1- Which of the following best describes the Internet of Things (IoT)?

A) The connection of people through social media platforms.

B) The interconnection of smart devices, from appliances to sensors.
C) The network infrastructure used by internet service providers.
D) The development of virtual reality technologies.
2-Which of the following is a critical requirement for an IoT system?
A) High Performance Processing
B) Secure Data Transmission
C) Energy Efficiency
D)All of the above
3-In the context of IoT, what role do sensors play in an ambient light system? A)
They directly control the brightness of the light.
B) They measure the temperature of the light source.
C) They convert light intensity into electrical signals.
D) They regulate the power supply to the light fixtures.

4-Which of the following best describes the function of actuators in an IoT system? A)
They convert physical energy into electrical impulses.
B) They transmit data wirelessly to sensors.
C) They convert electrical impulses into physical actions or changes.
D) They measure environmental parameters and adjust accordingly.
5-What is the main function of IoT sensors and actuators?
A) Sensors automate tasks and save labor, while actuators collect and analyze data.
B) Sensors record and monitor processes, while actuators automate tasks and save human effort.
C) Sensors and actuators both provide recommendations for process optimization.
D) Actuators collect data and analyze it, while sensors automate tasks in the workplace.
6-Which type of sensor is commonly used in security systems to detect unauthorized activity?
A) Temperature sensor
B) Moisture sensor
C) Motion sensor
D) Light sensor
7-Which type of sensor is primarily used to adjust brightness settings in smartphones and automated
home lighting systems?
A) Temperature sensor
B) Moisture sensor
C) Light sensor
D) Noise sensor
8-In which industries are level sensors most utilized?
A) Automotive and transportation
B) Beverage, water treatment, and waste management
C) Healthcare and pharmaceuticals
D) Retail and consumer electronics
9-Where are gas sensors primarily installed to detect changes in air quality?
A) Smartphones and wearable devices
B) Smart homes and buildings
C) Manufacturing industries
D) Mining, oil, and gas organizations
10-Which type of actuator harnesses hydraulic power to perform mechanical functions?
A) Pneumatic actuator
B) Hydraulic actuator
C) Electric actuator
D) Magnetic actuator

11-Which type of actuator is powered by vacuum or compressed air at high pressure?

A) Hydraulic actuator
B) Pneumatic actuator
C) Electric actuator
D) Magnetic actuator

12-Which type of actuator converts electrical energy into mechanical motion?

A) Electrical actuator
B) Hydraulic actuator
C) Pneumatic actuator
D) Thermal actuator

13-In which scenario are thermal actuators primarily used?

A) Precision control in industrial settings
B) Automating mechanical operations in factories
C) Response to temperature changes such as shutting off valves
D) Generating rotary motion from hydraulic power

1-What is meant by IoT?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that refers to the expanding
interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors.
2-Explain the role of sensors and actuators in IoT solutions.
Sensors collect data and provide recommendations based on the information
gathered., while actuators automate tasks, reducing human labor in IoT
systems.

2- Draw a figure showing the types of sensors

3- Draw a figure showing the types of actuators
1. What does IoT encompass in terms of technologies?

- a) Pervasive computing

- b) Sensor technology

- c) Embedded system

- d) All of the above

2. When was the term "Internet of Things" first promoted?

- a) 1980s

- b) 1991

- c) 1999

- d) 2002

3. Which dimension does IoT add to the ICT world according to Figure 1.2?

- a) Time

- b) Place

- c) Connectivity

- d) Thing

4. What technological progression enabled the communication of things over the Internet?

- a) Web 2.0

- b) Social network apps

- c) Embedded systems

- d) Machine-to-Machine communication

5. What does the IoT vision encompass in terms of technological advancements?

- a) Advancements in network technologies

 - b) Advancements in smart things technologies

- c) Both a and b

- d) Neither a nor b

6. What are the fundamental characteristics of IoT as depicted in Figure 1.5?

- a) Sensor data collection, storage, processing

- b) Connectivity

- c) Scalability

- d) All of the above

7. What does IoT enable in terms of connectivity?

- a) Interconnectivity of physical and virtual things

- b) Storage and analytics of sensor data

- c) Provisioning of ambient intelligence

- d) All of the above

8. How does IoT support intelligent interactions among devices?

- a) Through data storage and processing

- b) By ensuring device heterogeneity

- c) By implementing security measures

- d) Through the provision of ambient intelligence

9. What does the term "device heterogeneity" refer to in the context of IoT?

- a) Interconnectivity of physical and virtual things

- b) Intelligent interactions among devices

- c) The interoperability of devices based on different hardware and network platforms

- d) Security measures implemented at the network level

10. What aspect of IoT requires implementation at both the network level and end-devices
level?

- a) Sensor data collection

- b) Device heterogeneity

- c) Security

- d) Scalability

11. What is the primary difference between embedded systems and IoT?

a) Standalone nature vs. Internet connectivity-reliant devices

b) Hardware vs. Software

c) Firmware modifications vs. Continuous updates

d) Standalone vs. Network integration

12. In M2M communication, what type of communication is predominantly used?

a) Point to point

b) Broadcast

c) Multicast

d) Unicast

13. Which term is preferred by engineering communities over IoT?

a) IoT

b) CPS

c) WSN

d) WoT

14. What is the primary goal of CPS?

a) Continuous updates

b) Real-time control system development

 c) Internet connectivity

d) Limited integration options

15. Which technology is considered a subset of IoT?

a) M2M

b) CPS

c) WSN

d) WoT

16. What technology is primarily associated with the concept of Ubiquitous Computing?

a) Miniaturization

b) Portability

c) Integration of diverse devices

d) All of the above

17. What are the general enablers for IoT systems according to Mark Weiser?

a) Standalone devices

b) Ubiquitous connectivity

c) Firmware modifications

d) Limited device integratio

1-"What do the 'As' and 'Cs' stand for in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) as shown in
the diagram?
-2What event contributed to the definition of the term "Internet of Things," and who promoted it?

The term "Internet of Things" was coined by Kevin Ashton during his work on Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) infrastructure at the Auto-ID Center of Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999.

3- Can you draw the evolution of the Internet from static and dynamic content generation to the
Internet of Things (IoT) ?

4-Draw a schematic representation depicting the convergence of three visions in IoT

5-How is IoT defined by standard organizations?

Standard organizations define IoT as bridging physical and virtual worlds, connecting the
Internet to the physical world via sensors, and serving as an infrastructure for interconnected
objects and intelligent services

6- Draw and describe the fundamental characteristics?

7-What are the five stages in the IoT value proposition?
The five stages include creating data, communicating data, collecting data, analyzing data, and
acting on the data.
8-What is the difference between WoT and IoT?
- WoT involves the integration of IoT entities across the web, while IoT is a network of smart
things, devices, systems and applications.

1. What are the main application domains of IoT as described in the provided text?
- a) Healthcare and finance
- b) Education and entertainment
- c) Smart transportation, smart agriculture, and others
 - d) Sports and fashion

2. How is a smart home defined and what are its intended benefits, according to the text?
- a) A digitally engineered domestic life with no specific benefits
- b) A digitally engineered domestic life aiming for chaos
- c) A digitally engineered domestic life aiming for comfort, convenience, security, and more
- d) A digitally engineered domestic life aiming for isolation

3. In what ways does IoT technology contribute to improving the quality of human life in various
environments mentioned in the text?
- a) By increasing pollution
- b) By causing more traffic congestion
- c) By providing comfort, convenience, security, and energy conservation
- d) By decreasing the availability of resources

4. What role do intelligent devices with different capabilities play in improving human life in various
capacities, according to the text?
- a) They make life more complicated
- b) They have no role in human life improvement
- c) They improve the standard of human life in different capacities
- d) They increase human dependency on technology

5. How does IoT technology enable smart homes to anticipate and respond to the needs of home
residents?
- a) By ignoring residents' needs
- b) By randomly changing settings
 - c) By using smart technologies to predict and fulfill residents' needs
- d) By causing malfunctions in home appliances

6. What are some of the potential benefits of integrating smart electronic home appliances,
furniture, power outlets, and meters into modern homes?
- a) Increased manual labor
- b) Decreased convenience
- c) Enhanced control over home functionalities
- d) Higher energy consumption

7. How does the use of smart grids contribute to controlling various aspects of home functionality,
such as lightning, air quality, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), security, and energy?
- a) By creating chaos in home functionalities
- b) By increasing energy consumption
- c) By providing better control and management of home functionalities
- d) By decreasing security measures

8. What is one of the major concerns addressed in the usage of innovative approaches based on ICT
in healthcare, as highlighted in the text?
a) Treatment of acute illnesses
b) Promotion of unhealthy lifestyles
c) Proactive wellness and disease prevention
d) Excessive reliance on traditional medical method
9 What are the main components of the Ubiquitous Health Care System (UHCS), mentioned as an
example of IoT systems?
a) Medical staff, patients, and equipment
b) Biomedical sensors, local server, and medical server
c) Hospitals, clinics, and government health organizations
d) Internet routers, smartphones, and laptops
10. What are some of the challenges associated with the realization of the Ubiquitous Health Care
System (UHCS) framework, as outlined in the text?
a) Impact on human behavior, cost effectiveness, and communication issues
b) Availability of medical professionals, equipment maintenance, and data security
c) Government regulations, patient confidentiality, and ethical considerations
d) Marketing strategies, competition with traditional healthcare, and workforce management
11. What technology is IoT particularly suitable for in the context of smart cities and mobility,
according to the text?
a) Smart agriculture
b) Smart manufacturing
c) Smart transportation
d) Smart healthcare
12. What does IoT enable in smart transportation systems, as described in the text?
a) Avoidance of traffic congestion
b) Reduction of carbon footprints
c) Detection of illegal parking
d) All of the above
13. What are the three categories of IoT-based Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications
mentioned in the text?
a) Safety, finance, and healthcare
b) Safety, traffic monitoring/management, and infotainment
c) Safety, agriculture, and hospitality
d) Safety, education, and energy conservation

14. What is one of the primary purposes of the IoT-based smart car parking system mentioned in the
text?
a) Maximizing dispute resolution among drivers
b) Reducing time spent searching for parking spaces
c) Increasing the number of available parking spaces
d) Enhancing vehicle performance and fuel efficiency
15. Which of the following sensors is NOT mentioned as a component of the car parking system
architecture described in the text?
a) Camera
b) Ultrasonic Sensor
c) Radar Sensor
d) Infrared Sensor
16. What is the function of the Car Parking Processing Unit (CPPU) mentioned in the text?
a) Authentication of vehicle information using RFID technology
b) Displaying parking status information on a screen
c) Storing obtained sensor information from the parking area
d) Providing real-time updates about available parking spaces to clients

17. What is the primary goal of a smart city paradigm?

a) To increase the complexity of city administration

b) To reduce the quality of public services

c) To raise the cost of providing city services

d) To manage public resources and services while improving citizens' quality of life
18.What is the primary focus of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)?
a) Monitoring of household appliances
b) Monitoring of industrial plants and machinery
c) Tracking of personal devices
d) Monitoring of agricultural equipment

Question 1: What are the main application domains of Internet of Things (IoT) according to the
provided text?
Answer: The main application domains of Internet of Things (IoT) are smart transportation, smart
agriculture, and other various environments.

Question2 : How is a smart home defined and what are its intended benefits according to the text?
Answer: A smart home is defined as digitally engineered domestic life using IoT technologies to
anticipate and respond to residents' needs by providing comfort, convenience, security, and more.
 Question3: Provide examples of IoT application domains and their corresponding example
scenarios as described in the text.
Answer:
- Domestic Automation
Example Scenario: Comfortable living, home automation, home security and monitoring, smart
appliances, children protection, video surveillance, infotainment, etc.
- Healthcare and Well-being
Example Scenario: Smart hospital services, remote patient monitoring, elderly assistance, disabled
assistance, medical equipment/pharmaceuticals, ambulance tracking and management, remote
diagnostics and examinations, medical records management, assisted living, remote caregiver
assistance, mobile assistance, etc.
- Smart Transportation
Example Scenario: Connected automobiles, smart mobility, road monitoring, vehicle sharing,
automated cars, automatic payment systems, parking system, proactive schedule maintenance of
automobiles, safety application, infotainment applications, traffic management applications, traffic
signals management, smart trains, smart planes, smart boats, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS),
etc.

Question4 : shows Draw of IoT-based smart home framework. Source: Based on Stojkoska and
Trivodaliev
Question5 : shows Draw parking information, traffic density, driver behavior, etc.) from vehicles to
vehicular Cloud through gateways in IoT and Smart Mobility
Question6 : Define smart agriculture and its importance.
- Smart agriculture utilizes IoT and other ICT tools for automated farming practices. It's crucial for
enhancing crop yield and meeting the demands of a growing population.
Question7 : Explain how IoT benefits agriculture.
- IoT integrates advanced technologies like sensors and Cloud computing to improve farming
practices. It enables precise decision-making, enhances crop and animal health, and increases
overall productivity.
Question8 : shows Draw the use of different com munication technologies from renewable energy
resources to data centers.
Question9 : Explain the concept of a smart city and its significance in urban development.
A smart city integrates various IoT applications to manage public resources and services efficiently
while enhancing citizens' quality of life. It utilizes information and computing technologies to
establish infrastructure components and services in a more intelligent and effective way. Smart cities
aim to optimize resource usage, enhance public safety, and provide quality services at reduced costs,
ultimately improving urban living standards.
Question10 :Explain the concept of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and discuss its applications in
manufacturing industries.
- IIoT involves the interconnectivity of sensors and instruments with computing applications in
manufacturing industries. It enables monitoring of industrial plants to prevent machinery failures
and enhance efficiency. IIoT applications include smart factory warehousing, logistics monitoring,
energy optimization, security alarm systems, and automation of production lines. Despite its
benefits, IIoT faces challenges such as integration with legacy technology, lack of standardization,
and high implementation costs.

E) Why are societies becoming more susceptible to cyberattacks?

Answer: Because of the proliferation (rapid spread) and increased use of low-cost IoT
devices. These devices may have weaker security compared to traditional computers.
F) What makes securing IoT systems different from securing traditional networks?
Answer: The implementation of security mechanisms in IoT systems is more challenging than
in conventional wired and wireless networks.
G) List the components of the IoT ecosystem.
Answer:
a IP-Based and Non-IP-Based Smart Things
b IoT coordinator
c Networking Infrastructure
d IoT Gateways/Edge/Fog Computing
e IoT Cloud
f IoT System End Users Devices
g IoT Application
H) Why is understanding of basic functionalities to various components of IoT Systems
important for security?
Answer: By understanding functionalities like firmware updates, pairing, binding,
authentication, control, sensing, and data analytics, we can identify potential security
vulnerabilities at each stage.

I) IoT systems face two main types of security threats. State these types and provide an
example for each.
Answer: threats against IoT and threats from IoT
a Threats against IoT, For example:
E) IP camera hacking through buffer overflow attacks
F) A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on Dyn Servers
G) Botnet attack to hack IoT devices
H) SQL injection attacks
b Threats from IoT, For example:
 I) Cross site scripting attack that are launched to access private data/resources in
IoT systems
J) privacy risk of people from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
J) Explain the categories of security constraints of IoT systems
Answer: The security constraints of IoT systems can be categorized into three main types:
hardware limitations, software limitations, and communication limitations.
E) Hardware Limitations: IoT devices have limited energy, computing power, and storage
capacity. Security algorithms must be efficient to operate within these constraints, and
tamper-resistant security measures are preferred for unattended devices.
F) Software Limitations: Robust communication protocol stack and dynamic security
patches are difficult to be implemented on thin embedded operating systems installed on
IoT sensing devices.
G) Communication Limitations: Challenges arise from device heterogeneity, scalability
issues, multiple communication interfaces/protocols, and characteristics like portability
and mobility. Conventional security protocols may not fully address these diverse
communication needs, requiring suitable security approaches for IoT systems.

MCQ
1. What type of security algorithms are preferred for remotely deployed unattended IoT devices
due to hardware limitations?
a) Computationally expensive algorithms
b) Memory-efficient algorithms
c) Tamper-resistant algorithms
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Tamper-resistant algorithms

2. Why are robust communication protocol stacks and dynamic security patches difficult to
implement on IoT devices?
a) Due to hardware limitations
b) Due to software limitations
c) Due to communication limitations
d) Due to memory constraints
Answer: b) Due to software limitations

3. Which of the following is NOT a communication limitation affecting IoT security?

a) Device heterogeneity
b) Scalability issues
c) Presence of multiple communication interfaces/protocols
d) High computing power
Answer: d) High computing power

4. What type of constraints are associated with IoT sensing devices at the hardware level?
 a) Energy and computing limitations
b) Robust communication protocols
c) Dynamic security patches
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Energy and computing limitations

5. Which of the following is an example of a threat against IoT?

a) Botnet attack to hack IoT devices
b) SQL injection attacks
c) Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on Dyn Servers
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

6. Which type of threat involves accessing private data/resources in IoT systems?

a) Threats against IoT
b) Threats from IoT
c) Buffer overflow attacks
d) Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks
Answer: b) Threats from IoT
7. Which of the following is NOT an example of a threat against IoT?
a) SQL injection attacks
b) IP camera hacking through buffer overflow attacks
c) Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on Dyn Servers
d) Privacy risk from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Answer: d) Privacy risk from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

8. When is remote authentication and remote control required in IoT systems?

a) When performing data analytics on Edge devices or Fog nodes
b) During pairing of smart things with a concerned controller device
c) When the controller is connected to smart things through the Internet
d) During local control of smart things through commands from a controller
Answer: c) When the controller is connected to smart things through the Internet

9. Where are big data analytics typically performed in IoT systems?

a) On Edge devices or Fog nodes
b) On Cloud
c) On smart things
d) On the controller
Answer: b) On Cloud

10. With the increased utilization of low-cost IoT devices, societies become:
a) Less connected
b) More susceptible to cyber-attacks
 c) Less susceptible to cyber-attacks
d) More secure
Answer: b) More susceptible to cyber-attacks

11. As societies become more connected with IoT, they also become:
a) More secure
b) Less vulnerable to cyber-attacks
c) More susceptible to cyber-attacks
d) Less connected
Answer: c) More susceptible to cyber-attacks

12. The implementation of security mechanisms in IoT systems is:

a) Similar to conventional wired and wireless networks
b) Less challenging than in conventional networks
c) More challenging than in conventional networks
d) Not necessary for IoT systems
Answer: c) More challenging than in conventional networks

13. Which of the following is NOT listed as a fundamental component of IoT ecosystems?
a) Smart things
b) Coordinator
c) IoT protocol
d) IoT applications
Answer: c) IoT protocol

14. In the IoT ecosystem, what component is responsible for storing, processing, and managing
massive amounts of data for analysis?
a) IoT Smart Things
b) IoT Gateway
c) Networking Infrastructure
d) IoT Cloud
Answer: d) IoT Cloud

15. What is the main responsibility of IoT Smart Things in the IoT ecosystem?
a) Management of associated multiple smart devices
b) Collection of sensor data and its transmission
c) Preprocessing and transmission of data to the Cloud
d) Storage and processing of massive amounts of data
Answer: b) Collection of sensor data and its transmission

16. What is the role of a Coordinator in the IoT ecosystem?

a) Managing multiple smart devices
b) Preprocessing sensor data at the edge
 c) Enabling connectivity between devices and Cloud
d) Storing and managing data for analysis
Answer: a) Managing multiple smart devices

17. Which component of the IoT ecosystem enable the connectivity of smart things to the Internet
Protocol (IP)-based network infrastructure?
a) IoT protocol
b) IoT Cloud
c) Coordinator
d) Networking Infrastructure
Answer: d) Networking Infrastructure

18. What does comprehensive IoT security includes?

a) User interface security only
b) Physical device security, data security, network security, and Cloud security
c) Encryption of mobile applications only
d) Secure coding practices for developers
Answer: b) Physical device security, data security, network security, and Cloud security

19. What does "binding" refer to in the context of IoT systems?

a) Securing communication between devices
b) Configuration of a smart thing through a controller
c) Data encryption process
d) Uploading data to the cloud
Answer: b) Configuration of a smart thing through a controller

20. How many fundamental components of IoT ecosystem.

a) 3
b) 5
c) 7
d) 9
Answer: c) 7

1. Why is confidentiality a major concern in IoT systems?

Confidentiality is important because many IoT devices, like RFID tags, are easily accessible
and collect large amounts of data. This data could be private or commercially sensitive, so it's
crucial to restrict access to authorized users only.

2. How can tampering with sensor data be harmful in an IoT application?

Tampering with sensor data can disrupt the entire system. For example, if a temperature sensor
in a greenhouse sends incorrect readings, it could lead to overheating and damage crops.

3. What is the difference between data integrity and non-repudiation?

Data integrity ensures the data itself hasn't been altered, while non-repudiation guarantees the
sender can't deny sending the data. Think of it this way: integrity checks the message itself, while
non-repudiation verifies who sent it.

4. How does access control differ from authorization in an IoT system?

Authorization defines the overall access permissions for users or devices within the system.
Access control builds on that by enforcing those permissions on specific resources. Think of
authorization as setting general user roles, and access control as defining which files each role
can access.

5. How do access-level and functional security requirements work together to secure IoT
systems?

Access-level requirements control who and what can access the system, while functional
requirements ensure the system itself is reliable and available. This combined approach creates a
layered defense. Even if unauthorized access is attempted, functional security measures like
availability and resiliency can help protect the system and limit potential damage.

6. How can achieving interoperability in security create challenges for IoT systems?

While interoperability is important for different devices to work together, it can be difficult to
ensure all devices support the same security protocols. This can create vulnerabilities if some
devices have weaker security measures.

7. Why is it important to protect personal data collected by IoT devices?

 IoT devices can collect a lot of data about our habits, movements, and even health. Protecting this
data is crucial to prevent identity theft, targeted advertising, or discrimination based on personal
information.