DOUBLE INTEGRAL

Hoang Hai Ha
HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: hoanghaiha@hcmut.edu.vn

HCMC — 2020.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 1 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID

We consider z = f (x, y) defined on a closed rectangle

R = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : a É x É b, c É y É d }. Let Ω be the solid
that lies under graph f and above R, that is
Ω = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 É z É f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D}
Our goal is to find the volume V of the solid Ω.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 2 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID

Dividing R into equal subrectangles whose dimensions of

each are ∆x and ∆y, respectively.

We form the subrectangles R i j with area ∆A = ∆x∆y

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID

Choose a point (x i∗j , y i∗j ) ∈ R i j . We approximate Ω by

creating thin rectanglular box with base R i j and height
f (x i∗j , y i∗j ). The volume of this box is f (x i∗j , y i∗j )∆A

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID

The total volume of Ω is V ≈ m

P Pn ∗ ∗
i =1 j =1 f (x i j , y i j )∆A.
The larger m, n are, the more accurate volume is.
Pm Pn ∗ ∗
So, V = lim i =1 j =1 f (x i j , y i j )∆A
m,n→∞

D EFINITION 1.1
The double integral of f (x, y) over the rectangle D is
Ï m X
X n
f (x, y)d A = lim f (x i∗j , y i∗j )∆x∆y
m,n→∞
i =1 j =1
D

if this limit exists.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID

The total volume of Ω is V ≈ m

P Pn ∗ ∗
i =1 j =1 f (x i j , y i j )∆A.
The larger m, n are, the more accurate volume is.
Pm Pn ∗ ∗
So, V = lim i =1 j =1 f (x i j , y i j )∆A
m,n→∞

D EFINITION 1.1
The double integral of f (x, y) over the rectangle D is
Ï m X
X n
f (x, y)d A = lim f (x i∗j , y i∗j )∆x∆y
m,n→∞
i =1 j =1
D

if this limit exists.The function f (x, y) is called integrable

over D.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Properties of double integral

P ROPERTIES

10 . If D = D 1 ∪ D 2 and f (x, y) is integrable over D then

Ï Ï
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d A+
D D1
Ï
+ f (x, y)d A.
D2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 7 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Properties of double integral

P ROPERTIES

10 . If D = D 1 ∪ D 2 and f (x, y) is integrable over D then

Ï Ï
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d A+
D D1
Ï
+ f (x, y)d A.
D2

20 . If f (x, y) is integrable over D then

Ï h i Ï
α f (x, y) d A = α f (x, y)d A.
D D

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Properties of double integral

30 . If f (x, y) and g (x, y) are integrable over D then

Ï h i
f (x, y) ± g (x, y) d A =
D
Ï Ï
= f (x, y)d A ± g (x, y)d A.
D D

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 8 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Properties of double integral

30 . If f (x, y) and g (x, y) are integrable over D then

Ï h i
f (x, y) ± g (x, y) d A =
D
Ï Ï
= f (x, y)d A ± g (x, y)d A.
D D

40 . If D is a closed and bounded region, then

Ï
d A = Area of region D.
D

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 8 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Properties of double integral

30 . If f (x, y) and g (x, y) are integrable over D then

Ï h i
f (x, y) ± g (x, y) d A =
D
Ï Ï
= f (x, y)d A ± g (x, y)d A.
D D

40 . If D is a closed and bounded region, then

Ï
d A = Area of region D.
D

50 . Volume of the solid that lies below surface z = f (x, y)

Î
and above the region D is V = D f (x, y)d A.
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 8 / 50
 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Evaluate double integral-iterated integral

E VALUATE DOUBLE INTEGRAL

Î
We shall evaluate integral f (x, y)d xd y, where
D
D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 , a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d }, then

Ï Zb h Zd i
f (x, y)d xd y = f (x, y)d y d x
a
D
|c {z }
fix x as constant

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 9 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Evaluate double integral-iterated integral

E XAMPLE 1.1
Ï
Evaluate I = (3y 2 − x)d A, where
D
D = {(x, y) : 0 É x É 2, 1 É y É 2}.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 10 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Evaluate double integral-iterated integral

E XAMPLE 1.2
Find the volume of the solid lying under elliptic
paraboloid x 2 /4 + y 2 /9 + z = 1 and above the rectangle
R = [−1, 1] × [−2, 2].

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 11 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

D OUBLE I NTEGRALS OVER G ENERAL R EGIONS

The general region D and the rectangle R

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

T HEOREM 1.1 (F UBINI ’ S THEOREM )

If f (x, y) is continuous on a region D : a É x É b,
g 1 (x) É y É g 2 (x), and g 1 (x), g 2 (x) are continuous on [a, b],
then
Ï Z b ·Z g 2 (x) ¸
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d y d x (1)
a g 1 (x)
D

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

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 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

E XAMPLE 1.3
Î
Evaluate (x + 2y)d A, when D is the region bounded by
D
y = 2x 2 and y = 1 + x 2 .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 15 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

E XAMPLE 1.3
Î
Evaluate (x + 2y)d A, when D is the region bounded by
D
y = 2x 2 and y = 1 + x 2 .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 15 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

T HEOREM 1.2
If f (x, y) is continuous on the region D: c É y É d ,
h 1 (y) É x É h 2 (y), and h 1 (y), h 2 (y) are continuous on
[c, d ], then

Ï Z d ·Z h 2 (y) ¸
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d x d y (2)
c h 1 (y)
D

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 16 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 17 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

E XAMPLE 1.4
Î
Evaluate x yd A, where D is the region bounded by
D
y = x − 1 and y 2 = 2x + 6

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 18 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

E XAMPLE 1.4
Î
Evaluate x yd A, where D is the region bounded by
D
y = x − 1 and y 2 = 2x + 6

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 18 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

C HANGE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

E XAMPLE 1.5
Evaluate sin(y 2 )d xd y, where D is triangle whose
Î
D
vertices are (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 19 / 50

 VOLUME OF THE SOLID Double Integrals over General Regions

C HANGE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

E XAMPLE 1.5
Evaluate sin(y 2 )d xd y, where D is triangle whose
Î
D
vertices are (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1).

E XAMPLE 1.6
R1 R1 x 2
Evaluate d y e d x
0 y

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

P OLAR COORDINATES

We use polar coordinates in computing double integral

when region D is circle or a sector of circle.

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

C ONVERT FROM D ECARTES TO P OLAR

x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ
where r ≥ 0, ϕ ∈ [0, 2π] or ϕ ∈ [−π, π]
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 Double integral in polar coordinates

S OME BASIC CONVERT FORMULAS

x2 + y 2 = R2 ⇔ r = R
(
0≤r ≤R
x2 + y 2 ≤ R2 ⇔
0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π
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 Double integral in polar coordinates

x 2 + y 2 = 2R x x 2 + y 2 ≤ 2Rx
⇔ r = 2R cos ϕ

0 ≤ r ≤ 2R cos ϕ
⇔ π π
− ≤ ϕ ≤
2 2
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 23 / 50
 Double integral in polar coordinates

x 2 + y 2 = 2R y x 2 + y 2 ≤ 2R y
⇔ r = 2R sin ϕ
(
0 ≤ r ≤ 2R sin ϕ
⇔
0≤ϕ≤π
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 Double integral in polar coordinates

Assume that we have to find double integral

Î
f (x, y)d xd y where the region D is described in polar
D
coordinates:
D = {(r, ϕ) : a É r É b, α É ϕ É β}

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

Dividing [a, b] into m subintervals [r i −1 , r i ] of equal width

b−a
∆r = . Dividing [α, β] into n subsintervals [ϕ j −1 , ϕ j ]
m
β−α
of equal width ∆ϕ = .
n

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

Dividing [a, b] into m subintervals [r i −1 , r i ] of equal width

b−a
∆r = . Dividing [α, β] into n subsintervals [ϕ j −1 , ϕ j ]
m
β−α
of equal width ∆ϕ = .
n
Taking center point (r i∗ , ϕ∗j ) in polar subrectangle D i j ,
this point has polar coordinates
r i −1 + r i ∗ ϕ j −1 + ϕ j
r i∗ = , ϕj =
2 2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 26 / 50

 Double integral in polar coordinates

Dividing [a, b] into m subintervals [r i −1 , r i ] of equal width

b−a
∆r = . Dividing [α, β] into n subsintervals [ϕ j −1 , ϕ j ]
m
β−α
of equal width ∆ϕ = .
n
Taking center point (r i∗ , ϕ∗j ) in polar subrectangle D i j ,
this point has polar coordinates
r i −1 + r i ∗ ϕ j −1 + ϕ j
r i∗ = , ϕj =
2 2
We compute the area of D i j as the area of a sector of a
circle:
1 1
∆A = S D i j = r i2 .∆ϕ − r i2−1 .∆ϕ =
2 2
1
= (r i + r i −1 )(r i − r i −1 )∆ϕ = r i∗ .∆r.∆ϕ
2
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 Double integral in polar coordinates

In terms of original rectangle, we have:

Ï m X
X n
f (x, y)d xd y = lim f (x i∗ , y ∗j )∆A
m,n→∞
i =1 j =1
D
m X
n
f (r i∗ cos ϕ∗j , r i∗ sin ϕ∗j )r i∗ ∆r ∆ϕ
X
= lim
m,n→∞
i =1 j =1

Zβ Zb
= dϕ f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)r d r
α a

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

T HEOREM 2.1
If f (x, y) is continuous on a polar rectangle
D = {(r, ϕ) : 0 É a É r É b, α É ϕ É β}, where 0 É β − α É 2π,
then
Ï Zβ Zb
f (x, y)d A = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)r d r d ϕ
D α a

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

E XAMPLE 2.1
Ï
Evaluate I = (3x + 4y 2 )d A where
D
D = {(x, y) : 1 É x 2 + y 2 É 4, y Ê 0}.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 29 / 50

 Double integral in polar coordinates

E XAMPLE 2.1
Ï
Evaluate I = (3x + 4y 2 )d A where
D
D = {(x, y) : 1 É x 2 + y 2 É 4, y Ê 0}.

SOLUTION:
Change into polar coordinates x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ,
then rewrite D as

D = {(r, ϕ) : 1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π}
Zπ Z2
I= dϕ (3r cos ϕ + 4r 2 sin2 ϕ)r d r
0 1

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 Double integral in polar coordinates

E XAMPLE 2.2
Ï
Evaluate I = (x + y)d A, where
D
2 2
D : 1 É x + y É 4, y Ê 0, x Ê 0, y Ê x.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 30 / 50

 Double integral in polar coordinates

E XAMPLE 2.2
Ï
Evaluate I = (x + y)d A, where
D
2 2
D : 1 É x + y É 4, y Ê 0, x Ê 0, y Ê x.

S OLUTION
Change into polar coordinates x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ,
then rewrite D as
π π
D = {(r, ϕ) : 1 ≤ r ≤ 2, ≤ ϕ ≤ }
4 2
Zπ/2 Z2
I = d ϕ (cos ϕ + sin ϕ)r 2 d r
π/4 1
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 Double integral in polar coordinates Double integral in general polar region

General polar region D is described as:

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 Double integral in polar coordinates Double integral in general polar region

T HEOREM 2.2
If f (x, y) is continuous on a polar region of the form
D = {(r, ϕ) : α É ϕ É β, h 1 (ϕ) É r É h 2 (ϕ)} then

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 Double integral in polar coordinates Double integral in general polar region

T HEOREM 2.2
If f (x, y) is continuous on a polar region of the form
D = {(r, ϕ) : α É ϕ É β, h 1 (ϕ) É r É h 2 (ϕ)} then
 
Ï Zβ hZ2 (ϕ)

f (x, y)d A =  f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)r d r  d ϕ.

 

D α h 1 (ϕ)

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 Double integral in polar coordinates Double integral in general polar region

E XAMPLE 2.3
Ï
Evaluate I = 2xd A where
D
D = {(x, y) : 2x É x 2 + y 2 É 6x, y É x}.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 33 / 50

 Double integral in polar coordinates Double integral in general polar region

E XAMPLE 2.3
Ï
Evaluate I = 2xd A where
D
D = {(x, y) : 2x É x 2 + y 2 É 6x, y É x}.

S OLUTION
Let: x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, then
π π
D = {(r, ϕ) : 2 cos ϕ ≤ r ≤ 6 cos ϕ, − ≤ϕ≤ }
2 4

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 Double integral in polar coordinates Double integral in general polar region

E XAMPLE 2.3
Ï
Evaluate I = 2xd A where
D
D = {(x, y) : 2x É x 2 + y 2 É 6x, y É x}.

S OLUTION
Let: x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, then
π π
D = {(r, ϕ) : 2 cos ϕ ≤ r ≤ 6 cos ϕ, − ≤ϕ≤ }
2 4
π
Z4 cos ϕ
6Z

I= dϕ 2r 2 cos ϕd r
− π2 2 cos ϕ

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

R ECALL
Volume of the solid S that lies above region D and under
Ï
graph z = f (x, y) is f (x, y)d A
D

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

R ECALL
Volume of the solid S that lies above region D and under
Ï
graph z = f (x, y) is f (x, y)d A
D

E XAMPLE 3.1
Find the volume of the solid S that lies under the plane
3x + 2y − z = 0 and above the region enclosed by the
parabolas y = x 2 and x = y 2 .

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

S OLID IS ENCLOSED BY MANY SURFACES

Find the volume of a general solid S enclosed by many
surfaces. Assume that S lies under the surface
z = f 1 (x, y)(S 1 ) and above the surface z = f 2 (x, y)(S 2 ),
then volume is
Ï
( f 1 (x, y) − f 2 (x, y))d A
D

where D is the projection of S on Ox y plane

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

D ETERMINE PROJECTION
Projection D is determined by following steps:
EP 1) Project all surfaces with equations having only "x"
and "y" onto the xy plane.
EP 2) Project the intersection curve of f 1 (x, y) and f 2 (x, y)
onto the xy plane(if any) by finding f 1 (x, y) = f 2 (x, y).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 36 / 50

 Application of double integral Volume of solid

D ETERMINE PROJECTION
Projection D is determined by following steps:
EP 1) Project all surfaces with equations having only "x"
and "y" onto the xy plane.
EP 2) Project the intersection curve of f 1 (x, y) and f 2 (x, y)
onto the xy plane(if any) by finding f 1 (x, y) = f 2 (x, y).

There are 2 cases:

All equations in Step 1 already generated a closed
region ⇒ equation f 1 (x, y) = f 2 (x, y) is not used.
All equations in Step 1 did not generate closed region
⇒ then equation f 1 (x, y) = f 2 (x, y) is used.

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.2
Find the volume of solid S enclosed by the cylinders
z = x 2 , y = x 2 and the planes z = 0, y = 4.

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.2
Find the volume of solid S enclosed by the cylinders
z = x 2 , y = x 2 and the planes z = 0, y = 4.

S OLUTION
1 Taking 2 equations containing z firstly, they are z = x 2
and z = 0. Since x 2 ≥ 0, so z = x 2 lies above surface
z = 0.

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.2
Find the volume of solid S enclosed by the cylinders
z = x 2 , y = x 2 and the planes z = 0, y = 4.

S OLUTION
1 Taking 2 equations containing z firstly, they are z = x 2
and z = 0. Since x 2 ≥ 0, so z = x 2 lies above surface
z = 0.
2 Projection D of S on x y plane is defined by
y = x 2 , y = 4 (not containing z) (Step 1)and
x 2 = 0 ↔ x = 0 (eliminate z between two
surfaces)(Step 2)
3 Two equations from Step 1 generated closed region
so we don’t need use equation in Step 2.
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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

Volume of solid is:

Ï
V= (x 2 − 0)d x y
D

where D = {(x, y) : −2 ≤ x ≤
2, x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4}
Z2 Z4
V= dx x 2d y
−2 x2

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.3
Find the volume of solid S bounded by
z = x, y = x, x + y = 2, z = 0

S OLUTION
(
z = x(S 1 )
Two equations containing z:
z = 0(S 2 )
(
y = x, x + y = 2
projection D:
x =0

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

S OLUTION
Î
Volume is V = (x − 0)d xd y, where
D
D : y = x, x + y = 2, x = 0. Question: why do we know
that S 1 lies above S 2 ?
Volume of solid is:
Z1 Z2−x
V= dx xd y
0 x

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.4
Find the volume of solid enclosed by the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1, the planes y = z, x = 0, z = 0 in the first octant.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 43 / 50

 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.4
Find the volume of solid enclosed by the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1, the planes y = z, x = 0, z = 0 in the first octant.

SOLUTION
(
z=y
Two equations containg z:
z =0

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

E XAMPLE 3.4
Find the volume of solid enclosed by the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1, the planes y = z, x = 0, z = 0 in the first octant.

SOLUTION
(
z=y
Two equations containg z:
z =0
Projection D on x y plane: x 2 + y 2 = 1, x = 0, first
octant means we take the part satisfying
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0. Then the projection D is bounded
by x 2 + y 2 = 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

SOLUTION
The volume is: Ï
V= (y − 0)d xd y
D

The double integral on region D is more convenient if we

use polar coordinate. Thus

Let x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ

Zπ/2 Z1
V = d ϕ r 2 sin ϕd r
0 0

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 Application of double integral Volume of solid

F IGURE : yellow: x = 0, green with grid: x 2 + y 2 = 1, blue: z = y, red: z = 0

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 Application of double integral Density and mass

D ENSITY AND MASS

Suppose the lamina occupies a region D of the xy-plane

and its density (in units of mass per unit area) at a point
(x, y) in D is given by ρ(x, y). Then the total mass of
lamina is defined by:
Ï
m= ρ(x, y)d A
D

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 Application of double integral Density and mass

S IMILAR APPLICATION
Physicists also consider other types of density that can be
treated in the same manner.
For example, if an electric charge is distributed over a
region D and the charge density (in units of charge per
unit area) is given by σ(x, y) at a point (x, y) in D, then
the total charge Q is given by:
Ï
Q= σ(x, y)d A
D

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 Application of double integral Density and mass

C ENTER OF MASS OF LAMINA

F IND COORDINATES OF CENTER OF MASS (x, y)

Coordinates of center of mass of a lamina occupying the
region D is defined by:
1 1
Ï Ï
x= xρ(x, y)d A, y = yρ(x, y)d A
m m
D D

where m is the total mass of lamina.

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 Application of double integral Density and mass

E XAMPLE 3.5
Electric charge is distributed over the lamina occupying
region 2 ≤px 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 so that the charge density at (x, y) is
σ(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 (C oul umbs/m 2 ). Find the total charge
of the disk.

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 Application of double integral Density and mass

E XAMPLE 3.5
Electric charge is distributed over the lamina occupying
region 2 ≤px 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 so that the charge density at (x, y) is
σ(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 (C oul umbs/m 2 ). Find the total charge
of the disk.

E XAMPLE 3.6
Find the mass of a triangular lamina with vertices
(0, 0), (0, 2), (1, 0) with density mass at each point is
ρ(x, y) = x + y.

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