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Global Media
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Submission Date
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................4
1.0 General Introduction.........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background and Context...................................................................................................................4
1.2 Research Rationale............................................................................................................................4
1.3 Thesis Statement...............................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................6
2.0 Evolution of Global Media from Traditional Print to Digital Age........................................................6
2.1 Theories and Concepts......................................................................................................................6
2.2 Major Players and Trends..................................................................................................................6
2.3 Impact on Society, Culture and Politics..............................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................8
3.1 Research Approach............................................................................................................................8
3.2 Data Collection..................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Sampling Strategy..............................................................................................................................8
3.4 Data Analysis.....................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................9
4.1 Global Media Land Scape...................................................................................................................9
4.1.1 An overview of the Major Global Media Companies and their Holdings....................................9
4.1.2 Comparison of media systems in different regions.....................................................................9
4.1.3 Technological Influence..............................................................................................................9
4.2 Global Media Content........................................................................................................................9
4.2.1 Analyzing global news reporting and potential biases in international media outlets................9
4.3 Global Media and Politics................................................................................................................10
4.3.1 How global media influences international politics, diplomacy, and cross-border relations....10
4.3.2 The role of global media in shaping public perceptions, political behavior, and policy decisions
on a global scale................................................................................................................................10
4.4 Global Media and Culture................................................................................................................10
4.4.1 How global media impacts cultural dynamics, including homogenization and hybridization...10
4.4.2 The globalization of entertainment and its consequences on local cultures, identity, and
consumption patterns.......................................................................................................................11
4.5 Challenges and Controversies..........................................................................................................11
4.5.1 Media censorship, press freedom, and government control in the global media landscape....11
4.5.2 Ethical Concerns.......................................................................................................................12
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4.5.3 Misinformation.........................................................................................................................12
4.6 Future Trends in Global Media........................................................................................................13
4.6.1 Emerging Technologies.............................................................................................................13
4.6.2 The evolving landscape of global media regulation, including international agreements, legal
frameworks, and industry self-regulation..........................................................................................13
4.6.3 Potential changes in the global media industry's power dynamics, considering emerging
players, regional influences, and evolving market trends..................................................................13
5.0 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................14
6.0 References...........................................................................................................................................15
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 General Introduction
The United States and other world powers are more "newsworthy" than others, according

to a study of international news flow that focuses on country salience. According to Guo, &

Vargo, (2020), experts suggest this supremacy should also be used to forecast global news

circulation. News organizations around the world should pay more attention to strong, capitalist

economies and less to those that are struggling (Guo, & Vargo., 2020). Scholars have found that

variables other than economics, such as cultural and geographical proximity, can play a role in

propelling worldwide news flow.

1.1 Background and Context

The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not the global media system has

any underlying structure and also check its impact in the society. This research therefore

contributes to the current research by making three suggestions that improve the forecasting of

global news flow. In the first place, Guo and Vargo's (2020) research suggests that not just

attention but also influence - the power to change international debate - be measured. Second, the

degree to which something is noticed or has an effect varies depending on the cause. Third, the

global dissemination of news is a network in which countries and their news media compete with

one another for audience and influence.

1.2 Research Rationale

The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not the global media system has

any underlying impact on the society. We contribute to the current research by making three

suggestions that improve the forecasting of global news flow.

1.3 Thesis Statement

In the contemporary world, most news has been propagated not by their actuality that is

measured by impact and influence but based on the powers held by a country. The purpose of
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this research therefore aims at comprehensively exploring the predictors of international news

flow.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Evolution of Global Media from Traditional Print to Digital Age
Before Johannes Gutenberg invented the moveable type printing machine in the 15th

century, every copy of a book had to be painstakingly handwritten. The invention of the printing

press allowed for the rapid dissemination of printed materials. It became significantly less

expensive to produce written material as new transportation technologies made it much easier for

texts to reach a large audience as said by Stoldt, (2021). The impact of Gutenberg's invention on

the emergence of major cultural shifts like the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation

cannot be overstated. Notably, the proliferation of daily newspapers coincided with this

increasing productivity.

2.1 Theories and Concepts

The Agenda Setting theory represents one theory that is applicable to the research topic.

As indicated by Valenzuela, (2019), In contrast to the extreme claims of the direct effects model,

the agenda-setting theory of the media asserts that mass media establish the issues that matter to

the public. It postulates that issues that receive extensive coverage in the media will inevitably

spark widespread discussion and requests for reform. Symbolic Interactionism represents another

major theory that will be used in regard to shaping this research. This theory asserts that one's

sense of self arises and evolves in response to interactions with others. This means that the

meaning one assigns to a person or object determines how they behave towards them

(Miyamoto, 2023).

2.2 Major Players and Trends

One of the key major player and trend is the digitization of news paper and magazines.

According to Stoldt, (2021), significant changes are occurring in the newspaper and magazine

industry as a result of the rise of digital technologies. Additionally, big data driving growth

represents another major player and trend that is moving the global media with a thunderstorm.
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2.3 Impact on Society, Culture and Politics

There have been many positive effects from these types of global media have had on the

society. As said by Colomina, et al., (2021), global media has enabled democracy and human

rights messages to be disseminated to the various members of the society. They've propagated

health-improvement ideas through communications such as anti-smoking ads. Also, they have

sparked fresh interest in issues like demining. There are two major facets to the media's influence

on cultural globalization: Two of the most important functions of the media are the dissemination

of information and the establishment of social and communication networks.

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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Approach
In order to be comprehensive, this research will mainly adopt a quantitative research

approach. As said by Zellner, et al., (2021)., quantitative mathematical information gathering

and analysis. It is important as it can be used to average out data, generate predictions,

investigate correlations, and extrapolate findings to larger groups.

3.2 Data Collection

Since this will be a quantitative research questionnaire will be formulated and distributed

to the various media personnels. In order to capture a wide area of investigation, electronic

surveys will be made and availed to the available respondents.

3.3 Sampling Strategy

The sample size, representativeness, and lack of selection bias are all critical for

validating or rejecting the study hypothesis with sufficient statistical certainty and minimizing

random error in quantitative research as said by Zellner, et al., (2021). In order to avoid such

errors, probability sampling techniques will be used.

3.4 Data Analysis

In order to obtain the most reliable results, SPSS statistical software will be used to

perform the data analysis. This will be done in order to provide the relationship that exists

between the given study variables.

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CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION

4.1 Global Media Land Scape
4.1.1 An overview of the Major Global Media Companies and their Holdings
According to VAADE, & Khamrakulova, (2023)., Articles, photos, reports, videos, and

audio recordings all have copyright protection when published online. Some of the major global

media companies includes Apple with a holding of $ 2.74 Trillion, Walt Disney with a holding

of $ 238.21 Billion, and Comcast with a holding of $ 213.75 billion holdings.

4.1.2 Comparison of media systems in different regions

To investigate global communication processes that span national boundaries,

comparative research on media systems is one option. A particularly useful and heuristic

systematization of the large topic of transnational and border-crossing communication comes

from as said by VAADE, & Khamrakulova, (2023). This heuristic allows for the identification

and localization of the Hallin and Mancini method as one particular combination of components

along these three axes of investigation.

4.1.3 Technological Influence

The incorporation of technology on global media has led to employment diversity. Many

individuals in the contemporary world rely on technology in regard to airing out their content.

Technological influence has also affected the way in which information is obtained in the

contemporary world as said by Szymkowiak, et al., (2021). Almost any task in modern life may

be accomplished with the aid of a media app. Someone planning a trip can use Google's search

engine to learn about places to visit and get tips on where to go.

4.2 Global Media Content

4.2.1 Analyzing global news reporting and potential biases in international media outlets
Unfair favoritism and reporting of one viewpoint or set of ideas over another is one

definition of media bias. We can notice media bias in the stories that make it into the news, on

social media, and in works of fiction like movies and television (Stoldt, 2021). We may take the
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contrast between FOX news and CNN as an example, given that the two news outlets cater to

quite different audiences and are often skewed in their reporting and presentation of stories by

the viewers' respective democratic and republican leanings.

4.3 Global Media and Politics

4.3.1 How global media influences international politics, diplomacy, and cross-border relations
Some have even begun to talk about a 'pictorial turn’ in international politics as a result

of the growing significance of visual media as it have been seen to influence politics, diplomacy

and cross-border relations. How images portray the events and persons involved in terrorism, for

example, and how politicians and the public react to these depictions are inextricably linked as

said by Bleiker, (2019). Images are not revolutionary, and they have not necessarily superseded

words as the dominant mode of communication.

4.3.2 The role of global media in shaping public perceptions, political behavior, and policy
decisions on a global scale
Numerous studies as well as years of speculation and discussion, have focused on the

impact the media has on public perceptions and opinions of major political and social issues

(Bleiker, 2019). Newspapers and other forms of mass media are widely acknowledged to have a

significant impact on the way we learn about and form opinions about events that occur in the

world beyond our immediate sphere of experience.

4.4 Global Media and Culture

4.4.1 How global media impacts cultural dynamics, including homogenization and hybridization
Both the homogenization and hybridization camps recognize that the development of

global culture has taken centuries, and they both credit transnational media, especially

audiovisual media like television and film, with actively shaping the culture of the present day

(Udupa, & Pohjonen, 2019). Economic factors are simply one aspect of globalization; it also has

cultural, intellectual, political, and comparable other dimensions. There have been many disputes

over globalization from the perspectives of economics, the social sciences, politics, and
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international relations. However, the repercussions of globalization on societies and their

cultures are rarely discussed despite the fact that the leads to cultural dynamics.

4.4.2 The globalization of entertainment and its consequences on local cultures, identity, and
consumption patterns.
Globalization of TV's reach and the prevalence of entertainment shows make it an easy

target for charges of cultural imperialism as said by Udupa, & Pohjonen, (2019). It was alleged

that both shows' casting of slim young actresses made fuller-figured Fijians doubt their own

cultural ideals of beauty. Some people who oppose globalization worry that the prevalence of

American TV series would spread Western ideals of beauty, individuality, and sexuality

throughout the world. While many of the titles being exported are not very well-liked in the

United States, there is no doubt that they are considered staples in other countries. Therefore,

global media has contributed to positive and negative revenues in in terms of consumption.

4.5 Challenges and Controversies

4.5.1 Media censorship, press freedom, and government control in the global media landscape
An unforeseen front has opened up in the fight against media censorship, which is an

attack on the fundamental right to seek and communicate knowledge through an independent

press. According to Martins (2022), elected governments in numerous nations have made active

steps to silence critical media voices and support sources that put forth favorable news. The

erosion of press freedom is a worrying trend since it is both a symptom and a cause of the

breakdown of other democratic institutions and norms. According to Freedom House's Freedom

in the World report, media freedom has been on the wane worldwide over the past decade, with

new forms of repression taking hold in both free and authoritarian countries. The tendency is

most obvious in the Middle East and Eurasia, home to some of the world's worst dictatorships,

and in Europe, a historic bastion of well-established freedoms. If democratic governments stop

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defending press freedom at home and do little to dissuade similar activities overseas, there is a

serious risk that the free press corps may disappear altogether.

4.5.2 Ethical Concerns

In this era of international news outlets, journalists around the world need a universal set

of guidelines to follow as said by Trappel, & Tomaz, (2021). A once provincial art now reaching

a broader audience owing to technological advances in communication. Media outlets may now

rapidly and selectively acquire text, video, and photographs from all around the world that has

led to advances in communication technology. News outlets can reach diverse readers all over

the world due to the same technological advancements. Despite these worldwide tendencies,

most codes of ethics include country-specific rules for local news outlets or associations. There

are organizations for journalists on a global scale, and some of them have written statements of

principle. However, the vast majority of significant news organizations and media groups have

not embraced a universal code.

4.5.3 Misinformation
Academics, government officials, and critics throughout the globe are increasingly

worried about the rise and proliferation of fake news as said by Trappel, & Tomaz, (2021). Some

say misinformation has been around as long as communication itself, but it has only recently

become a topic of discussion due to its influence in political campaigns, its role in amplifying or

stoking ethnic tensions around the world, and its impact on scientific consensus and health

interventions. While political and social reasons at play vary from place to country, the problems

of disinformation have their origins in broader shifts in the media landscape and the efforts of

diverse parties to use and misuse digital technologies. In light of this, experts at the Reuters

Institute for the Study of Journalism have been digging into how various forms of media and

technology contribute to, mediate, and reflect issues of disinformation.

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4.6 Future Trends in Global Media

4.6.1 Emerging Technologies
One example of emerging technology in global media is virtual reality. According to

Ceuterick, & Ingraham, (2021), the promise of virtual reality will put the viewer right in the

action, allowing for a more personal connection to the story being told. An excellent example of

virtual reality is the New York Times VR app, which launched alongside the distribution of 1.2

million Google Cardboard viewers to subscribers. Additionally, automated journalism also

represents a major emerging technology in the modern world. Journalists, content creators, and

publishers can benefit from "robot journalism," one of the most contentious examples of

emerging technology, because it interprets and analyzes data to make content. Headlines,

sources, and trending stories can all be tested with the use of automated journalism.

4.6.2 The evolving landscape of global media regulation, including international agreements,
legal frameworks, and industry self-regulation.
Ceuterick, & Ingraham (2021) state that the media is governed in various ways across

countries, with each having its own set of laws, rules, and procedures, but all play an important

role in the realization and exercise of the right to freedom of expression. They exist to preserve

freedom of expression and media freedom. As a subset of international law and regional

instruments provide guidance on how national governments should best preserve and manage the

right to free speech and independent media.

4.6.3 Potential changes in the global media industry's power dynamics, considering emerging
players, regional influences, and evolving market trends.

Despite the fact that rising paper and energy prices could render print unaffordable in

some nations, many established news companies are set on hastening their shift to digital media.

Deneen (2023) argues that many people will eventually accept paying for internet news, but that

subscription fatigue will slow growth. This is especially true if economic conditions worsen.
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Publishers have a possibility to recoup financial losses from digital advertising to larger

platforms. Even if concerns about fake news and new privacy regulations have begun to swing

the pendulum back toward legitimate businesses, the advertising industry is still cutthroat and not

every publisher will prosper.

5.0 Conclusion
Global media has for long been on the rise in the contemporary world. It is fascinating

that global news are perceived by people differently based on their perceived powers. For

instance, American news are trusted and some have used it in regard to spreading increased

propaganda. The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not the global media

system has any underlying structure. Global media has developed from a time that it used to use

paper up to now that it is using emerging technology. The agenda setting theory and symbolic

interactionism theories were proposed in this research as they can be used to shape the media

content. The way in which information is disseminated has to a large extent been the major

contributor of the way the society is shaped. This research adopted a quantitative research

approach as it is important as it can be used to average out data, generate predictions, investigate

correlations, and extrapolate findings to larger groups. The incorporation of technology on global

media has led to employment diversity. Many individuals in the contemporary world rely on

technology in regard to airing out their content.

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6.0 References

Bleiker, R. (2019). The politics of images: a pluralist methodological framework. In Critical

Methods for the Study of World Politics (pp. 272-288). Routledge.

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315104997-21/politics-images-

pluralist-methodological-framework-roland-bleiker

Ceuterick, M., & Ingraham, C. (2021). Immersive storytelling and affective ethnography in virtual

reality. Review of Communication, 21(1), 9-22.

Colomina, C., Margalef, H. S., Youngs, R., & Jones, K. (2021). The impact of disinformation on

democratic processes and human rights in the world. Brussels: European Parliament.

Deneen, P. (2023). Regime Change: Towards a Postliberal Future. Swift Press.

Guo, L., & Vargo, C. J. (2020). Predictors of international news flow: Exploring a networked

global media system. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64(3), 418-437.

https://xxwww.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2020.1796391

Martins, N. I. (2022). News Agengies and Global News Flow in the 21st Century. QISTINA:

Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 1(2), 31-39.

https://scholar.archive.org/work/iy6dalosrbg3hj4j4w3fkvpppa/access/wayback/https://

rayyanjurnal.com/index.php/qistina/article/download/202/pdf

Miyamoto, S. F. (2023). Self, motivation, and symbolic interactionist theory. In Human nature

and collective behavior (pp. 271-285). Routledge.

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Stoldt, R. (2021). Imagining the world: personalization algorithms and global media flows on

Netflix. The University of Iowa.

https://search.proquest.com/openview/4d4869c11c1802942cbe2b3ee9dabeeb/1?pq-

origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Szymkowiak, A., Melović, B., Dabić, M., Jeganathan, K., & Kundi, G. S. (2021). Information

technology and Gen Z: The role of teachers, the internet, and technology in the education

of young people. Technology in Society, 65, 101565.

Trappel, J., & Tomaz, T. (2021). Democratic performance of news media: Dimensions and indicators

for comparative studies.

Udupa, S., & Pohjonen, M. (2019). Extreme speech| Extreme speech and global digital cultures

—introduction. International Journal of Communication, 13, 19.

https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/9102

VAADE, V., & Khamrakulova, N. (2023). ISSUES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

PROTECTION IN THE GLOBAL MEDIA LANDSCAPE. Евразийский журнал

социальных наук, философии и культуры, 3(5 Part 2), 81-85. https://www.in-

academy.uz/index.php/ejsspc/article/view/15620

Valenzuela, S. (2019). Agenda setting and journalism. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of

Communication.

Zellner, M., Abbas, A. E., Budescu, D. V., & Galstyan, A. (2021). A survey of human judgement

and quantitative forecasting methods. Royal Society open science, 8(2), 201187.