YOUR

GRAMMAR
GRAMÁTICA PRÁTICA DE INGLÊS
Ensino Secundário 10.º · 11.º · 12.º

M.a Manuela Sottomayor Oo

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 Introduction

A língua inglesa encontra-se amplamente espalhada por todo o mundo.

Numa era de globalização cada vez mais acentuada, de amplos e generalizados

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intercâmbios, a língua inglesa é e será o instrumento de comunicação por excelência. Para
as novas gerações a língua inglesa será certamente um instrumento indispensável na sua
vida pessoal e profissional.

“Brush up your Grammar” foi pensado para promover a aquisição das competências
necessárias e indispensáveis – definidas pelo programa da disciplina – ao sucesso dos
alunos do Ensino Secundário, pretendendo constituir-se como um instrumento facilitador
do trabalho individual e da resolução de dificuldades específicas, através da apresentação
e do treino dos aspetos mais importantes da estrutura da língua.

O aluno poderá, assim, estudar com ânimo e confiança. As explicações são claras e os
exercícios, devidamente adaptados, são acompanhados das respetivas soluções: poderá e
deverá consultá-las sempre, para obter a confirmação ou para perceber o erro cometido e
descobrir a resposta certa.

“Brush up your Grammar” pretende estar perto das dificuldades dos alunos e ajudar a
construir para cada um o sucesso desejado.

A Autora

Contents

CHAPTER 1 – Word formation

Noun formation 4 Adjective formation 14
Compound nouns 8 Verb formation 19

CHAPTER 2 – Nouns
Partitives 24 Collective nouns 29
Countable and uncountable nouns 28 The genitive 31

CHAPTER 3 – Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns 38 The uses of that 45
Reciprocal pronouns 41 Relative clauses with prepositional verbs 48
Impersonal pronouns 42 Non-defining relative clauses 52
Relative pronouns 43 Non-defining relative clauses referring to a
Defining relative clauses 43 complete sentence 53

CHAPTER 4 – Determiners
Articles 60 Quantifiers 65
Omission of the article 61

I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 7 2 - 0 - 019 2 8 - 8

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 CHAPTER 5 – Adjectives
Irregular comparatives and superlatives 70 So / Such + adjective (+ that) 78
Position and order of adjectives 75

CHAPTER 6 – Adverbs
Position of adverbs 80 Comparative and superlative adverbs 94
Order of adverbs 83 Double comparative 94
Inversion of subject and verb Adverb clauses of result 97
after certain adverbs 89

CHAPTER 7 – Verbs
Auxiliary and main verbs 98 Present perfect 118
Uses of auxiliary verbs 98 Present perfect continuous 127
Verb moods 99 Past perfect 132
Verb tenses 100 Past perfect continuous 136
Present simple 101 Future 139
Present continuous 105 Future continuous 148
Past simple 110 Future perfect 151
Past continuous 114 Modal expressions of future 153

CHAPTER 8 – The subjunctive

 tructure of the subjunctive
S 156  egative, continuous and passive forms
N
Verbs and expressions followed by the of the subjunctive 159
subjunctive 157

CHAPTER 9 – Infinitive and gerund

 erund (-ing form)
G 162 To-infinitive 181
Infinitive without to 177

CHAPTER 10 – Prepositions
Prepositions 192  djective + preposition
A 207
Prepositional phrases 198 Prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs 208

CHAPTER 11 – Passive voice

Passive tenses 224 Be going to 233
Present simple 226 Have to 234
Past simple 227 No agent 235
Present perfect 228 Modal verbs 236
Past perfect 229  assive voice of verbs with two objects
P 239
Present continuous 230 Personal and impersonal passive 245
Past continuous 231 The causative use of have and get 248
Future simple 232

CHAPTER 12 – Reported speech

 eporting statements
R 252  eporting commands, prohibitions and
R
Reporting questions 262 requests 271
Reporting verbs 267

CHAPTER 13 – If clauses
If clauses - types 0 and 1 274 Unless 289
I f clauses - types 2 and 3 274 Expressing wish, regret and other
If clauses with modal verbs 283 hypothetical meanings 293
Inversion in conditional sentences 284

CHAPTER 14 – Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions 296 Subordinating conjunctions 303
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 orrelative conjunctions
C 301

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS 320

KEY TO EXERCISES 322

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 7 Verbs · Verb tenses · Past perfect continuous

Past perfect continuous

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Had + been + present participle (-ing form)

O past perfect continuous:

• é a forma passada do present perfect continuous;
• usa-se com as expressões de tempo: how long, since, for;
• exprime continuidade e prolongamento da ação no passado.
Ex.: I had been working for two hours and so I was tired. (Eu tinha estado a trabalhar…)

160 Now you are going to put the verbs within brackets in the past perfect
continuous.

1. We (dream).

2. He (run) very fast.

3. They (play) football.

4. I (work) very hard.

5. They (not / wash) the car.

6. You (live) in this house.

7. It (rain) cats and dogs.

8. I (try) to telephone you for hours.

9. They (not / expect) me to arrive.

10. We (not / walk) along the main road for more than ten minutes.

11. They (not / eat) sweets.

12. (she / not / wait) for me for a long time?

161 Complete using the past perfect or the past perfect continuous.
(Por vezes ambas as formas são aceitáveis.)

1. I asked him what he (do) all afternoon.

2. The old lady (already / die) when the doctor arrived.

3. He (work) in a factory for years before he got this job.

4. I (knock) for five minutes when he opened the door.

5. She went back to the shop because she (leave) the wallet there.

6. She (wait) for half an hour when the secretary called her.
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 Verbs · Verb tenses · Past perfect continuous 7
7. He was very angry because they (read) his letter.

8. We (stand) at the bus stop for twenty minutes when the bus
came.

9. I couldn’t see the manager because I (not / make) an

appointment.

10. After we (pack) our suitcases, we left the hotel.

11. I assured her I (turn off) the lights before I went to bed.

12. The farmers (work) the land for nearly a month when it finally
began to rain.

13. I (nearly / reach) the gate when suddenly I heard a scream.

14. A short time before we came, (there to be) a quarrel.

15. The orchestra (play) for about ten minutes when I entered.

16. Newspapers claimed that those people (die) because of the

bombing.

17. He (look for) his cigarette lighter since early morning but he
couldn’t find it.

18. We (walk) for about twenty minutes when a car stopped and the
driver offered us a lift.

162 Build up sentences with the correct word order.

The verb should go into the past perfect continuous.

1. hard / they / very / to work.

2. heavily / to drink / he.

3. not / it / they / to expect.

4. minutes / we / for / to knock / five.

5. to cry / not / she?

6. they / to wait / how long?

7. you / to do / there / what?

8. to speak / who / with / she?

9. on / girls / to write / the / what / blackboard / the?

10. all / to draw / afternoon / you?

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11. in / a / I / to work / shoe factory.

12. to think / about / a new car / we / buying.

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 14 Conjunctions
As conjunções:

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• são partículas gramaticais invariáveis;
• podem ser uma só palavra (and, but, or), uma locução (as long as, provided
that) ou um correlativo (so… that);
• juntam duas palavras ou orações.

As conjunções podem ser coordenativas ou subordinativas.

Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions

and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so... although, because, since, unless...

Coordinating conjunctions
As conjunções coordenativas unem duas partes de uma frase (simples palavras
ou orações) que são gramaticalmente iguais ou similares. Os elementos que unem
têm a mesma importância e estrutura na frase.
As conjunções coordenativas são colocadas entre as partes da frase (palavras
ou orações) que unem.
Ex.: I like tea and coffee.
Tom likes tea, but Ben likes coffee.
He wants to be an engineer, so he’s studying Maths at the university.

Quando a conjunção coordenativa liga duas orações é correto utilizar-se uma vírgula antes da conjunção.

As conjunções coordenativas mais usuais são:

and or for nor so but yet

Estas conjunções fazem parte do conjunto de 100 palavras mais utilizadas da língua inglesa! Mas as mais
utilizadas (e, por isso, no top 30) são and, but e or.

for mostrar razão/objetivo They didn’t go, for it was snowing.

and unir itens/ideias não contrastantes They do karate and they run on
weekends.
nor unir itens/ideias negativas não They don’t drink nor do they smoke.
contrastantes
but mostrar contraste/exceção They smoke but they don’t drink.

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 Conjunctions · Coordinating conjunctions 14

or mostrar alternativa Everybody runs or rides a bike.

yet mostrar contraste/exceção They eat fish, yet they don’t eat meat.
so mostrar uma consequência He passed the exam, so he went out with
his friends to celebrate.

For tem um sentido semelhante a because.

290 Choose the correct coordinating conjunction.

1. The night is chilly Anne is not cold. (so / for / but)

2. She had dark hair sparkling eyes. (yet / and / or)

3. I’ve eaten dinner I’m not hungry. (so / yet / nor)

4. Don’t tell him about his birthday party you’ll spoil the surprise.
(but / or / so)

5. I wanted to give her the new jacket she likes I gave it up because it
was too expensive. (but / not / and)

6. The job cannot be done by you by me by anyone

else. (or / for / nor)

7. I don’t know all the members the team. (for / of / so)

8. Did you didn’t you go there? (or / and / nor)

9. Here are some new chairs the office. (of / but / for)

10. We can’t understand anything they are Chinese. (so / but / for)

11. He is a strange boy, everybody likes him. (for / so / yet)

12. I had a headache, I went to bed. (so / for / yet)

13. The weather was warm: neither cold hot. (but / or / nor)

14. She isn’t a clever girl, you can’t help liking her. (so / yet / and)

15. They started to shout sing. (but / nor / and)

16. I’m busy today, can you come tomorrow? (so / or / and)

17. He would like to go, he can’t. (and / so / but)

18. The food wasn’t cheap, was it good. (or / nor / and)

19. He can’t be ill, he wouldn’t have come. (and / or / yet)

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20. We must start early, we have a long way to go. (yet / for / so)

21. My dog loves going to the vet, hates it when they give him a bath.
(for / but / or)
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