Double Integral

DOUBLE INTEGRALS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
HoChiMinh City University of Technology

Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 1 / 102

OUTLINE
1 DOUBLE INTEGRALS
2 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
3 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
4 APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
5 DENSITY AND MASS
6 MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS

Double Integrals Volumes
We consider z = f (x, y) defined on a closed rectangle

D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : a É x É b, c É y É d }.
Ω = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 É z É f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D}
Our goal is to find the volume V of the solid Ω.




Double Integrals Definition
Suppose that f (x, y) Ê 0, ∀(x, y) ∈ D.

DEFINITION 1.1
The double integral of f (x, y) over the rectangle D is
Ï m X
X n
f (x, y)d A = lim f (x i∗j , y i∗j )∆x∆y
m,n→∞
i =1 j =1
D
if this limit exists.The function f (x, y) is called

integrable over D.

Double Integrals Some properties of double integrals
SOME PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
10 . If D = D 1 ∪ D 2 , D 1 ∩ D 2 = ; and f (x, y) is integrable

over D then
Ï Ï Ï
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d A + f (x, y)d A
D D1 D2
20 . If f (x, y) is integrable over D then

Ï h i Ï
α f (x, y) d A = α f (x, y)d A
D D

30 . If f (x, y) and g (x, y) are integrable over D then

Ï h i Ï Ï
f (x, y) ± g (x, y) d A = f (x, y)d A ± g (x, y)d A
D D D
40 . If D is a closed and bounded region, then

Ï
SD = dA
D

50 . If D is a symmetric region with respect to x−axis

( y = 0) and f (x, y) = − f (x, −y) then
Ï
f (x, y)d A = 0
D
60 . If D is a symmetric region with respect to y−axis

(x = 0) and f (x, y) = − f (−x, y) then
Ï
f (x, y)d A = 0
D

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates Iterated Integrals
Suppose that f is integrable on the rectangle

Z d
D = [a, b] × [c, d ]. We use the notation f (x, y)d y to
c
mean that x held fixed and f (x, y) is integrable with
respect to y from y = c to y = d . This procedure is
called partial integration with respect to y
Z d
A(x) =
f (x, y)d y
c
Z b Z b ·Z d ¸
⇒ A(x)d x = f (x, y)d y d x.
a a c
This integral is called an iterated integral.

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates Fubini’s Theorem
THEOREM 2.1 (FUBINI’S THEOREM.)

If f is
n continuous on the rectangleo
D = (x, y) ∈ R2 : a É x É b, c É y É d , then
Ï Ï
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d xd y =
D D
Zb Zd Zd Zb
   
=  f (x, y)d y  d x =  f (x, y)d x  d y.

a c c a

PROOF.
If f is positive,
Ï then we can interpret the double
integral f (x, y)d A as the volume V of the solid Ω :
D
Ω = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 É z É f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D}.

But we have another formula for volume Ω

Z b
V= h(x)d x,
a
where h(x) is the area of a cross-section of Ω in the

plane through x perpendicular to Ox. When x is held
constant, h(x) is the area of region bounded by the
curves C : z = f (x, y), z = 0 and c É y É d . Therefore,
Zd
h(x) = f (x, y)d y.
c

So
Zb Zd
 
Ï Z b
f (x, y)d A = V = h(x)d x =  f (x, y)d y  d x.
a
D a c
A similar argument shows that

Zd Zb
 
Ï
f (x, y)d A = V =  f (x, y)d x  d y.
D c a

EXAMPLE 2.1
Ï
Evaluate I = (3y 2 − x)d A, where
D
D = {(x, y) : 0 É x É 2, 1 É y É 2}.

SOLUTION 1.
Z2 Z2
 
Ï
I= (3y 2 − x)d xd y =  (3y 2 − x)d y  d x
D 0 1
Z2 h i y=2 Z2
3
= y −xy dx = [(8 − 2x) − (1 − x)]d x
y=1
0 0
Z2 · 2 ¸2
x
= (−x + 7)d x = − + 7x = 12.
2 0
0

SOLUTION 2.
Z2 Z2
 
Ï
I= (3y 2 − x)d xd y =  (3y 2 − x)d x  d y
D 1 0
Z2 · 2 ¸x=2 Z2
x ¤2
3x y 2 − (6y 2 − 2)d y = 2y 3 − 2y 1
£
= dy =
2 x=0
1 1

NOTE. If f (x, y) = f 1 (x). f 2 (y) then

Zb Zd
 
Ï
f (x, y)d A =  f 1 (x). f 2 (y)d y  d x
D a c
Zb
 d 
Z
= f 1 (x)  f 2 (y)d y  d x
a c
Zb Zd
= f 1 (x)d x. f 2 (y)d y.
a c

EXAMPLE 2.2
Ï
Evaluate I = (sin x cos y)d A, where
D
n π πo
D = (x, y) : 0 É x É , 0 É y É .
2 2
SOLUTION.
Ï Zπ/2 Zπ/2
I= (sin x cos y)d A = sin xd x. cos yd y
D 0 0
h iπ/2 h iπ/2
= − cos x . sin y = 1 × 1 = 1.
0 0

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates Double Integrals over General Regions
DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS
The general region D and the rectangle R

½
f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D
F (x, y) =
0, (x, y) ∈ R\D.
Ï Ï Ï
⇒ F (x, y)d A = F (x, y)d A + F (x, y)d A =
R D R\D
Ï Ï Ï
= f (x, y)d A + 0.d A = f (x, y)d A.
D R\D D

THEOREM 2.2
If f (x, y) is continuous on a region D : a É x É b ,
y 1 (x) É y É y 2 (x), and y 1 (x), y 2 (x) are continuous on
[a, b], then
Ï Z b ·Z y 2 (x) ¸
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d y d x (1)
a y 1 (x)
D


PROOF.
Ï Ï
f (x, y)d A = F (x, y)d A =
D R
Z b ·Z d ¸
= F (x, y)d y d x.
a c
½
f (x, y), y 1 (x) É y É y 2 (x),
F (x, y) =
0, y < y 1 (x) or y > y 2 (x).

Z d Z y 2 (x)
⇒ F (x, y)d y = F (x, y)d y =
c y 1 (x)
Z y 2 (x)
= f (x, y)d y.
y 1 (x)
So Z b ·Z
Ï y 2 (x) ¸
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d y d x.
a y 1 (x)
D

Some types of region D : a É x É b , y 1 (x) É y É y 2 (x)

THEOREM 2.3
If f (x, y) is continuous on the region D : c É y É d ,
x 1 (y) É x É x 2 (y), and x 1 (y), x 2 (y) are continuous on
[c, d ], then
Ï Z d ·Z x 2 (y) ¸
f (x, y)d A = f (x, y)d x d y (2)
c x 1 (y)
D

The Region D : c É y É d , x 1 (y) É x É x 2 (y)

EXAMPLE 2.3
Ï
Evaluate I = xd A, where D is a triangle O AB,
D
O(0, 0), A(1, 1), B (0, 1).

½
0Éx É1
Region D is bounded by Then
x É y É 1.
Z1 Z1 Z1 h i
 
y=1
I =  xd y  d x = xy dx =
y=x
0 x 0
Z1
1
= (x − x 2 )d x = ·
6
0

EXAMPLE 2.4
Ï
x
Evaluate I = e y d A, where D is the region bounded
D
by y 2 = x, x = 0, y = 1.

½
0Éy É1
The region D is bounded by Then
0 É x É y 2.
 2 
Z1 y Z1 h
Z
x
i 2
x x=y
I=  e d x d y =
y y.e y dy =
 
x=0
0 0 0
Z1 ¸1
y2
·
1
y.e y − y d y = ye y − e y −
¡ ¢
= = ·
2 0 2
0

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates Change the Order of Integration
EXAMPLE 2.5
Z 1 Z 1
2
Evaluate I = dy ex d x
0 y
D = {(x, y) : 0 É y É 1, y É x É 1}
⇒ D = {(x, y) : 0 É x É 1, 0 É y É x}
Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates Change the Order of Integration
Z 1
2
It is impossible to evaluate e x d x. Then
y
Z1 Z1 Z1 Zx
x2 2
I= dy e dx = dx ex d y =
0 y 0 0
Z1 Zx Z1 h
 
2
i y=x
x x2
=  e dy dx =
 e y dx =
y=0
0 0 0
Z1 " 2
#1
ex
x2 e −1
= xe d x = = ·
2 2
0 0

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates Definition
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

Ï
Suppose that we evaluate f (x, y)d A. In either case
D
the description of D in terms of rectangular
coordinates it rather complicated, but D is easily
described using polar coordinates.

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates The Polar Coordinates
THE POLAR COORDINATES

The polar coordinates (r, ϕ) of a point are related to
the rectangular coordinates (x, y) by the equations:
y
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 ; tan ϕ =
x
x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ;

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
The region D is described in polar coordinates:
D = {(r, ϕ) : a É r É b, α É ϕ É β}

The center of the polar subrectangle:
D i j = {(r, ϕ) : r i −1 É r É r i , ϕ j −1 É ϕ É ϕ j }
has polar coordinates

1 1
r i∗ = (r i + r i −1 ), ϕ∗j = (ϕ j + ϕ j −1 ).
2 2
We compute the area of D i j as the area of a sector of
a circle:
1 1
S D i j = r i2 .∆ϕ − r i2−1 .∆ϕ
2 2
1
= (r i + r i −1 )(r i − r i −1 )∆ϕ = r i∗ .∆r.∆ϕ
2
So a typical Riemann sum is
m X
n
f (r i∗ cos ϕ∗j , r i∗ sin ϕ∗j )S D i j
X
i =1 j =1
m X
n
f (r i∗ cos ϕ∗j , r i∗ sin ϕ∗j )r i∗ .∆r.∆ϕ
X
=
i =1 j =1
If we write g (r, ϕ) = r f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ), then the

Riemann sum can be written as:
m X
n
g (r i∗ , ϕ∗j ).∆r.∆ϕ.
X
i =1 j =1


This is a Riemann sum for the double integral

Ï Z βZ b
g (r, ϕ)d A r ϕ = g (r, ϕ)d r d ϕ.
Dr ϕ α a
Therefore, we have
Ï n
m X
f (r i∗ cos ϕ∗j , r i∗ sin ϕ∗j )S D i j
X
f (x, y)d xd y = lim
m,n→∞
i =1 j =1
D
m X
n Z βZ b
g (r i∗ , ϕ∗j ).∆r.∆ϕ = g (r, ϕ)d r d ϕ
X
= lim
m,n→∞ α a
i =1 j =1
Z βZ b
= f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)r d r d ϕ
α a

CHANGE TO POLAR COORDINATES IN DOUBLE

INTEGRAL
THEOREM 3.1
If f (x, y) is continuous on a polar rectangle
D = {(r, ϕ) : 0 É a É r É b, α É ϕ É β}, where 0 É β − α É 2π,
then
Ï Zβ Zb
f (x, y)d A = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)r d r d ϕ
D α a

EXAMPLE 3.1
Ï
Evaluate I = (3x + 4y 2 )d A where
D
D = (x, y) : 1 É x 2 + y 2 É 4, y Ê 0 .
© ª

Letting x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, the region D can be

described as
D = {(r, ϕ) : 1 É r É 2, 0 É ϕ É π}.
Zπ Z2
(3r cos ϕ + 4r 2 sin2 ϕ)r d r d ϕ
£ ¤
I=
0 1
Zπ Z2
 
=  (3r 2 cos ϕ + 4r 3 sin2 ϕ)d r  d ϕ

0 1

Z π£ ¤r =2
= r 3 cos ϕ + r 4 sin2 ϕ r =1
dϕ
0
Zπ
= (7 cos ϕ + 15 sin2 ϕ)d ϕ
0
Zπ · ¸
15
= 7 cos ϕ + (1 − cos 2ϕ) d ϕ
2
0
· ¸π
15 15 15π
= 7 sin ϕ + ϕ − sin 2ϕ = ·
2 4 0 2

EXAMPLE 3.2
Ï
Evaluate I = (x + y)d A, where
D
D : 1 É x 2 + y 2 É 4, y Ê 0, x Ê 0, y Ê x.

Letting x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, the region D can be

( π π
É ϕ É
described as 4 2
1É r
Zπ/2 Z2
 
I =  (r cos ϕ + r sin ϕ)r d r  d ϕ =

π/4 1

Zπ/2·
¢ r 3 r =2
¸
cos ϕ + sin ϕ dϕ =
¡
=
3 r =1
π/4
Zπ/2
7 7
cos ϕ + sin ϕ d ϕ = ·
¡ ¢
=
3 3
π/4

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates Double Integrals over General Region D in Polar Coordinates
½
f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D
F (x, y) =
0, (x, y) ∈ R\D.

THEOREM 3.2
If f (x, y) is continuous on a polar region of the form
D = {(r, ϕ) : α É ϕ É β, r 1 (ϕ) É r É r 2 (ϕ)} then
 
Ï Zβ rZ2 (ϕ)
f (x, y)d A = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)r d r  d ϕ.

 

D α r 1 (ϕ)

EXAMPLE 3.3
Ï
Evaluate 2xd A where
D
D = {(x, y) : 2x É x 2 + y 2 É 6x, y É x}.

Since 2x É x 2 + y 2 É 6x then we have

(x − 1)2 + y 2 Ê 1
½
(x − 3)2 + y 2 É 9
Letting x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ and then substituting

into the inequalities 2x É x 2 + y 2 É 6x, we get
2r cos ϕ É r 2 É 6r cos ϕ ⇔ 2 cos ϕ É r É 6 cos ϕ.
Substituting into the inequality

£ π π¤
y É x, we get
r sin ϕ É r cos ϕ where ϕ ∈ − 2 , 2 . Therefore,
tan ϕ É 1 ⇒ ϕ É π4 ·

So, the region D is described as

( π π
−Éϕ É
2 4
2 cos ϕ É r É 6 cos ϕ.
 
Zπ/4 cos ϕ
6Z
I= 2r cos ϕ.r d r  d ϕ
 

−π/2 2 cos ϕ
Zπ/4 · ¸r =6 cos ϕ
2r 3
= cos ϕ. dϕ
3 r =2 cos ϕ
−π/2

Zπ/4 µ
2 × 216 cos3 ϕ 2 × 8 cos3 ϕ
¶
= cos ϕ · − cos ϕ · dϕ
3 3
−π/2
Zπ/4 ¶ Zπ/4 µ
416 4 3 1416 1
= cos ϕd ϕ =+ cos 2ϕ + cos 4ϕ d ϕ
3 8 2 3 8
−π/2 −π/2
· ¸π/4
416 3 1 1 104
= ϕ + sin 2ϕ + sin 4ϕ = 39π + ·
3 8 4 32 −π/2 3

Applications of Double Integrals The Area of the Region D
APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
THEOREM 4.1
The Area of the Region D can be found by the formula
Ï
SD = 1.d A (3)
D

EXAMPLE 4.1
Evaluate the area of the region D bounded by
y = (x + 1)2 , x = y − y 3 , x = −1, y = −1.

We divide the region D into 2 subregions D 1 and D 2
SD = SD1 + SD2
½
0 Éy É1
The region D 1 : p
−1 + y É x É y − y 3.
 3

Z1 y−y Z1 h i
x=y−y 3
Z
SD1 = d x d y = x p dy
 

x=−1+ y
p
0 −1+ y 0
Z1 · 2 ¸1
¡ 3 p ¢ y y4 2y 3/2 7
= y − y +1− y dy = − +y− = ·
2 4 3 0 12
0

½
−1 É y É 0
The region D 2 :
−1 É x É y − y 3 .
 3

Z0 y−y Z0 h i
x=y−y 3
Z
SD2 =  d x d y = x dy
 
x=−1
−1 −1 −1
Z0 ¸0
y2 y4
·
¡ 3
¢ 3
= y − y +1 dy = − +y = .
2 4 −1 4
−1
7 3 4
Therefore, S D = S D 1 + S D 2 = + = ·
12 4 3

EXAMPLE 4.2
Evaluate the area of the region
n π π o
D = (r, ϕ) : − É ϕ É , 0 É r É cos 2ϕ
4 4

Zπ/4
 cos 2ϕ 
Ï Z
SD = d xd y =  rdr dϕ
D −π/4 0
Zπ/4 · ¸r =cos 2ϕ Zπ/4
1 2 1
= ·r dϕ = cos2 2ϕd ϕ
2 r =0 2
−π/4 −π/4
Zπ/4 ¸π/4
π
·
1 1 1
= (1 + cos 4ϕ)d ϕ = · ϕ + sin 4ϕ = ·
4 4 4 −π/4 8
−π/4

Applications of Double Integrals The Volume of the Solid
THEOREM 4.2
If f (x, y) Ê 0, ∀(x, y) ∈ D, then the volume V of the solid
Ω that lies above the region D and below the surface
z = f (x, y) is
Ï
V= f (x, y)d A (4)
D


EXAMPLE 4.3
Find the volume of the tetrahedron Ω bounded by
z = 0, x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y, x = 0.

The tetrahedron Ω lies

1
under the surface z = 2 − x − 2y
2
above the surface z = 0,
3
the projection D of the tetrahedron onto the Ox y
is bounded by x = 2y, x = 0 and the intersection of
z = 2 − x − 2y and Ox y : z = 0.
The planes z = 2 − x − 2y and Ox y : z = 0 intersect in
the line
½ ½
z =0 z =0
⇔
z = 2 − x − 2y 2 − x − 2y = 0

Z1
 1−x/2 
Ï Z
V= (2 − x − 2y)d A =  (2 − x − 2y)d y  d x =
D 0 x/2
Z1
¤ y=1−x/2
2y − x y − y 2
£
= y=x/2
dx =
0
Z1 h ³
x´ ³ x´ ³ x ´2 i
= 2 1− −x 1− − 1− dx
2 2 2
0
Z1 ·µ
x x x2
¶¸
1
− 2· −x · − dx = ·
2 2 4 3
0
EXAMPLE 4.4
Evaluate the volume of the solid bounded by
y = 1 + x 2 , z = 3x, y = 5, z = 0 (where x > 0)

The solid Ω lies

1
under the surface z = 3x
2
above the surface z = 0,
3
the projection D of the solid onto the Ox y is
bounded by y = 1 + x 2 , y = 5, x = 0.

So, the volume V of the solid Ω is

Z2 Z5
 
Ï
V= (3x − 0)d A =  3xd y  d x =
D 0 1+x 2
Z2 h i y=5
= 3x y dx =
y=1+x 2
0
Z2
3x.5 − 3x(1 + x 2 ) d x = 12.
£ ¤
=
0

EXAMPLE 4.5
Evaluate the volume V of the solid Ω bounded by
z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and z = 0.

Substituting z = 0 into the equation of paraboloid

z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 , we get x 2 + y 2 = 1. It means that the
plane z = 0 intersects the paraboloid in the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 1.
Therefore, the solid Ω lies
1
under the paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 ,
2
above the plane z = 0
3
the projection D of the solid Ω onto the Ox y is the
disk x 2 + y 2 É 1.
Let x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ,
D = {(r, ϕ) : 0 É ϕ É 2π, 0 É r É 1}

The volume V of the solid Ω is

Ï
V= (1 − x 2 − y 2 )d A =
D
Z2π Z1 Z2π· 2
 
4 ¸r =1
2 r r
=  (1 − r ).r d r  d ϕ = − dϕ =
2 4 r =0
0 0 0
Z2π ¸2π
π
·
1 1 1
= dϕ = ·ϕ = · 2π = ·
4 4 0 4 2
0

EXAMPLE 4.6
Evaluate the volume V of the solid Ω that lies under
the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 , and above the circular
region in the x y−plane x 2 + y 2 = 2x.

Substituting x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ into the equation

x 2 + y 2 = 2x, we get r 2 = 2r cos ϕ ⇒ r = 2 cos ϕ.
n π π o
D = (r, ϕ) : − É ϕ É , 0 É r É 2 cos ϕ
2 2

 2 cos ϕ
Zπ/2

Ï Z
V= (x 2 + y 2 )d A =  r 2 .r d r  d ϕ =
D −π/2 0
Zπ/2 · ¸r =2 cos ϕ Zπ/2

r4
= dϕ = 4 cos4 ϕd ϕ =
4 r =0
−π/2 −π/2
· ¸π/2
3 1 3π
= ϕ + sin 2ϕ + sin 4ϕ = ·
2 8 −π/2 2

THEOREM 4.3
The volume V of the solid that lies under the surface
z = f 2 (x, y), and above the surface z = f 1 (x, y), is
Ï h i
V= f 2 (x, y) − f 1 (x, y) d A (5)
D
where D is the projection of Ω onto the x y−plane.


EXAMPLE 4.7
Evaluate the volume of the solid bounded by
y = x, y = 2x, x = 1, z = x 2 + y 2 , z = x 2 + 2y 2 .

The solid Ω is bounded by

1
the upper boundary z = x 2 + 2y 2 ,
2
the lower boundary z = x 2 + y 2 ,
3
the projection D of the solid onto the x y−plane is
bounded by y = x, y = 2x, x = 1.

⇒ D = {(x, y) : 0 É x É 1, x É y É 2x}.

The volume V of the solid Ω is

Ï h i
2 2 2 2
V= (x + 2y ) − (x + y ) d A =
D
Z1 Z2x Z1 · 3 ¸ y=2x
 
y
=  y 2d y  d x = dx =
3 y=x
0 x 0
Z1 · Z1 3 · 4 ¸1
8x 3 x 3
¸
7x 7x 7
= − dx = dx = = ·
3 3 3 12 0 12
0 0

EXAMPLE 4.8
Evaluate the solid bounded by 2x + z = 2 and
(x − 1)2 + y 2 = z.
We need to determine between 2 surfaces z = 2 − 2x

and z = (x − 1)2 + y 2 which one is upper boundary and
which one is lower boundary. Consider the
inequality
2 − 2x Ê (x − 1)2 + y 2 ⇔ x 2 + y 2 É 1.
We receive that x 2 + y 2 É 1 is a closed and bounded

region so this inequality is true.

The solid Ω is bounded by

1
the upper boundary z = 2 − 2x,
2
the lower boundary z = (x − 1)2 + y 2 .

In order to determine the projection of the solid Ω

onto the Ox y, we find the intersection of z = 2 − 2x
and z = (x − 1)2 + y 2 and then find the projection of
this intersection onto the Ox y.
½ ½
z = 2 − 2x z = 2 − 2x
2 2 ⇔
z = (x − 1) + y 2 − 2x = (x − 1)2 + y 2
½
z = 2 − 2x
⇔
x2 + y 2 = 1
Therefore, the projection D is x 2 + y 2 É 1

⇒ D = {(r, ϕ) : 0 É ϕ É 2π, 0 É r É 1}.
Ï h
£ 2 2
¤i
V= (2 − 2x) − (x − 1) + y d A =
D
Z2π Z1
 
Ï
1 − x 2 − y 2 d A =  (1 − r 2 )r d r  d ϕ =
¡ ¢
=
D 0 0
Z2π· ¸r =1 Z2πµ ¶
r2 r4 1 1 £ ¤2π
= − dϕ = dϕ = · ϕ 0 =
2 4 r =0 4 4
0 0
π
= ·
2

Applications of Double Integrals Surface Area
THEOREM 4.4
The area of the surface z = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D , where f x′
and f y′ are continuous, is
Ï r
¡ ¢2 ³ ´2
S= 1 + f x′ + f y′ d A (6)
D


EXAMPLE 4.9
Find the surface area of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9.

Since the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 can be divided into 2

parts, which have the same area, then the area of the
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 is
Ï r
¡ ¢2 ³ ´2
S = 2. 1 + f x′ + f y′ d xd y,
D
p
where z = f (x, y) = 9 − x 2 − y 2.
D = {(x, y) : x 2 + y 2 É 9}
Letting x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, we get
D = {(r, ϕ) : 0 É r É 3, 0 É ϕ É 2π}.

v
Ï u Ã !2 Ã !2
u x y
S = 2. t1 + −
p + −p d xd y =
9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2
D
Z2π Z3
 
3
= 2.  p rdr dϕ =
9−r2
0 0
Z2πh p ir =3
= 2. −3 9−r2 dϕ =
r =0
0
Z2π
£ ¤2π
= 2. 9d ϕ = 18. ϕ 0 = 18.2π = 36π.
0
EXAMPLE 4.10
Find the surface area of the part of the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 that lies inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 2y.


Since the part of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 that lies

inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 2y, can be divided into 2
parts, which have the same area, thus the required
surface area is
Ï r
¡ ¢2 ³ ´2
S = 2. 1 + f x′ + f y′ d A,
D
p
where z = f (x, y) = 4 − x 2 − y 2,
D = {(x, y) : x 2 + y 2 É 2y} = {(x, y) : x 2 + (y − 1)2 É 1}
Letting x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, we get

D = {(r, ϕ) : 0 É r É 2 sin ϕ, 0 É ϕ É π}.
v
Ï u Ã !2 Ã !2
u x y
S = 2. t1 + −
p + −p dA
4 − x2 − y 2 4 − x2 − y 2
D
sin ϕ
 
Zπ 2Z Zπ h p ir =2 sin ϕ
2
=2 p rdr dϕ = 2 −2 4 − r 2 dϕ
 

4−r2 r =0
0 0 0
Zπ µ q ¶
=2 −4 1 − sin ϕ + 4 d ϕ
2
0
Zπ/2 Zπ
=2 (−4 cos ϕ + 4)d ϕ + 2 (4 cos ϕ + 4)d ϕ
0 π/2
h iπ/2 h iπ
= 2. − 4 sin ϕ + 4ϕ + 2. 4 sin ϕ + 4ϕ = 8π − 16.
0 π/2

Density and Mass
DENSITY AND MASS
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D of the

x y−plane and its density (in units of mass per unit
area) at a point (x, y) in D is given by ρ(x, y), where ρ
is a continuous function on D .
∆m
ρ(x, y) = lim
∆A
where ∆m and ∆A are the mass and the area of a
small rectangle that contains (x, y) and the limits is
taken as the dimensions of the rectangle approach 0.

Density and Mass
The total mass m of the lamina is given by the

double integral over D
Ï
m= ρ(x, y)d A
D
We can also consider other types of density that can

be treated in the same manner.
If an electric charge is distributed over a region D
and the charge density (in units of charge per unit
area) is given by σ(x, y) at a point (x, y) in D , then the
total charge Q is given by
Ï
Q= σ(x, y)d A
D
Density and Mass
EXAMPLE 5.1
Charge is distributed over the triangular region D
with vertices (1, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 1) so that the charge
density at (x, y) is σ(x, y) = x y , measured in coulombs
per square meter (C /m 2 ). Find the total charge.
5
Answer: Q = C
24

Moments and Centers of Mass
MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS

Suppose the lamina occupies a region D and has
density function ρ(x, y). We defined the moment of a
particle about an axis as the product of its mass and
its directed distance from the axis.
The moment of the entireÏ lamina about the x -axis:
Mx = yρ(x, y)d A
D
Similarly, the moment of the entire lamina about the
y -axis: Ï
My = xρ(x, y)d A
D
The center of mass (x 0 , y 0 ) is defined so that mx 0 = M y

and m y 0 = M x . The physical significance is that the
lamina behaves as if its entire mass is concentrated
at its center of mass. Thus the lamina balances
horizontally when supported at its center of mass.
My
1
Ï
x0 = = xρ(x, y)d A
m m
D
My
1
Ï
y0 = = yρ(x, y)d A
m m
D
ρ(x, y)d A
Î
where the mass m is given by m =
D

EXAMPLE 6.1
Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular
lamina with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 2) if the
density function is ρ(x, y) = 1 + 3x + y .
Solution. The mass of the lamina is

Z1 2−2x
8
Ï Z
m= ρ(x, y)d A = (1 + 3x + y)d yd x =
3
D 0 0

Z1 2−2x
1 3 3
Ï Z
x0 = xρ(x, y)d A = (1 + 3x + y)xd yd x =
m 8 8
D 0 0
Z 2−2x
1
1 3 11
Ï Z
y0 = yρ(x, y)d A = (1 + 3x + y)yd yd x = .
m 8 16
D 0 0
µ ¶
3 11
The center of mass is at the point ,
8 16

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Double Integral

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

HoChiMinh City University of Technology

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 1 / 102

2 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

3 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

4 APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

5 DENSITY AND MASS

6 MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 2 / 102

We consider z = f (x, y) defined on a closed rectangle

Ω = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 É z É f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D}

Our goal is to find the volume V of the solid Ω.

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 3 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 4 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 5 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 6 / 102

Suppose that f (x, y) Ê 0, ∀(x, y) ∈ D.

if this limit exists.The function f (x, y) is called

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 7 / 102

SOME PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

10 . If D = D 1 ∪ D 2 , D 1 ∩ D 2 = ; and f (x, y) is integrable

20 . If f (x, y) is integrable over D then

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 8 / 102

30 . If f (x, y) and g (x, y) are integrable over D then

40 . If D is a closed and bounded region, then

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 9 / 102

50 . If D is a symmetric region with respect to x−axis

60 . If D is a symmetric region with respect to y−axis

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 10 / 102

Suppose that f is integrable on the rectangle

This integral is called an iterated integral.

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 11 / 102

THEOREM 2.1 (FUBINI’S THEOREM.)

=  f (x, y)d y  d x =  f (x, y)d x  d y.

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 12 / 102

Ω = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 É z É f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D}.

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 13 / 102

But we have another formula for volume Ω

where h(x) is the area of a cross-section of Ω in the

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 14 / 102

A similar argument shows that

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 15 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 16 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 17 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 18 / 102

NOTE. If f (x, y) = f 1 (x). f 2 (y) then

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 19 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 20 / 102

DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS

The general region D and the rectangle R

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 21 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 22 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 23 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 24 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 25 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 26 / 102

Some types of region D : a É x É b , y 1 (x) É y É y 2 (x)

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 27 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 28 / 102

The Region D : c É y É d , x 1 (y) É x É x 2 (y)

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 30 / 102

(HCMUT-OISP) DOUBLE INTEGRALS 31 / 102