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•12–113. Determine the maximum constant speed a

race car can have if the acceleration of the car cannot
exceed 7.5 m>s2 while rounding a track having a radius of
curvature of 200 m.

Acceleration: Since the speed of the race car is constant, its tangential component of
acceleration is zero, i.e., at = 0. Thus,

v2
a = an =
r
v2
7.5 =
200
n = 38.7 m>s Ans.

12–114. An automobile is traveling on a horizontal

circular curve having a radius of 800 ft. If the acceleration of
the automobile is 5 ft>s2, determine the constant speed at
which the automobile is traveling.

Acceleration: Since the automobile is traveling at a constant speed, at = 0.

y2
Thus, an = a = 5 ft>s2. Applying Eq. 12–20, an = , we have
r

y = 2ran = 2800(5) = 63.2 ft>s Ans.

12–115. A car travels along a horizontal circular curved

road that has a radius of 600 m. If the speed is uniformly
increased at a rate of 2000 km>h2, determine the magnitude
of the acceleration at the instant the speed of the car is
60 km>h.

2
ba ba b = 0.1543 m>s2
2000 km 1000 m 1h
at = ¢ 2
h 1 km 3600 s

y = a ba ba b = 16.67 m>s
60 km 1000 m 1h
h 1 km 3600 s

y2 16.672
an = = = 0.4630 m>s2
r 600

a = 2a2t + a2n = 20.15432 + 0.46302 = 0.488 m>s2 Ans.

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*12–116. The automobile has a speed of 80 ft>s at point A t

and an acceleration a having a magnitude of 10 ft>s2, acting
in the direction shown. Determine the radius of curvature
of the path at point A and the tangential component of
acceleration. u ⫽ 30⬚
A a

Acceleration: The tangential acceleration is

at = a cos 30° = 10 cos 30° = 8.66 ft>s2 Ans. n

and the normal acceleration is an = a sin 30° = 10 sin 30° = 5.00 ft>s2. Applying
y2
Eq. 12–20, an = , we have
r
y2 802
r = = = 1280 ft Ans.
an 5.00

•12–117. Starting from rest the motorboat travels around

the circular path, r = 50 m, at a speed v = (0.8t) m>s, r ⫽ 50 m
where t is in seconds. Determine the magnitudes of the
boat’s velocity and acceleration when it has traveled 20 m.

Velocity: The time for which the boat to travel 20 m must be determined first.

ds = ydt v
20 m t
ds = 0.8 tdt
L0 L0
t = 7.071 s

The magnitude of the boat’s velocity is

y = 0.8 (7.071) = 5.657 m>s = 5.66 m>s Ans.

Acceleration: The tangential accelerations is

#
at = y = 0.8 m>s2

To determine the normal acceleration, apply Eq. 12–20.

y2 5.6572
an = = = 0.640 m>s2
r 50
Thus, the magnitude of acceleration is

a = 2a2t + a2n = 20.82 + 0.6402 = 1.02 m>s2 Ans.

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12–118. Starting from rest, the motorboat travels around

the circular path, r = 50 m, at a speed v = (0.2t2) m>s, r ⫽ 50 m
where t is in seconds. Determine the magnitudes of the
boat’s velocity and acceleration at the instant t = 3 s.

Velocity: When t = 3 s, the boat travels at a speed of

y = 0.2 A 32 B = 1. 80 m>s
v
Ans.
#
Acceleration: The tangential acceleration is at = y = (0.4t) m>s2. When t = 3 s,

at = 0.4 (3) = 1.20 m>s2

To determine the normal acceleration, apply Eq. 12–20.

y2 1.802
an = = = 0.0648 m>s2
r 50
Thus, the magnitude of acceleration is

a = 2a2t + a2n = 21.202 + 0.06482 = 1.20 m>s2 Ans.

12–119. A car moves along a circular track of radius 250 ft,

and its speed for a short period of time 0 … t … 2 s is
v = 3(t + t2) ft>s, where t is in seconds. Determine the
magnitude of the car’s acceleration when t = 2 s. How far
has it traveled in t = 2 s?

v = 3 A t + t2 B

dv
at = = 3 + 6t
dt

When t = 2 s,

at = 3 + 6(2) = 15 ft>s2

v2 C 3(2 + 22) D 2
an = = = 1.296 ft>s2
r 250

a = 2(15)2 + (1.296)2 = 15.1 ft>s2 Ans.

ds = v dt

3 A t + t2 B dt
2
ds =
L L0
2
t + t3 d
3 2
¢s =
2 0

¢s = 14 ft Ans.

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*12–120. The car travels along the circular path such that
its speed is increased by at = (0.5et) m>s2, where t is in
seconds. Determine the magnitudes of its velocity and
s ⫽ 18 m
acceleration after the car has traveled s = 18 m starting
from rest. Neglect the size of the car.

y t
dy = 0.5e t dt
L0 L0
y = 0.5(e t - 1)
18 t
ds = 0.5 (e t - 1)dt
L0 L0 ρ ⫽ 30 m
t
18 = 0.5(e - t - 1)

Solving,

t = 3.7064 s
y = 0.5(e 3.7064 - 1) = 19.85 m>s = 19.9 m>s Ans.
#
at = y = 0.5e t ƒ t = 3.7064 s = 20.35 m>s2
y2 19.852
an = = = 13.14 m>s2
r 30
a = 2a2t + a2n = 220.352 + 13.142 = 24.2 m>s2 Ans.

•12–121. The train passes point B with a speed of 20 m>s y

which is decreasing at at = – 0.5 m>s2. Determine the x
y ⫽ 200 e 1000
magnitude of acceleration of the train at this point.

Radius of Curvature:
x B
A
y = 200e 1000

x x
= 200 a b e 1000 = 0.2e 1000
dy 1 x
dx 1000 400 m

b e 1000 = 0.2 A 10-3 B e 1000

d2y 1 x x
.
2
= 0.2a
dx 1000

3>2
x 2
2 3>2 C 1 + ¢ 0.2 e 1000 ≤ S
c1 + a b d
dy
dx
r = = 6 = 3808.96 m
` 0.2 A 10 B `
d2y x
2 2 -3
e 1000
dx2
x = 400 m

Acceleration:
#
a t = v = - 0.5 m>s2
v2 202
an = = = 0.1050 m>s2
r 3808.96
The magnitude of the train’s acceleration at B is

a = 2a2t + a2n = 2 A - 0.5 B 2 + 0.10502 = 0.511 m>s2 Ans.

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12–122. The train passes point A with a speed of 30 m>s y

and begins to decrease its speed at a constant rate of x

at = – 0.25 m>s2. Determine the magnitude of the y ⫽ 200 e 1000

acceleration of the train when it reaches point B, where
sAB = 412 m.

B
A

x
Velocity: The speed of the train at B can be determined from 400 m

vB 2 = vA 2 + 2a t (sB - sA)

vB 2 = 302 + 2( - 0.25)(412 - 0)

vB = 26.34 m>s

Radius of Curvature:
x
y = 200e1000
dy x
= 0.2e1000
dx

= 0.2 A 10-3 B e1000

d2y x

dx2
2 3>2
3>2 x
2
C 1 + £ 0.2e ≥ S
B1+ a b R
dy 1000

dx
r = = 6 = 3808.96 m
2 0.2 A 10-3 B e1000
d2y
2 2 x
2
dx2
x = 400 m

Acceleration:
#
a t = v = - 0.25 m>s2
v2 26.342
an = = = 0.1822 m>s2
r 3808.96

The magnitude of the train’s acceleration at B is

a = 2a2t + a2n = 2 A - 0.5 B 2 + 0.18222 = 0.309 m>s2 Ans.

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12–123. The car passes point A with a speed of 25 m>s y

1 2
after which its speed is defined by v = (25 - 0.15s) m>s. y ⫽ 16 ⫺ x
625
Determine the magnitude of the car’s acceleration when it
reaches point B, where s = 51.5 m. B s
16 m
A x

Velocity: The speed of the car at B is

vB = C 25 - 0.15 A 51.5 B D = 17.28 m>s

Radius of Curvature:
1 2
y = 16 - x
625

= - 3.2 A 10-3 B x
dy
dx

= - 3.2 A 10-3 B
d2y
dx2

c 1 + a -3.2 A 10-3 B xb d
dy 2 3>2
B1 + a b B
2 3>2

dx
r = = 4 = 324.58 m
2 -3.2 A 10-3 B 2
d2y
2 2
dx2 x = 50 m

Acceleration:
vB 2 17.282
an = = = 0.9194 m>s2
r 324.58

= A 25 - 0.15s B A - 0.15 B = A 0.225s - 3.75 B m>s2

dv
at = v
ds
When the car is at B A s = 51.5 m B

a t = C 0.225 A 51.5 B - 3.75 D = - 2.591 m>s2

Thus, the magnitude of the car’s acceleration at B is

a = 2a2t + a2n = 2( - 2.591)2 + 0.91942 = 2.75 m>s2 Ans.

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*12–124. If the car passes point A with a speed of 20 m>s y

1 2
and begins to increase its speed at a constant rate of y ⫽ 16 ⫺ x
625
at = 0.5 m>s2, determine the magnitude of the car’s
acceleration when s = 100 m. B s
16 m
A x

Velocity: The speed of the car at C is

vC 2 = vA 2 + 2a t (sC - sA)

vC 2 = 202 + 2(0.5)(100 - 0)

vC = 22.361 m>s

Radius of Curvature:
1 2
y = 16 - x
625

= - 3.2 A 10-3 B x
dy
dx

= - 3.2 A 10-3 B
d2y
dx2
dy 2 3>2
B1 + a b R c1 + a -3.2 A 10-3 B xb d
2 3>2

dx
4
冷-3.2 A 10-3 B 冷
r = = = 312.5 m
d2y
2 2
dx2 x=0

Acceleration:
#
a t = v = 0.5 m>s
vC 2 22.3612
an = = = 1.60 m>s2
r 312.5
The magnitude of the car’s acceleration at C is

a = 2a2t + a2n = 20.52 + 1.602 = 1.68 m>s2 Ans.

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•12–125. When the car reaches point A it has a speed of

25 m>s. If the brakes are applied, its speed is reduced by r ⫽ 250 m
1>2
at = (- 14 t ) m>s2. Determine the magnitude of acceleration C
of the car just before it reaches point C.
B A

30⬚ 200 m

Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 25 m>s at t = 0 s,

dv = at dt
v t
1
dv = - t1>2 dt
L25 m>s L0 4

v = a 25 - t b m>s
1 3>2
(1)
6
Position: Using the initial conditions s = 0 when t = 0 s,

ds = vdt
L L
s t
a 25 - t 3>2 b dt
1
ds =
L0 L0 6

s = a25t - t bm
1 5>2
15

Acceleration: When the car reaches C, sC = 200 + 250 a b = 330.90 m. Thus,

p
6
1 5>2
330.90 = 25t - t
15
Solving by trial and error,

t = 15.942 s

Thus, using Eq. (1).

1
vC = 25 - (15.942)3>2 = 14.391 m>s
6

(a t)C = v = - A 15.9421>2 B = - 0.9982 m>s2

# 1
4

A an B C =
vC 2 14.3912
= = 0.8284 m>s2
r 250
The magnitude of the car’s acceleration at C is

a = 4A at B C 2 + A an B C 2 = 4( -0.9982)2 + 0.82842 = 1.30 m>s2 Ans.

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12–126. When the car reaches point A, it has a speed of

25 m>s. If the brakes are applied, its speed is reduced by r ⫽ 250 m
at = (0.001s - 1) m>s2. Determine the magnitude of
C
acceleration of the car just before it reaches point C.
B A

Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 25 m>s at t = 0 s,

30⬚ 200 m
dv = ads
v s
vdv = (0.001s - 1)ds
L25 m>s L0
v = 20.001s2 - 2s + 625

Acceleration: When the car is at point C, sC = 200 + 250 a b = 330.90 m. Thus,

p
6
the speed of the car at C is

vC = 40.001 A 330.902 B - 2(330.90) + 625 = 8.526 m>s2

#
(at)C = v = [0.001(330.90) - 1] = - 0.6691 m>s2
vC 2 8.5262
(an)C = = = 0.2908 m>s2
r 250

The magnitude of the car’s acceleration at C is

a = 2(at)C 2 + (an)C 2 = 2( - 0.6691)2 + 0.29082 = 0.730 m>s2 Ans.

12–127. Determine the magnitude of acceleration of the

airplane during the turn. It flies along the horizontal
circular path AB in 40 s, while maintaining a constant speed
A
of 300 ft>s.
B
Acceleration: From the geometry in Fig. a, 2f + 60° = 180° or f = 60°. Thus,
u p
= 90° - 60° or u = 60° = rad.
2 3 60⬚

sAB = vt = 300 A 40 B = 12 000 ft

Thus,
sAB 12 000 36 000
r = = = ft
u p>3 p
v2 3002
an = = = 7.854 ft>s2
r 36 000>p

Since the airplane travels along the circular path with a constant speed, at = 0. Thus,
the magnitude of the airplane’s acceleration is

a = 2at 2 + an 2 = 202 + 7.8542 = 7.85 ft>s2 Ans.

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*12–128. The airplane flies along the horizontal circular path

AB in 60 s. If its speed at point A is 400 ft>s, which decreases at
a rate of at = (–0.1t) ft>s2, determine the magnitude of the
plane’s acceleration when it reaches point B. A

60⬚

Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 400 ft>s when t = 0 s,

dv = at dt
v t
dv = - 0.1tdt
L400 ft>s L0
v = A 400 - 0.05t2 B ft>s

Position: Using the initial condition s = 0 when t = 0 s,

ds = vdt
L L

A 400 - 0.05t2 B dt
s t
ds =
L0 L0
s = A 400t - 0.01667 t3 B ft

u
Acceleration: From the geometry, 2f + 60° = 180° or f = 60°. Thus, = 90° - 60°
2
p
or u = 60° = rad.
3

sAB = 400 A 60 B - 0.01667 A 603 B = 20 400 ft

sAB 20 400 61200
r = = = ft
u p>3 p
vB = 400 - 0.05 A 602 B = 220 ft>s

A an B B =
vB 2 2202
= = 2.485 ft>s2
r 61 200>p

AatBB
#
= v = - 0.1(60) = - 6ft>s2

The magnitude of the airplane’s acceleration is

a = 2at 2 + an 2 = 2( - 6)2 + 2.4852 = 6.49 ft>s2 Ans.

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•12–129. When the roller coaster is at B, it has a speed of y

25 m>s, which is increasing at at = 3 m>s2. Determine the y ⫽ 1 x2
100
magnitude of the acceleration of the roller coaster at this
instant and the direction angle it makes with the x axis. A

B
x
Radius of Curvature:
1 2
y = x
100 30 m
dy 1
= x
dx 50
d2y 1
=
dx2 50

dy 2 3>2 2 3>2
B1 + a b R B1 + a
1
xb R
dx 50
r = = 5 = 79.30 m
d2y
2 2 2 1 2
dx2 50
x = 30 m

Acceleration:
#
a t = v = 3 m>s2
vB 2 252
an = = = 7.881 m>s2
r 79.30
The magnitude of the roller coaster’s acceleration is

a = 2at 2 + an 2 = 232 + 7.8812 = 8.43 m>s2 Ans.

≤ = tan-1 c A 30 B d = 30.96°.
dy 1
The angle that the tangent at B makes with the x axis is f = tan-1 ¢ 2
dx x = 30 m 50
As shown in Fig. a, an is always directed towards the center of curvature of the path. Here,

a = tan-1 a b = tan-1 a b = 69.16°. Thus, the angle u that the roller coaster’s acceleration makes
an 7.881
at 3
with the x axis is

u = a - f = 38.2° Ans.

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12–130. If the roller coaster starts from rest at A and its y

y ⫽ 1 x2
speed increases at at = (6 - 0.06 s) m>s2, determine the 100
magnitude of its acceleration when it reaches B where
sB = 40 m. A

B
x
Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 0 at s = 0,

dv = at dt
30 m
A 6 - 0.06s B ds
v s
vdv =
L0 L0

v = a 212s - 0.06s2 b m>s (1)

Thus,
vB = 412 A 40 B - 0.06 A 40 B 2 = 19.60 m>s

Radius of Curvature:
1 2
y = x
100
dy 1
= x
dx 50
d2y 1
=
dx2 50

dy 2 3>2 2 3>2
B1 + a b R B1 + a
1
xb R
dx 50
r = = 5 = 79.30 m
d2y
2 2 2 1 2
dx2 50
x = 30 m

Acceleration:
#
a t = v = 6 - 0.06(40) = 3.600 m>s2
v2 19.602
an = = = 4.842 m>s2
r 79.30
The magnitude of the roller coaster’s acceleration at B is

a = 2at 2 + an 2 = 23.6002 + 4.8422 = 6.03 m>s2 Ans.

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12–131. The car is traveling at a constant speed of 30 m>s.

The driver then applies the brakes at A and thereby reduces
the car’s speed at the rate of at = ( -0.08v) m>s2, where v is 45⬚
in m>s. Determine the acceleration of the car just before it
A
reaches point C on the circular curve. It takes 15 s for the
C
car to travel from A to C. B

100 m s

Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 30 m>s when t = 0 s,

dv
dt =
a
t v
dv
dt = -
L0 L30 m>s 0.08v
30
t = 12.5 In
v
v = A 30e-0.08t B m>s (1)

Position: Using the initial condition s = 0 when t = 0 s,

ds = vdt
s t
ds = 30e-0.08t dt
L0 L0
s = C 375 A 1 - e-0.08t B D m (2)

Acceleration:

sC = 375 A 1 - e -0.08(15) B = 262.05 m

sBC = sC - sB = 262.05 - 100 = 162.05 m
sBC 162.05
r = = = 206.33 m
u p>4
vC = 30e -0.08(15) = 9.036 m>s

A an B C =
vC 2 9.0362
= = 0.3957 m>s2
r 206.33
AatBC
#
= v = - 0.08(9.036) = - 0.7229 m>s2

The magnitude of the car’s acceleration at point C is

a = 2(at)C 2 + (an)C 2 = 2( - 0.7229)2 + 0.39572 = 0.824 m>s2 Ans.

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*12–132. The car is traveling at a speed of 30 m>s. The

driver applies the brakes at A and thereby reduces the
speed at the rate of at = A - 18t B m>s2, where t is in seconds. 45⬚
Determine the acceleration of the car just before it reaches A
point C on the circular curve. It takes 15 s for the car to C
travel from A to C. B

100 m s

Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 30 m>s when t = 0 s,

dv = at dt
v t
1
dv = - tdt
L30 m>s L0 8

v = a 30 - t b m>s
1 2
16
Position: Using the initial condition s = 0 when t = 0 s,

ds = vdt
s t
a 30 - t b dt
1 2
ds =
L0 L0 16

s = a 30t - t bm
1 3
48
Acceleration:

A 153 B = 379.6875 m
1
sC = 30(15) -
48
sBC = sC - sB = 379.6875 - 100 = 279.6875 m
sBC 279.6875
r = = = 356.11 m
u p>4

A 152 B = 15.9375 m>s

1
vC = 30 -
16

A a t B C = v = - (15) = - 1.875 m>s2

# 1
8

A an B C =
yC 2 15.93752
= = 0.7133 m>s2
r 356.11

The magnitude of the car’s acceleration at point C is

a = 4A at B C 2 + A an B C 2 = 4A - 1.875 B 2 + 0.71332 = 2.01 m>s2 Ans.

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•12–133. A particle is traveling along a circular curve

having a radius of 20 m. If it has an initial speed of 20 m>s
and then begins to decrease its speed at the rate of
at = ( - 0.25s) m>s2, determine the magnitude of the
acceleration of the particle two seconds later.

Velocity: Using the initial condition v = 20 m>s at s = 0.

vdv = ads
v s
vdv = - 0.25 sds
L20 m>s L0

v = a 4400 - 0.25s2 b m>s

Position: Using the initial condition s = 0 when t = 0 s.

ds
dt =
v
t s s
ds ds
dt = = 2
L0 L0 2400 - 0.25s2 L0 21600 - s2

t = 2 sin-3 a b
s
40
s = A 40 sin (t>2) B m

When t = 2 s,
s = 40 sin (2>2) = 33.659 m

Acceleration:
#
at = v = - 0.25(33.659) = - 8.415 m>s2

v = 4400 - 0.25 A 33.6592 B = 10.81 m>s

v2 10.812
an = = = 5.8385 m>s2
r 20
The magnitude of the particle’s acceleration is

a = 4a2t + a2n = 4A - 8.415 B 2 + 5.83852 = 10.2 m>s2 Ans.

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91962_01_s12-p0001-0176 6/8/09 8:48 AM Page 104

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12–134. A racing car travels with a constant speed of y

240 km>h around the elliptical race track. Determine the

x2 ⫹ ––
–– y2 ⫽ 1
acceleration experienced by the driver at A. 16 4

B
Radius of Curvature:
x
x2 A
y2 = 4 a 1 - b 2 km
16
dy x 4 km
2y = - (1)
dx 2
dy x
= - (2)
dx 4y

Differentiating Eq. (1),

d2 y
2a b a b + 2y 2 = -
dy dy 1
dx dx dx 2
dy 2
- 2a b
1
2 -
dy 2 dx
=
dx2 2y
dy 2
2 1 + 4a b
dy dx
= -D T (3)
dx2 4y

Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (3) yields

d2y 4y2 + x2
= -B R
dx2 16y3

Thus,
dy 2 3>2 x 2 3>2 x2 3>2
B1 + a b R B 1 + a- b R
A 16y2 + x2 B 3>2
¢1 + ≤
dx 4y 16y2
4 A 4y2 + x2 B
r = = = =
d2y 4y2 + x2 4y2 + x2
2 2 2 2 ¢ ≤
2 3
dx 16y 16y3

Acceleration: Since the race car travels with a constant speed along the track, at = 0.
At x = 4 km and y = 0,

A 16y2 + x2 B 3>2 A 0 + 42 B 3>2

3
4 A 4y2 + x2 B 4 A 0 + 42 B
rA = = = 1 km = 1000 m
x = 4 km
y=0

The speed of the race car is

v = a 240 ba ba b = 66.67 m>s

km 1000 m 1h
h 1 km 3600 s
Thus,
v2 66.672
aA = = = 4.44 m>s2 Ans.
rA 1000

104
91962_01_s12-p0001-0176 6/8/09 8:49 AM Page 105

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12–135. The racing car travels with a constant speed of y

240 km>h around the elliptical race track. Determine the

x2 y2 ⫽ 1
acceleration experienced by the driver at B. –– ⫹ ––
16 4

Radius of Curvature: x
A
2
b
2 km
x
y2 = 4a 1 -
16
4 km
dy x
2y = - (1)
dx 2
dy x
= - (2)
dx 4y
Differentiating Eq. (1),

d2y
2a b a b + 2y 2 = -
dy dy 1
dx dx dx 2
dy 2
- 2a b
1
2 -
dy 2 dx
=
dx2 2y
dy 2
2 1 + 4a b
dy dx
= -D T (3)
dx2 4y

Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (3) yields

d2y 4y2 + x2
= -B R
dx2 16 y3
Thus,
dy 2 3>2 x 2 3>2 x2 3>2
B1+ a b R B1+ a - b R
A 16y2 + x2 B 3>2
¢1 + ≤
dx 4y 16y2
4 A 4y2 + x2 B
r = = = =
d2y 4y2 + x2 4y2 + x2
2 2 2 2 ¢ ≤
2 3 3
dx 16y 16y

Acceleration: Since the race car travels with a constant speed along the track, at = 0.
At x = 0 and y = 2 km

A 16y2 + x2 B 3>2 C 16 A 22 B + 0 D 3>2

3
4 A 4y2 + x2 B 4 C 4 A 22 B + 0 D
rB = = = 8 km = 8000 m
x=0
y = 2 km

The speed of the car is

v = a 240 ba ba b = 66.67 m>s

km 1000 m 1h
h 1 km 3600 s
Thus,
v2 66.672
aB = = = 0.556 m>s2 Ans.
rB 8000

105