties of Cement Board Reinforced with Abaca Fiber
M. Iqbal, S.A. Azan, R. Rahmadtullah and L.B. Abhang 106
CHAPTER 1:
Abstract. Magnesium and its alloy have good characteristics for implant materials. Increasing these
characteristics is needed to be an excellent material. The objective of this research is to investigate
the magnesium alloy AZ31 (Al: 3.07%; Zn: 1.05%) characteristics affected by thermal oxidation
temperature. Investigated characteristics in this study were hardness, corrosion resistance, and
microstructure. The temperature variations of thermal oxidation were 100, 200, 300, 400 °С. The
Vickers micro-hardness decreased with increasing of thermal oxidation temperature and the as-
received of Mg alloy had the highest Vickers micro-hardness. The lowest corrosion resistance
occurred at 200 °С of thermal oxidation temperature but this corrosion resistant was higher than that
at the as-received material. The microstructures of Mg alloy were looked cracked in their grains at
the thermal oxidation temperature over than 200 °С. The cracks increased by increasing of the
thermal oxidation temperature.
1. Introduction
Magnesium and its alloy are one of the implant materials in recent century. These implant
have a unique characteristic as a biodegradable materials or smart materials [1]. AZ31 has
aluminum as a main alloy and Zn as a secondary component. This alloy has γ-Mg17Al12 and α-Mg
phases, beside this alloy also both good castability and corrosion resistance [2]. Magnesium oxide
(MgO) is important phase for application in optoelectronics [3] and interesting issue to enhance the
magnesium alloy characteristics. There are a number of method to deposit MgO on the surface of
magnesium alloy. Spray pyrolysis, magnetron sputtering, ion beam assisted deposition, electron
beam evaporation, and laser ablation are the methods to deposit MgO [4].
Thermal oxidation vacuum evaporative magnesium films have been used to deposite
nanoscale magnesium oxide on a glass substrate. The adhesion increases by increasing the
temperature and duration of thermal oxidation [3]. Thermal oxidation of magnesium alloy (Al : 8.3-
9.7%; Mn: 1% and Zn: 0.5%) on different temperature and duration of holding time resulted in
changes of their corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and microstructure [5]. Large thermal stress
during oxidation may be caused the shear band growth at a prolonged time for 300 °С in thermal
oxidation. At the thermal oxidation of 400 , the micro-crack percentage increases [6]. The cracks
and the stress force at a higher temperature causes the protective layer changes to oxide ridges [7].
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of thermal oxidation temperature on hardness,
corrosion resistance, and microstructure of AZ31.
2. Experimental
The material was sheet of magnesium alloy AZ31 (Al: 3.07%; Zn: 1.05%) with 3 mm in
thickness. The specimens were prepared to Vickers micro-hardness (15×25x3 mm3), microstructure
(15×25x3 mm3), corrosion (15×25x3 mm3), and x-ray dispersive (15×25x3 mm3) tests. The
specimens were prepared by polishing until 2000 mesh and followed by micro-polish alumina
suspension. Thermal oxidation temperatures were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 °С. the specimens were
heated in the heat treatment furnace with acceleration 290 °С/h and holding time at destination
4 Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering
temperature for 6 hours. After that, the heat treatment furnace was turned of and the specimens
stilled in the furnace until room temperature.
We used microscope optic Nikon for analyze microstructure of specimens before and after
heat treatment. Corrosion test used the Corrtest Electrochemical Workstation (Wuhan Corrtest
Instruments Corporation). While for micro-hardness, we used the Vickers micro-hardness tester FM
800, (Future-Tech Corp) at 10 g load and 15 s holding time. The formed phases were analyzed
using the x-ray dispersive results.
Fig. 2 XRD results of AZ31 (a) as-received, treated at (b) 100 °С (c) 200 °С (d) 300 °С (e) 400 °С
6 Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering
3.2 Microstructure
The microstructure of treated and untreated AZ31 were shown in Fig.3. The untreated AZ31
microstructure (Fig. 3a) revealed that the grain were like granular forms. This microstructure was
not significant change at the 100 °С of oxidation thermal temperature. The form still granular and
the surface also still same with the untreated Mg. at the higher temperature, the grain looked cracks
on the surface of microstructure. This crack numbers increased by oxidation thermal temperature.
The treated AZ31 at 300 °С looked more cracks than that at 200 °С. While at 400 °С of thermal
oxidation temperature, the surface was looked burned and cracks increased.
Fig. 3 Microstructure of magnesium alloy at (a) 0 °С (b) 100 °С (c) 200 °С (d) 300 °С
(e) 400 °С of thermal oxidation temperatures
The microstructure reveals formation change on AZ 31 surface before and after thermal
oxidation. The temperature of thermal oxidation has principal role on the result of treatment. The
temperature over 200 °С effected on over heat on the surface of AZ31 and resulted in cracks. The
higher temperature in thermal oxidation make the AZ31 surface expands and shrinks when the
Scientific Books Collection Vol. 28 7
furnace of thermal oxidation is turned off. High gradient temperature in cooling process makes the
over shrink and results in crack on AZ31 the surface.
3.3 Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion resistance is indicated by corrosion rate in the results of corrosion test. The corrosion
rate for thermal oxidation temperature 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 °С were 0.056, 0.334, 0.156, 0.171,
0.896 mm/yr respectively. These results revealed that the untreated AZ31 had the lowest corrosion
rate than the treated AZ31. The treated AZ31 at 200 °С of thermal oxidation temperature had the
lowest corrosion rate than that at other temperatures in this study.
Corrosion resistance on the metal surface correlates to this surface characteristics. Smoother
metal surface enhances the corrosion resistance for the same case. The treated AZ31 by thermal
oxidation had the lower corrosion rate than the untreated AZ31. In this study, the untreated AZ31
had the lower corrosion rate because the treated AZ31 had like cracks on the surface. This cracks on
the surface make the metal surface easier to its corrosion.
4. Conclusion
The thermal oxidation of AZ31 in variation of temperature resulted in changes of hardness,
microstructure and corrosion resistance. The hardness of AZ31 decreased with increasing the
thermal oxidation temperature. the microstructure changed at treated AZ31 and looked cracks on
the surface of magnesium. The corrosion resistance of AZ31 after thermal oxidation decreased
because of cracks in the AZ31 surface.
5. Acknowledgment
This research was supported financially by Indonesia Ministry of Education, Cultural, Research
and Technology
References
[1] Y. Chen, Z. Xu, C. Smith, and J. Sankar, Recent advances on the development of magnesium
alloys for biodegradable implants, Acta Biomater. 10 11 (2014) 4561–4573.
[2] J. Yang, J. Peng, E. A. Nyberg, and F. S. Pan, Effect of Ca addition on the corrosion behavior
of Mg-Al-Mn alloy, Appl. Surf. Sci. 369 (2016) 92–100.
[3] S. H. Tamboli, V. Puri, and R. K. Puri, Applied Surface Science Adhesion and stress of
magnesium oxide thin films : Effect of thickness , oxidation temperature and duration, Appl.
Surf. Sci. 256 14 (2010) 4582–4585.
[4] A. M. E. Raj, L. C. Nehru, M. Jayachandran, and C. Sanjeeviraja, Spray pyrolysis deposition
and characterization of highly (100) oriented magnesium oxide thin films, Cryst. Res. Technol.,
42 9 (2007) 867–875.
8 Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering
Keywords: Heat Treatment, Shot Peening, Hardness, Microstructure, S45C Carbon Steel
Abstract. S45C carbon steel is widely used as a raw material for tools and automotive components.
In machine components, a material that has hard and ductile properties is also needed, with this
problem, of course, it is necessary to have material engineering to improve the mechanical properties
of steel in order to obtain good quality. The heat treatment process on the material has the advantage
of improving mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heat
treatment and shot peening on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the S45C carbon steel
surface. S45C carbon steel was heat-treated at 900 ºC and held for 15 minutes, then quenched using
oil media. Next, the shot peening process was carried out with pressure variations of 4, 5, 6, and 7
bar for 20 minutes. Hardness testing was carried out using micro Vickers with a load of 0.49 N for
10 seconds. The results of the heat treatment on S45C material experienced an increase in hardness
of 251.56 VHN compared to non-treatment, namely 187.38 VHN. Specimens that have been heated
treated and shot peening with pressure variations of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bar experienced an increase in
hardness of 286.18, 289.22, 357.24, and 450.22 VHN. The microstructure of the heat treatment
material is formed by the phases of ferrite, pearlite, and martensite. The pearlite structure is denser
and denser, showing increased hardness compared to non-treated S45C. Furthermore, the cross-
sectional microstructure shows the depth of the shot peening effect as far as 130 µm. The surface of
the specimen has a denser structure than the raw material.
Introduction
The development of the manufacturing industry is currently advancing along with the times
and technology. Several productions with steel as raw material are widely used, especially for tools
and automotive components [1]. Steel is an alloy metal that has a basic element of iron, carbon, and
others, the nature of steel is very dependent on the carbon content it has [2]. Carbon content in steel
can be grouped into low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel [3]. In machine
problem, of course, it is necessary to have material engineering to improve the mechanical properties
of steel in order to obtain good quality. The mechanical properties of steel are closely related to the
microstructure obtained after heat treatment which is generally carried out to increase hardness [4].
The heat treatment process on the material has the advantage of improving mechanical
properties. Materials that are heat-treated will experience changes in phase, microstructure, and
crystallography [5][6]. Steel heat treatment is carried out by involving controlled cooling [7]. The
cooling process can be achieved by allowing the heated material to cool slowly under natural air or
by immersing it in a cooler [8]. Heat treatments that are often used to modify the microstructure and
mechanical properties of engineering materials, especially steel is annealing, normalizing, hardening,
and tempering [9]. If you look at the problems above, it is necessary to do heat treatment which has
a function to harden the medium carbon steel material. The heat treatment that has this purpose is
hardening [2]. This type of heat treatment has the aim of hardening the metal and changing the
microstructure through a heating process and setting the cooling speed. To obtain maximum results,
heat treatment and shot peening processes are carried out. Shot peening works by striking the surface
10 Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering
with a shot (round metal particles, glass, or ceramic) with a force large enough to produce plastic
deformation [10]. When a group of shots impacts the surface it produces several indentations, which
result in the component being encased by a compressive pressure film on the metal surface. This
results in residual compressive stress on the metal surface [11][12].
In this study, based on the above treatment, S45C carbon steel needs to be heat treated and
shot peening to increase its weakness. Carbon steel which is only heat treated has not been able to
increase the hardness significantly so that the resistance of the material to failure is still relatively
high. In addition, one of the weaknesses of S45C carbon steel is that its surface hardness is still
smaller than other alloy steels, so it needs to be increased by using a shot peening treatment. The
purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of heat treatment with oil cooling and shot peening
with variations in pressure on the hardness and microstructure of S45C carbon steel.
Methodology
The specimen used in this study was S45C carbon steel in the form of a rod with a diameter
of 20 mm and a thickness of 100 mm, with a chemical composition (Wt%) as shown in Table 1. The
surface is smoothed with sandpaper assisted by an orbital sander with sandpaper sizes of 400, 600,
800, 1000, and 2000. After smoothing with sandpaper, the specimen is then finished using metal
polish to remove scratches and make the specimen surface smoother. The S45C carbon steel test
sample was cleaned and placed in a heater. The sample was heated in a furnace to a temperature of
900 ⁰C for 15 minutes after which it was cooled by dipping the test sample into the oil. Next, the shot
peening process was carried out by firing small particles continuously and under control with pressure
variations of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bar for 20 minutes. Hardness testing will be carried out on the surface and
cross-section with point distance 0 - 200 µm as shown in Figure 1, using the micro Vickers hardness
test method and using a pyramid-shaped indenter made of diamond with an angle of 136⁰ at the bottom
of a square. The test uses the ASTM E92 standard with a load of 0.49 N for 10 seconds [13].
Microstructure testing was carried out to determine changes in microstructure conditions on the
surface of S45C carbon steel formed after the heat treatment process and the shot peening process. In
the next process, the specimen is polished until smooth. The surface of the specimen is observed using
an optical photo microscope connected to a processor.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Hardness test specimen in (a). Surface, and (b). Cross-section with point distance
0 - 200 µm
450
400
350
Hardness (VHN)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Non Treatment 4 5 6 7
Pressure of Shot Peening (bar)
Figure 2. Hardness value on non-treated S45C carbon steel and after the combined heat treatment
and shot peening with pressure variations process.
Figure 3. Shows the hardness results on the S45C specimen before and after the oil quenching
heat treatment process and the combination with the shot peening treatment at a pressure of 7 bar.
The results of the hardness test experienced an increase in hardness of 450.22 VHN on the specimens
carried out by a combined process of heat treatment and shot peening.
12 Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering
500
450
400
350
Hardness (VHN)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Non Treatment Heat Treatment Heat Treatment and Shot
Peening 7 bar
Process Treatment
Figure 3. The hardness value of S45C carbon steel before and after heat treatment and shot peening
with a pressure of 7 bar.
Figure 4. Shows the hardness results from the combination of heat treatment and shot peening
with a pressure of 7 bar. From Figure 4, it is known that the deeper the shot peening surface, the lower
the hardness because the hardness of the test object approaches the base metal. The closer to the shot
peening surface, the higher the hardness. At a depth of 100 µm obtained a constant hardness value.
This phenomenon is influenced by the formation of residual compressive stress on the shot peening
material that occurs on the material surface to a depth of 100 µm so the dislocation density cannot
reach deeper material depths [14].
400
350
Hardness (VHN)
300
250
200
150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Point distance (µm)
Figure 4. The value of the cross-sectional hardness of the S45C carbon steel specimen after heat
treatment and shot peening with a duration of 7 bar.
The microstructure of non-treated S45C carbon steel shows that there are white ferrite and
black pearlite, this is due to the composition of the workpiece containing 0.44% carbon. Pearlite is
relatively strong, hard, and ductile, while ferrite is weak, soft, and ductile. The microstructure of the
non-treated S45C material and after being heat-treated can be seen in Figure 4. Figure 4(b) shows the
Scientific Books Collection Vol. 28 13
microstructure of the specimens which were heat-treated with oil quenching media, martensite
(needle-shaped) and bainite structures were formed. Fast cooling with oil quenching media, from the
austenite phase to the martensite phase. This causes an increase in the hardness of the specimen after
the heat treatment process which can be seen in Figure 3.
(a)
Pearlite
Ferrite
(b)
Pearlite
Martensite
Figure 5. Microstructure of the S45C specimen surface (a) before and (b) after
heat treatment with oil cooling
Figure 6. shows the transverse microstructure by showing the depth of the shot peening effect.
The surface of the specimen has a denser structure than the parent metal. The shot peening process
does not produce an acute angle on the surface of the material so it will not result in stress
concentration. In addition, this process also produces compressive residual stresses so that if cracks
occur, this residual stress will inhibit the rate of propagation. The surface of the shot peening has a
rougher surface because the indentations due to the shot peening process are very shallow and have
a large radius the indentation only causes a light stress concentration.
14 Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering
Conclusions
S45C carbon steel was heat treated with a temperature of 900 ºC and held for 15 minutes, then
quenched using oil media experienced an increase in hardness of 251.56 VHN. Specimens that have
been subjected to heat treatment and additional shot peening treatment with pressure variations of 4,
5, 6, and 7 bar for 20 minutes experienced an increase in hardness of 286.18, 289.22, 357.24, and
450.22 VHN. Heat treatment and shot peening on S45C carbon steel specimens have the effect of
changing the microstructure. The results of the observation of the microstructure before being heat-
treated produced ferrite and pearlite grains. After being subjected to heat treatment with oil quenching
they produce martensite and bainite grains. Furthermore, shot peening treatment resulted in a denser
structure than the raw material.
Acknowledgments
Thank you for the facilities provided by the Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Warga Surakarta.
References
[1] B.S. Motagi and R. Bhosle, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical
Properties of Medium Carbon Steel,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev., vol. 2, no. 1 (2012) pp. 7–13.
[2] O.O. Agboola et al., “Optimization of heat treatment parameters of medium carbon steel
quenched in different media using Taguchi method and grey relational analysis,” Heliyon, vol.
6, no. e04444, (2020).
[3] J.K. Odusote, T.K. Ajiboye, and A. B. Rabiu, “Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Medium
Carbon Steel Quenched in Water and Oil,” J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., vol. 11, no. 9
(2012), pp. 859–862.
[4] T. Senthilkumar and T. K. Ajiboye, “Effect of Heat Treatment Processes on the Mechanical
Properties of Medium Carbon Steel,” J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., vol. 11, no. 2 (2012),
pp. 143–152.
Scientific Books Collection Vol. 28 15
[5] S. V, P. Dinesh, and S. B. Patil, “Study of Mechanical Properties of Steel Quenched in a Blend
of Biodegradable Oils with Quench Accelerators,” IJLTEMAS, vol. 5, no. 5 (2016), pp. 20–24.
[6] F. X. Ding, L. Lan, Y. Yu, and M. K. Man, “Experimental study of the effect of a slow-cooling
heat treatment on the mechanical properties of high strength steels,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol.
241, no. 1 (2020), pp. 118020–12.
[7] A.A. Adeleke, P.P. Ikubanni, T.A. Orhadahwe, J.O. Aweda, J.K. Odusote, and O.O. Agboola,
“Microstructural assessment of AISI 1021 steel under rapid cyclic heat treatment process,”
Results Eng., vol. 4, no. 9 (2019), pp. 100044–4.
[8] P.P. Ikubanni, A.A. Adediran, A.A. Adeleke, K.R. Ajao, and O.O. Agboola, “Mechanical
Properties Improvement Evaluation of Medium Carbon Steels Quenched in Different Media,”
Int. J. Eng. Res. Africa, vol. 32, no. 9 (2017), pp. 1–10.
[9] B. C. Kandpal et al., “Effect of heat treatment on properties and microstructure of steels,”
Mater. Today Proc., vol. xxx, no. xxxx (2020), pp. 1–7.
[10] B. H. Priyambodo, Suhartoyo, and S. Slamet, “Increased Corrosion Resistance on Cu35%Zn
Surface by Shot Peening Process,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1430, no. 1, (2020).
[11] B. H. Priyambodo, V. Malau, P. T. Iswanto, L. D. Setyana, Sugeng Slamet, and Y. Kurniawan,
“Improve corrosion resistant and corrosion fatigue cracking performance on AISI 304 by shot
peening process as alternative biomaterials,” J. Corros. Sci. Eng., vol. 22, no. 7 (2019), pp. 1–
10.
[12] B. H. Priyambodo, Margono, and K. C. Nugroho, “Corrosion Protection on AISI 304 by Shot
Peening Treatment with Variation of Particle Size and Shooting Pressure,” Mater. Sci. Forum,
vol. 1051 (2022), pp. 153–159.
[13] ASTM, Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials 1, vol. 82, no.
Reapproved 1997. (2000).
[14] Margono, B. H. Priyambodo, and R. I. Yaqin, “Shot Peening on AISI 304 by Various Sizes of
Steel Ball Particles to Reduce Corrosion Rates,” J. Corros. Sci. Eng., vol. 23, no. 2 (2021), pp.
1–8.
Published in: Materials Science Forum Submitted: 2022-02-09
ISSN: 1662-9752, Vol. 1067, pp 35-45 Revised: 2022-04-26
doi:10.4028/p-623iz6 Accepted: 2022-04-26
© 2022 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland Online: 2022-08-10
Abstract. This titanium material is very difficult to machine due to its low thermal conductivity
resulting in heat generated when machining accumulates in the cutting zone. This causes the thermal
effect to be absorbed in the drill tool so that the tool wears out quickly which affects the quality of
the hole. This study aims to examine the effect of tool wear on the cutting force of hole quality under
dry machining conditions and machining using the MQL method. The cutting force resulting from
the process of drilling holes using MQL is smaller than drilling in dry conditions. The larger the feed
(f), the greater the cutting force (N) that is generated during the drilling process in dry conditions and
MQL conditions. The greater the cutting speed (v) used during the drilling process, the lower the
cutting force generated
Introduction
This titanium material is very difficult to machine due to its low thermal conductivity resulting in
heat generated when machining accumulates in the cutting zone. This causes a thermal effect to be
absorbed in the drill tool and shortens tool life. When the process is not detected any wear at the tip
of the tool causes the hole quality to decrease to low [1].
This research will focus on the machining process of Ti Al Nb material. This material is widely
used for bone implant products. The machining process of this material uses a lubrication process
using palm oil using the MQL method.
Several lubrication studies carried out in the above study were carried out with variations of only
1 type of coolant on several types of material or steel and have not studied the Ti Al Nb material using
the MQL method with variations of several types of lubrication fluid. Therefore, it is deemed
necessary to conduct a study to see the performance and surface quality of the Ti Al Nb cylindrical
material after machining with a 4 Axis machine using the MQL method and variations in the type of
lubrication fluid.
The formulation of the problem to be solved is how to examine the quality of the hole and the
effect of wear on the process conditions and also the cutting force when carrying out the drilling
process. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of MQL on the quality of the hole and the
condition of the cutting force produced from sharp drill bits to wear.
The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of the drill hole in dry machining and use the
Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method for palm.
Methodology
This research will focus on the machining process of Ti Al Nb material. This material is widely used
for bone implant products. The machining process of this material uses a lubrication process using
palm oil using the MQL method. Details of research planning activities can be seen in the following:
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als ik. Jongelingen, jonge mannen uit de Grouwster burgerij,
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Bolseter-” en „De Snitser-Merke”) werd er helder op gezongen. Daar
zaten ook een paar bejaarde schippers, en ook dezen werden door
de algemeene vroolijkheid aangestoken. Een van deze twee, een
oorbeeldige oude waterrot, met nog lustig schitterende oogen in [42]’t
gelaat, dat door weêr en wind gebruind en gerimpeld was, sprong
op, en vertoonde ons den Zevensprong. Hij zelf zong het deuntje,
dat daar bij behoort:
„Da’s ien, da’s twa, da’s trije, da’s fjouwer, da’s fiif, da’s seis, en da’s
saun!” en poemp! sloeg hij met het voorhoofd op den vloer—en
boem! daar stond de zestigjarige met een sprong weêr overeind,
lenig en vlug als een jongeling, onder ’t gejuich der omstaande
Ts j i i s f o r d o u n s e r s .
En dan wordt er, reeds van oudsher, nog gezegd: „Frisia non cantat,
non saltat,” Friesland zingt niet en springt niet!
Het was een alleraardigst tooneeltje uit het Friesche volksleven van
den goeden, ouden tijd. 8 En waar vindt men dat nu nog zoo in onzen
kwaden, hedendaagschen tijd?
Die van Akkrum hebben eenen bijzonderen, geenszins mooien
spotnaam: S k y t s t o e l e n heeten ze.
Van ouds heet zeker meubel, eene soort van stoel, waar men kleine
kinders in zet, op z’n platst uitgedrukt: skytstoel, in betrekking op het
ronde gat, dat in de zitting is, en dat tot zeker bijzonder doel dienstig
is. Later, ook nog in deze eeuw, noemde men in Friesland zulk een
meubel gewoonlijk kakstoel; dat was al wat fatsoenlijker. Thans is
men al weer een graad fatsoenlijker geworden, en zegt men meest
tafelstoel. Hebben de Akkrumers oudtijds misschien zulke
skytstoelen eerder of meer in gebruik gehad voor hunne kinderen
dan andere Friezen? Of waren juist de Akkrumer skytstoelen
bijzonder mooi, of anderszins bijzonder—en is alzoo de spotnaam
der ingezetenen van dat groote en fraaie dorp te verklaren. Wie zal ’t
zeggen!
In ’t jaer 1710
Werd ick voor het eerst gesien,
Ick was vercierd al nae behooren
Als kackstoel voor den eerstgeboren
Uyt de houwlickstrou
Van Geert Ackrum en syn vrou.
Welk een huiselijk, welk een aardig tafereeltje wordt ons door dit
eenvoudige en ongekunstelde, maar geenszins onbevallige rijmke
als voor de oogen getooverd. Een jonge vader, trotsch op zijnen
eerstgeborenen, verrast zijn wijfje, op den eersten verjaardag van
hun kindje, van hun kroonprins, met eenen nieuwen, fraaien,
misschien door hem zelven gemaakten, door hem zelven met een
eigengemaakt „vaers” beschilderden tafelstoel, dien hij ten
overvloede, in de vroolijke stemming van zijn hart, voor dit huiselijke
feestje nog bijzonder versierd had met groen en bloemen—zeker wel
met palmgroen, dat in de 18de eeuw in geen enkel tuintje ontbrak,
met papieren bloemen en met klatergoud—„vercierd al nae
behooren”. En hoe aardig wordt het kindje aangeduid, de kleine
Sjouke of Bonne of Hylke of Folkert Geerts, als de „eerstgeboren uit
de huwelijkstrouw van Geert Ackrum en zijn vrouw.” Een tafereeltje
van eenvoud, [44]van ongekunstelde en zeker dankbare blijdschap,
van waar huwelijksgeluk. „O rijkdom van zegen, waer soo de liefde
viel!”
Maar, is dit Oud-Friesche woord elders al uit den mond des volks
verdwenen, de Makkumers hebben het in stand gehouden, en
gebruiken het nog heden ten dage, vooral ook als vorm van
aanspraak, bij jongelingen en jonge mannen, waar men elders in
Friesland heite! zegt, of jù!
In den bloeitijd van Molkwerum, zoo van de jaren 1600 tot 1750,
lagen daar soms wel twintig en meer, (volgens Halbertsma „wol
sechstich”) Molkwerumer koopvaardijschepen, allen met het
zwaantje, het wapen van Molkwerum, in de witte baan van de vlag,
te gelijkertijd te Amsterdam aan den dijk bij de Haringpakkerij (thans
het westelijkste deel der Prins-Hendrikskade), en in het Damrak, te
laden en te lossen. En zoo ook te Bremen en te Hamburg, en verder
op te Dantzig, Riga, Reval en andere havens in de Oostzee. Aan de
Haringpakkerij te Amsterdam, bij de Panaalsteeg is daar nog heden
eene herberg, die dien goeden ouden tijd in gedachtenis houdt. Dat
huis, ’t welk voor weinige jaren uit- en inwendig nog geheel het
karakter van ’t begin der jaren van 1600 vertoonde, maar dat sedert
verbouwd is in den hedendaagschen trant, draagt nog [48]zijn ouden
naam „Het wapen van Molqueren”, aan den gevel, en it Molkwarder
Swanke, het Molkwerumer Zwaantje, staat er nog steeds, in
beeltenis, boven de voordeur. Ei! hoe menige Molkwerumer zeeman,
Tsjalling, Gosse of Sierd, heeft, twee honderd jaren geleden, daar bij
den waard in het voorhuis zijn mingelen Haarlemmer bier
gedronken! Hoe menige Molkwerumer schippersdochter, Jildoe, Fod
of Rimme, heeft daar bij de waardinne in ’t kamerke achter ’t
voorhuis, haren verschovenen foarflechter te recht gezet, of hare
verwaaide frissels wat geordend!
De toren was bij de afbraak nog hecht en sterk. Hij zoude, ware hij
sedert dien tijd goed onderhouden geworden, nog heden kunnen
staan als een gedenkteeken van den kerkelijken bouwtrant der
Friezen uit de vroege middeleeuwen. Jammer! dat men hem aan de
baatzucht, hoewel dan in nood, heeft opgeofferd. Voor dit snood
bestaan hunner voorouders dragen de Wirdumers nog heden
hunnen spotnaam.
Maar genoeg van marge, en van de Hantumers, die deze spijze zoo
gaarne en zoo veelvuldig aten, dat zij van de andere Friezen eenen
spotnaam daarom gekregen hebben.
[Inhoud]
II
Sommige volkseigene karaktertrekken bij Friezen, Sassen en
Franken, de drie oorspronkelijke Germaansche stammen, waaruit
het Nederlandsche volk hoofdzakelijk is samengesteld, sommige
uitingen van de volksziel bij den eenen of den anderen van deze
volksstammen, blijven nog steeds bemerkbaar voor den
nauwkeurigen waarnemer van het leven onzes volks in de Friesche
gewesten, in de Sassische gouwen, en in de Frankische streken. Tot
de bijzondere kenteekenen van den Sassischen stam behoort
zekere stijfheid en stemmigheid, zekere nuchterheid en dorheid van
geest, behoort een gemis aan bewegelijkheid en losheid, aan
geestigheid en vroolijkheid, aan humor vooral. Bij de Drenten, en bij
de Overijsselaars in het midden en in het oosten van hun gewest
van ouds her gezeten, bij de oude landzaten in den Gelderschen
Achterhoek (al ’t land beoosten Zutfen), in mindere mate bij de Friso-
Sassen in Groningerland, in ’t noorden en westen van Drente en in
noordelijk Overijssel, is deze kenmerkende eigenschap nog steeds
aanwezig. Zij vindt onder anderen ook hierin hare uiting, dat de
lieden uit de verschillende steden en dorpen van deze gouwen
elkanderen in veel mindere mate spotnamen geven, dan de Friezen
en Franken in Friesland, Holland en Vlaanderen doen.
M o l b o o n e n of B o o n e t e r s en K l u u n k o p p e n van de stad
Groningen. Een bijzonder soort van Groninger volks- en
kindersnoeperij (trouwens ook in Friesland, althans te Leeuwarden,
en in Oost-Friesland niet onbekend) bestaat uit duiveboonen, en ook
wel uit paardeboonen, die op gloeiende kolen, of anders ook wel in
den koffieboon-brander worden geroosterd—„gepiipt” zoo als ’t volk
dat noemt. Die geroosterde boonen noemt men Molboonen, Molt- of
Möltboonen, en ze maken eene harde, droge, weinig smakelijke en
moeielijk verteerbare snoeperij uit, die evenwel van ouds her,
bepaaldelijk bij de Groningers in de stad, altijd zeer in trek was, en
nog is. De Groningers dragen daar hunnen spotnaam van. Hun
andere spotnaam dragen de Groningers naar het bijzondere en
eigenaardige bier, dat in hunne stad van ouds gebrouwen en veel
gedronken werd, en dat ook buiten die stad in alle Friesche
gewesten vermaard was—naar het zoogenoemde Kluun of
Kluunbier. Die veel kluun drinkt wordt dikbloedig, zwaar van lichaam,
opgezet en rood van hoofd—met andere woorden: hij krijgt een
kluunkop. Dit is de oorsprong van den Groninger spotnaam. Die
meer van kluunbier, van ’t kluunskip, en van een kluunskonk weten
wil, leze mijn opstel Bier en Bierdrinkers in Friesland, voorkomende
in Oud Nederland (’s-Gravenhage, 1888.)
Dr. G. Nauta zegt onder anderen van dezen spotnaam (in zijne
uitgave van den Spaenschen Brabander, Nederlandsche Klassieken,
no VII, bladzijde 229): „Wel nu, toen in 1578 de Emder predikanten
ijverig in de weer waren om door te preeken de zaak der hervorming
te bevorderen en ’t Roomsche [58]geloof te bezweren, en een
pakhuis of schuur, genaamd de Pot—zoo als Wagenaar,
Amsterdam, IV, 4 meldt—de plaats was waar de Gereformeerden,
meer in ’t bijzonder de Lutherschen, hunne godsdienstige
samenkomsten hielden, kan, op welke wijze dan ook, de
scheldnaam „potschijter” voor de leiders dier kettersche
samenkomsten niet in de wereld gekomen zijn?”
Geen van deze beide verklaringen van den Emder spotnaam komt
mij aannemelijk voor. Ik houd mij aan Jerolimo, die den naam opvat
in zijne eigenlijke, voor de hand liggende beteekenis, zoo als blijkt uit
zijne woorden: „dat komt snel”, waar zeker eene aardigheid in
schuilt. Dit snapt Robbeknol ook; van daar zijn wederwoord: „Ja, ja,
de Amsterdammers en de Brabanders kunnen (dat) ook wel. Te
weten.….…