Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Hydrometeorological Hazard
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction – Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Hydrometeorological Hazard
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero
Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion

Development Team of the Module

Writers: J R Dubluis, Arnel S. Duran
Editors: Mary Grace Arabilla, Vereann Grace P. Omac, Mark Fil L. Tagsip
Reviewers: Shamae Cagbabanua-Magallanes, Divilyn M. Rodriguez, Ana Lorma A. Dahiroc
Illustrator: Charidel P. Lozano, Marvin Jay D. Plenos
Layout Artist: J R Dubluis
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team:
Evelyn R. Fetalvero Reynaldo B. Mellorida
Mary Jeanne B. Aldeguer Ester Jean U. Pelayo
Analiza C. Almazan Susan N. Salazar
George N. Wong Charlie P. Aspacio

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Department of Education – Davao Oriental Division

Office Address: Government Center, Brgy. Dahican, Mati City, Davao Oriental,
Philippines
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 Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Hydrometeorological Hazard
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded
of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,

do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies.
You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

Most Essential Learning Competency:

A. Recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards
B. Interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps
C. Use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards

This module is composed of the following:

Lesson 1: Hydrometeorological Hazard
Lesson 2: Hydrometeorological Hazard Maps

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. identify types of hydrometeorological hazards.
2. interpret the signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards.
3. locate places in the hydrometeorological hazard map that are prone to
hazard.

Let Us Try
(Pre-Test)

Directions: Read and analyze each question carefully, then write the
letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which can be described as a system of rotating thunderstorms that

developed over ocean waters?
a. lightning
b. tropical cyclone
c. tornado
d. monsoon
2. Where do hurricanes originate?
a. over warm ocean waters of the Atlantic and the East Pacific
b. over freezing waters near the polar regions
c. over warm ocean waters of the South Pacific
d. over large bodies of water such as oceans, seas, and lakes
3. At which point does PAGASA monitor low-pressure areas (LPA)?
a. When the LPA reaches sustained winds of 60 km/h
b. When the LPA develops into a tropical storm
c. When the LPA develops over the Philippine Seas
d. When the LPA enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility

1
4. Which describes thunder?
a. It is the shockwave of exploding heated air.
b. It is the sound of lightning as it cracks out a cloud.
c. It is the force of water droplets colliding within the clouds.
d. It is the sound of electrons as it gets bumped off water
molecules.
5. When Marikina City experienced severe flooding during Typhoon
Ketsana (Ondoy), the main reason stated by Authorities is the rise of
its river water level. The brown water that submerged most areas in
Marikina is evident. Which of the following factors that influence
flooding can be inferred from the text above?
a. Marikina City is a low-lying area near a river.
b. River water is due to runoff from areas that lack vegetation.
c. Marikina City has a large population.
d. Marikina City experienced a flash flood.
6. Which is the associated impact of La Niña in the Western Pacific?
a. dry spell
b. hotter climate
c. greater rainfall
d. flooding events
7. A tropical cyclone with a maximum wind speed of 220 kph is classified
as __________.
a. typhoon
b. severe typhoon
c. severe tropical storm
d. super typhoon
8. Another way weather forecasters track the movement of tropical
cyclones is with the use of weather __________________________.
a. RAin Density And Range
b. RAdio Detection And Ranging
c. RAin Detection Along Region
d. RAdio Delivering Across Raining
9. A tropical cyclone can be seen in a satellite image due to its
____________ shape.
a. circular
b. pyramidal
c. hexagonal
d. triangular
10. Disaster is frequently described as a result of various
condition EXCEPT ________.
a. exposure to hazard
b. conditions of vulnerability at present
c. having enough physical, social, and attitudinal capabilities
d. insufficient capacity or measures to cope with disasters

2
 Let Us Study

Lesson

1 Hydrometeorological Hazard

Hydrometeorological hazards are hazards about natural processes

brought about by weather, water, and climate that bring destruction to life,
property, and livelihood. Examples of these hazards include tropical
cyclones, floods, severe winds, heavy rainfall, thunderstorm, landslide,
La Niña, and El Niño. Understanding these hazards and their processes will
enable humankind to be prepared in any eventualities; thus, preparedness
is one of the best ways to help.

TROPICAL CYCLONE
Tropical cyclones may form as early as March and April but these are
relatively few. Throughout the year, tropical cyclone occurrence may be
experienced in the country but more frequent during July, August and
September. The typhoon season in the Philippines begins in May and
lasts until January. It originates over the northwest pacific. Cyclones
are called hurricane when it is formed over the Atlantic and east pacific.
What is tropical cyclone?
A Tropical cyclone is an intense low-pressure system with minimum
sustained winds of 35 kph blowing in a counterclockwise direction
towards the center called the “eye”. It forms over Indian ocean and
South Pacific.
PICTURE SOURCE
:https://www.reddit.com/r/TropicalWeather/comments
/dega1g/super_typhoon_hagibis_with_the_pinhole_eye_mond is the center of the tropical
ay/ cyclones and is normally
Cyclone circular with generally cloud-
Eye free

is the ring where very high

Eye winds and rains are at the
heaviest.
Wall
Rainbands – the spiral
rainbands of showers and
thunderstorms surround the
eye. High wind gusts and heavy
downpours often occur in
individual rainbands, with
relatively calm weather between
Figure 1: Structure of a tropical bands. It covers an area of
several square kilometers.
Cyclone as seen in a satellite

3
The classification of tropical cyclones according to the strength of the
associated winds as adopted by PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) (as of May 1,
2015) are as follows:
 Tropical Depression (TD) - a tropical cyclone with maximum
sustained
winds of up to 61 kph.
 Tropical Storm (TS) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of
62 to 88 kph.
 Severe Tropical Storm (STS) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed of 89 to 117 kph.
 Typhoon (TY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 118
to 220 kph.
 Super Typhoon (STY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed
exceeding 220 kph.
What are the effects of a tropical cyclone?
EFFECTS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
Tropical cyclones have both disastrous and beneficial effects.
DISASTROUS EFFECTS - TCs produce extremely strong winds,
torrential rains (can cause landslide/mudslide, floods/flashflood),
tornadoes and storm surge along the coastal areas.

Heavy Strong Winds Storm Surge Landslide/Mudslide

Rains/Floods/Flash
and Riverine floods
Continuous heavy
rainfall produces
severe flooding and
may cause damage
to agriculture,
infrastructures, and
community lifelines.
Groundwater may be
contaminated by
floodwaters and may
lead to the outbreak
and spread of
diseases.
Maximum wind
speeds in a tropical
cyclone may even
reach beyond
250kph in extreme
cases (more than 3x
the average speed of
vehicles). Structural
damage is one of its
most disastrous
effects.
The abnormal rise in The movement of
sea level causing big a mass of rock,
waves at the coast debris, thick clay,
as a tropical or earth down a
cyclone makes
slope due to
landfall. The highest
continuous heavy
water level
rise or the peak of rains. Landslides
storm surge usually can bury people
coincides alive and destroy
with the time of their properties.
passage of a typhoon
across a
coastline.

PICTURES SOURCE : https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/2013-state-climate-record-breaking-super-typhoon-

haiyan
4
 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS - The rainfall brought about by tropical
cyclones increases the groundwater and water level of dams that
provide drinking water, irrigation water, and power generation
capacities. About 50% of the rains is attributed to a tropical
cyclone. It also cleansed out pollutants in the air.

Other Hydrometeorological Hazard

HAZARD DESCRIPTIONS EFFECTS PREVENTION

 It is a localized (small-scale)  Go inside the
Thunderstorm storm associated with  Tornado/Waterspout house, enclosed car
towering dark cumulonimbus or large building, if
clouds.  Heavy rainfall you can.
 Lightning heats the air  Avoid using
around it to the point that it  Hail (large pieces of ice) electrical
explodes. Thunder is what we appliances such as
hear from the shockwave  Lightning telephones,
brought about by the computers, and
explosion. televisions.
 Stay away from
Stages of Development bodies of water.

a. Initial or Cumulus
Stage - When the Sun heats
the earth’s surface, there is
a rapid lifting of moist,
warm, low-level air up
beyond the condensation
level.
b. Mature Stage -It is at this
stage that the cloud can
cause heavy precipitation,
severe lightning, strong
winds, hail and at times,
tornadoes.
c. Dissipating Stage -In this
stage, rainfall decreases its
intensity and clouds begin
to dissipate.
 El Niño means The Little Boy,  reduced rainfall  Have a well-
El Niño or Christ Child in Spanish.  dry lands/soil ventilated room.
was originally recognized by  droughts  Drink enough
fishermen off the coast of water to avoid
South America in the 1600s, heatstroke
with the appearance of
unusually warm water in the
Pacific Ocean.
La Niña  Stronger winds along the  Keep updated
 La Niña means The Little equatorial region, from TV and
Girl in Spanish. La Niña is especially in the Pacific Radio news
also sometimes called El  Disrupts normal weather regarding weather
Viejo, anti-El Niño, or simply patterns which can lead forecast.
"a cold event." to intense storms in some  Stay inside a
 Cold ocean temperature in the places. house or building
Equatorial Pacific  Catastrophic Floods during heavy
rains.
 Evacuate to a
more elevated
area before
5 intense storm.
Lesson
Hydrometeorological Hazard
2 Maps

The Philippines ranks among the world’s most disaster-prone countries. It is

highly prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons, floods, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does in the
typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as the “Pacific Ring of
Fire,” and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific and
Eurasian tectonic plates. Below are the hydrometeorological hazard maps of
the Philippines.

Figure 1: Typhoon Hazard Map Figure 2: El Niño Hazard Map

Northern Luzon, Southeastern

Areas highly at risk to El Niño-
Luzon and Eastern Visayas are the
induced drought are Central and
areas highly at risk to the
West Mindanao.
occurrence of tropical depressions,
tropical storms, typhoons and 6
super typhoons.
Figure 3: El Niña Hazard Map Figure 4: Combined Hazard Map

The map of risk to projected rainfall Area’s most at risk to climate- and
change shown below incorporates both
weather-related risks in general are
rainfall decrease during the dry season and
rainfall increase during the wet season. Southeastern Luzon and Eastern
The areas most at risk to projected rainfall Visayas.
changes are Central, South and
Southeast Luzon and Eastern Visayas

When a low pressure area is detected by PAGASA, the agency monitors its
movement and development. PAGASA releases weather bulletins and
forecasts to help the public anticipate possible weather development and
take precautionary measures.

Other tools used by PAGASA to detect hydrometeorological hazards:

 PAGASA makes use of aerial photographs and satellite images to produce a
preliminary flood hazard map.
 Verification of this map is done through geomorphological field mapping and
interviews.
 All data is then integrated using Geographic Information System (GIS)
software.
 Weather forecasters track the movement of tropical cyclones with the use of
weather Radars (RAdio Detection And Ranging).
Let Us Practice
7
 Name: ___________________________________________

Untitled
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ___________________
1

Activity 1: Fill Me Place!

Untitled
Directions: Using the figures above, identify at least 5 provinces/places
that are high risk of the following hazards.
1
Meteorological Hazards Provinces/Places 2

Typhoon
El Niño
La Niña 5

Combined Hazards
6

Let Us Practice More 7

2 3 8

Activity 2: PUZZLE TIME

4

9
_______________________ Date: ___________________
Direction: Fill in the crossword puzzle with the words missing from the
sentences below. Match the5 number of the sentence to the boxes placed
Untitled
10
across or down the grid. If filled out correctly, the words will fit neatly into
the puzzle.
6
Across Down
1
2. ________
7 is the center of the tropical cyclones and is normally 1. Hazard
circular in shape. water, an
8 5. _____________________ is the abnormal rise in sea level causing 3. Cyclone
big waves at the coast as a tropical cyclone makes landfall. Atlantic a
6. A cyclone is called ________________ when it forms over the 4. ______
9
northwest Pacific. are at the
8. Warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific is called 7. The ___
__________________. developm
2 3
9. Cold ocean temperature in the Equatorial Pacific is called
4 10 _________________.
10. _________________that highlights areas that are affected by or
are vulnerable to a particular hazard.
5

Across Down
2. ________6 is the center of the tropical cyclones and is normally 1. Hazard pertaining to natural processes brought about by weather,
circular in shape. 7 water, and climate is called __________________.
5. _____________________
8 is the abnormal rise in sea level causing 3. Cyclones are called ______________ when it is formed over the
big waves at the coast as a tropical cyclone makes landfall. Atlantic and east Pacific.
6. A cyclone is called
9
________________ when it forms over the 4. ______________________is the ring where very high winds and rains
northwest Pacific. are at the heaviest.
8. Warm ocean temperatures 10
in the Equatorial Pacific is called 7. The _____________ agency monitors / detect the movement and
__________________. development of low pressure area.
9. Cold ocean temperature in the Equatorial Pacific is called
_________________. Down
10. cyclones
tropical _________________that
and is normallyhighlights areas that
1. Hazard are affected
pertaining by orprocesses brought about by weather,
to natural
are vulnerable to a particular hazard. water, and climate is called __________________.
e abnormal rise in sea level causing 3. Cyclones are called ______________ when it is formed over the
cal cyclone makes landfall. Atlantic and east Pacific. 8
_______ when it forms over the 4. ______________________is the ring where very high winds and rains
are at the heaviest.
the Equatorial Pacific is called 7. The _____________ agency monitors / detect the movement and
development of low pressure area.
 Let Us Remember
 A tropical cyclone is an organized, rotating system of clouds, and
thunderstorms that initially form over tropical ocean waters.
 The same phenomenon is called different names depending on where
it originated:
o Typhoon - when it forms over the northwest Pacific
o Hurricane - when it forms over the Atlantic and the East Pacific
o Tropical cyclone - when it forms over the Indian Ocean and
South Pacific
 The Philippines uses a tropical cyclone intensity scale developed by
the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA), which classifies tropical cyclones
into five categories:

 Thunderstorm is a weather condition characterized by heavy rain and

wind accompanied by lightning, thunder; sometimes with hail and
tornadoes.
 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle refers to the changes in
oceanic and atmospheric temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. It
significantly affects not only ocean processes, but also rainfall, wind,
and tropical cyclone patterns.
 A hazard map is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or
are vulnerable to a particular hazard. They are typically created for
natural hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding,
and tsunamis. Hazard maps help prevent serious damage and deaths.

9
 Let Us Assess
(Post-test)

Read each question carefully, then write the letter of your chosen answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which can be described as a system of rotating thunderstorms that

developed over ocean waters?
a. lightning
b. tropical cyclone
c. tornado
d. monsoon

2. Where do hurricanes originate?

a. over warm ocean waters of the Atlantic and the East Pacific
b. over freezing waters near the polar regions
c. over warm ocean waters of the South Pacific
d. over large bodies of water such as oceans, seas, and lakes
3. At which point does PAGASA monitor low-pressure areas (LPA)?
a. When the LPA reaches sustained winds of 60 km/h
b. When the LPA develops into a tropical storm
c. When the LPA develops over the Philippine Seas
d. When the LPA enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility
4. Which describes thunder?
a. It is the shockwave of exploding heated air.
b. It is the sound of lightning as it cracks out a cloud.
c. It is the force of water droplets colliding within the clouds.
d. It is the sound of electrons as it gets bumped off water
molecules.
5. When Marikina City experienced severe flooding during Typhoon Ketsana
(Ondoy), the main reason stated by Authorities is the rise of its river
water level. The brown water that submerged most areas in Marikina is
evident. Which of the following factors that influence flooding can be
inferred from the text above?
a. Marikina City is a low-lying area near a river.
b. River water is due to runoff from areas that lack vegetation.
c. Marikina City has a large population.
d. Marikina City experienced a flash flood.

10
6. Which are the associated impacts of La Niña in the Western Pacific?
a. dry spell
b. hotter climate
c. greater rainfall
d. flooding events
7. A tropical cyclone with a maximum wind speed of 220 kph is classified as
__________.
a. typhoon
b. severe typhoon
c. severe tropical storm
d. super typhoon
8. Another way weather forecasters track the movement of tropical cyclones
is with the use of weather __________________________.
a. RAin Density And Range
b. RAdio Detection And Ranging
c. RAin Detection Along Region
d. RAdio Delivering Across Raining
9. A tropical cyclone can be seen in a satellite image due to its ____________
shape.
a. circular
b. pyramidal
c. hexagonal
d. triangular
10. Disaster is frequently described as a result of various
condition EXCEPT ________.
a. exposure to hazard
b. conditions of vulnerability at present
c. having enough physical, social, and attitudinal capabilities
d. insufficient capacity or measures to cope with disasters.

11
 Let Us Enhance
ACTIVITY 3: REVISITING TYPHOON ULYSSES (2020)

This activity will let you revisit the details of the recent typhoon Ulysses. You
will try to determine some warning signs before the catastrophe struck as
well as its impact on the affected areas.
Tasks:
1. Research some news articles or videos about the recent typhoon
Ulysses that devastated parts of Luzon.

2. Fill in the table with the data required.

DATE AREAS WARNING DESCRIPTION

AFFECTED SIGNS OF IMPACTS

Let Us Reflect

Direction: Complete the statement below.

I have learned to recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards. It is

important because _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

12
 13
Name: ___________________________________________ Date
Untitled
Activity 2: Puzzle Time
1
H
Y
D
R
O
M
2 3
E Y E H
4
T U E
Activity 1: Fill Me Place! E R Y
5
S T O R M S U R G E
R I W
6
T Y P H O O N C A
7
L P A L
8
E L N I N O A N L
G G E
9
L A N I N A
C S
10
H A Z A R D M A P
L
Across Down
2. ________ is the center of the tropical cyclones and is normally 1. Hazard pertaining to natural processes brou
circular in shape. Let Us water, and climate is called _______________
Let Us Try
5. _____________________ is the abnormal rise in sea level causing 3. Cyclones are called ______________ when i
Assess (Pre-test)
big waves at the coast as a tropical cyclone makes landfall. Atlantic and east Pacific.
(Post-test)
6. A cyclone is called ________________ when it forms over the 4. ______________________is the ring where
northwest Pacific. are at the
1.heaviest.
b
8. Warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific is called 7. The _____________
2. a agency monitors / dete
1. b
__________________. development of low pressure area.
2. a
9. Cold ocean temperature in the Equatorial Pacific is called 3. d
_________________. 3. d 4. a
10. _________________that highlights areas that are affected by or
4. a 5. a / b
are vulnerable to a particular hazard.
5. a / b 6. c / d
6. c / d 7. a
7. a 8. b
8. b 9. a
9. a 10. c
10. c
Answer Key
 References

Bagtasa, G., Dinanala, J. D., Morante, K. A., Villegas, M. M., and Zarco, M. A.
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (Teaching Guide for Senior High
School). Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2013.

Department of Science and Technology. “DOST - Project NOAH.” Accessed

May 26,2020. http://noah.dost.gov.ph/

Dianala, J. D., Aurelio, M., and Tan, C. Disaster Reduction and Risk
Management – Core Reader. Philippines: Department of Education-
Bureau of Learning Resources, 2017

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration. Accessed May 26, 2020.
https://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration. “General Flood Advisories.” Accessed May 26, 2020.
http://pagasa.dost. gov.ph/index.php/floods/general-flood-advisories

14
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665; (082) 221-6147

Email Address: lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph