Question 1When was the Lucknow Pact adopted by the Congress and the League?

AnswerIn December 1916, the Congress and the League held their Sessions at Lucknow and Lucknow Pact was
formally adopted at Lucknow.

Question 2

Mention any two factors which brought the Muslim League and the Congress closer by the Year 1916.

Answer

Two factors which brought the Muslim League and the Congress closer by the Year 1916 were-

1. The younger generation of educated Muslims began to realise that their interests were not different from those of their
other countrymen. In 1913, the Muslim League had amended its Constitution. It was now demanding "self-
government" for India under the protection of the British Crown.
2. The League had now a more liberal leadership. Mr. Jinnah and Muhammad Ali favoured cooperation with the
Congress. In fact, Jinnah in those days was an admirer of Congress Leaders like Tilak and Annie Besant.

Question 3

Why was the 1916 Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress significant?

Answer

In December 1916, the Congress and the League held their Sessions at Lucknow. The significance of the Lucknow
Session was that a Joint Scheme of Reforms, that later came to be known as the Lucknow Pact, was formally adopted
at Lucknow.

Question 4

What does the Lucknow Pact say about the composition of Provincial Legislutures?

Answer

According to the Lucknow Pact-

1. Four-fifths of the members of the Provincial Legislatures were to be elected and one-fifth nominated.
2. The number of Muslim members was laid down Province by Province.
3. On the whole, the proportion of Muslim members was large, for example, 50 per cent in Punjab, 40 per cent in Bengal
and 30 per cent in U.P.
4. They were to be elected through Separate Electorates.

Question 5

What does the Lucknow Pact stipulate about the composition of Governor-General's Executive Council?

Answer

About the composition of Governor-General's Executive Council, the Lucknow Pact stipulates that half the members
of the Viceroy's Executive Council should be Indians, elected by the elected members of the Imperial Legislative
Council.

Question 6

Mention any one defect of the Lucknow Pact.

 Answer

One defect of the Lucknow Pact was that the Pact provided for Muslim representation in the Councils far in excess of
their proportion in the total population.

Question 7

Mention any one factor showing the significance of the Lucknow Pact.

Answer

One factor showing the significance of the Lucknow Pact was that the unity between the Congress and the Muslim
League and between early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists demoralised the Government of India.

Question 1

What was the system of Subsidiary Alliance? Mention any two terms or conditions to be fulfilled by Indian rulers who
entered into a Subsidiary Alliance.

Answer

Lord Wellesley's Subsidiary Alliance implied the subordination of Indian Princes to the British Company in their
external relations. It added to the territories and resources of the East India Company.

Indian rulers who entered into a Subsidiary Alliance had to follow these conditions-

1. They were required to keep the British army at the Capitals of their States.
2. They were to give either money or some part of their territory to the Company for the maintenance of the British
troops.

Question 2

Name any two Indian States brought under British control by means of Subsidiary Alliances.

Answer

Two Indian States brought under British control by means of Subsidiary Alliances were Hyderabad and Lucknow.

Question 3

What is meant by the Doctrine of Lapse?

Answer

The Doctrine of Lapse meant that when a ruler of a dependent state died without a natural heir, the State passed back
to the English Company.

Question 4

Name any two States that fell victim to Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse.

Answer

Two States that fell victim to Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse were Satara and Jhansi.

Question 5

Which acts of Lord Dalhousie and Lord Canning smacked of discourtesy to the Mughal Emperor?
 Answer

Lord Dalhousie announced that on the death of the King, his successor would have to leave the Imperial palace i.e., the
Red Fort. Later in 1856, Lord Canning made it known that Bahadur Shah's successor would not be allowed to use the
imperial title, i.e., the title of King.

Question 6

What was the main grouse of the Rani of Jhansi against the British?

Answer

The Rani of Jhansi was angry because when the ruler of Jhansi died in 1853 leaving no child, the widowed Rani was
pensioned and their adopted son, Anand Rao, was not recognised as a lawful successor to the throne.

Question 7

Who was Nana Saheb? What was his main grievance against the British?

Answer

Nana Saheb was the adopted son of Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa.

His main grievance against the British was that the British refused to grant Nana Saheb the pension they were paying
to Baji Rao II. Nana Saheb was forced to live at Kanpur, far away from his family seat at Poona.

Question 8

When and on what ground was Awadh annexed to the Company's dominions?

Answer

On 7th February, 1856, Nawab Wazid Ali Shah was deposed on grounds that Awadh was not being managed well. On
February 13th, the Court of Directors ordered Awadh's complete annexation to the Company's dominions.

Question 9

Mention any two activities that caused fear that the British government was determined to convert Indians to
Christianity.

Answer

Two activities that caused fear that the British government was determined to convert Indians to Christianity are-

1. The teachings of Christian doctrines was made compulsory in the schools set up by the Christian missionaries.
2. The Bible was introduced not only in Christian Institutions, but also in government schools. Even the prisoners in the
jail began to be instructed In Christianity.

Question 10

Name any two Acts (Laws) that interfered with the religion and customs of the people.

Answer

Two Acts (Laws) that interfered with the religion and customs of the people are-

1. Religious Disabilities Act of 1850

2. The Widow Remarriage Act of 1856
 Question 11

Mention any two social evils that existed in India during the 19th century. What measures were taken by the British to
control them?

Answer

Two social evils that existed in India during the 19th century were-

1. Sati pratha
2. Female infanticide

The Widow Remarriage Act, passed in 1856, allowed widows to re-marry. Sati pratha and female infanticide had been
prohibited by the British.

Question 12

What was people's reaction to the introduction of railways in the mid 1850s?

Answer

The railways were looked down upon as means to break social order and caste rules. In the railway compartments, the
higher castes and the lower castes were made to sit side by side. The people believed that the British had introduced
such practices to defy their caste and religion. The mass of people regarded it as an interference with the caste rules.

Question 13

How did the indignities hurled at Indians alienate the British from the Indian masses?

Answer

The Englishman in India could insult, humiliate and even kill the Indians at will. An English Magistrate at Agra had
issued the following notification: "Every native, whatever his pretended rank may be, ought to be compelled to salute
all English gentleman in the streets." Besides, if an Indian was on horse back he had to dismount and stand in a
respectful manner until the European had passed him. Such indignities alienated the British from the Indian masses.

Question 14

What were people's fears regarding the introduction of English language?

Answer

In 1829, the Bengal government established an English class in Kolkata madrasa, which was a Muslim institution.
Later, English classes were introduced in Benaras Sanskrit College also. Shifting of emphasis from oriental learning to
western education was not well received by the people, especially the pundits and maulvis. They saw in it an attempt
to discourage Islamic and Hindu studies. There was also the fear that the object was not so much the promotion of
literature and sciences as inducing the people to become Christians.

Question 15

How did the British rulers cripple Indian handicrafts? What were its consequences?

Answer

British rulers crippled Indian arts and crafts. An act was passed in 1720 which prohibited the use of Indian silk and
cotton in England. Heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain- 70% and 80%, respectively destroyed
those industries. On the other hand, British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty.
 The consequences of these actions were that by the middle of the 19th century, export of cotton and silk goods from
India practically ceased. The arts of spinning and weaving which for ages had given employment to thousands of
artisans became extinct. Manufacturing towns of Dhaka, Murshidabad and Surat became helpless and desolate.

Question 16

How was India converted into an agricultural colony of the British?

Answer

Bihar, Bengal and Awadh emerged as major producers of export crops such as jute, opium and indigo. British
companies managed this export trade. The manufacturers in England required other raw materials also such as cotton
and oilseeds for their industries. After the industrial revolution, the British did all that they could to keep India mainly
an agricultural country. This made India an agricultural colony of British capitalism.

Question 17

What did the British do to reduce the landed aristocracy to poverty?

Answer

In 1852 an Inam Commission was appointed to inquire into the title deeds of the owners of large estates. Many land
owners pleaded that they could not produce their title deeds on account of the passage of time. The Government did
not accept the plea and confiscated some 20,000 estates. This resulted in a lot of discontentment among the people.
The landed gentry of Awadh faced serious hardship after the annexation of Awadh. Most of them were deprived of
their estates and the proud aristocracies were reduced to beggary and servitude.

Question 18

Give two causes for resentment of the Sepoys (Indian soldiers) against the British.
Or
Mention any two grievances harboured by the Indian soldiers which created an atmosphere favourable to the Great
Uprising of 1857.
Or
Give two reasons for the unhappiness of Indian soldiers in the British army before 1857.

Answer

Two reasons for the unhappiness of Indian soldiers in the British army before 1857 were-

1. Indians had poor prospects of promotion. All the high ranks in the army were reserved for the British only. The native
sepoys could not rise above the rank of Subedar, even though their performance as a soldier was excellent.
2. Indian soldiers had low salary. The maximum pay that a subedar of the infantry could expect was less than the
minimum pay of a raw English recruit. The sepoys were required to serve in areas far away from their homes without
any additional allowance.

Question 19

What was the main provision of the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856?

Answer

The main provision of the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 was that all recruits to the Bengal army should be
ready for service anywhere, whether within or outside India. This act caused great alarm in the minds of the personnel
of the Bengal army.

Question 20
What impact did the defeat of the British in the first Afghan War have on the morale of the Indian soldiers?

Answer

The defeat of the British in the first Afghan War exposed their weakness. It increased the self confidence of the Indian
soldiers, who felt they could challenge the British in India also.

Question 21

How did the introduction of Enfield Rifles become an immediate cause of the War of Independence in 1857?

Answer

The immediate cause of the War of Independence was the introduction of Enfield rifles in place of the old iron made
Brown Bess Guns. The cartridges to be used for the Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. The cow
is sacred for the Hindus and the Muslims consider pigs as unclean. The loading process of the Enfield rifle involved
bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off the top greased paper with the teeth. The information about the
greased cartridges spread like wild fire. The whole Bengal army was seized with panic. The soldiers refused to use
these cartridges and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them.

Question 22

When was the 1857 Uprising supposed to have begun?

Answer

The War of Independence was supposed to begin on 31st May, 1857.

Question 23

Name the Act that transferred the Government of India from the Company to the Crown. When was it passed?

Answer

The Act for the Better Government of India was passed on 2nd August, 1858. It transferred the Government of India
from the Company to the Crown.

Question 24

What was the result of the First War of Indian Independence as far as East India Company was concerned?

Answer

The First War of Indian Independence ended East India Company's rule in India. The Company's Board of Control and
the Court of Directors were abolished.

Question 25

Who became the first Viceroy of India under the Act of 1858? What was Governor-General's new role as Viceroy
under this Act?

Answer

Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India under the Act of 1858.

The Governor-General's new role as Viceroy under this Act was that he ruled over the Provinces under the British rule
and acted as 'Representative of the Crown' for the native princes and Nawabs.
Question 26

What impact did the Uprising of 1857 have on the Mughal Rule (Mughal Imperial Dynasty)?

Answer

With the death of Bahadur Shah, who was deported to Rangoon, the Mughal Imperial dynasty founded by Babur came
to an end.

Question 27

What is meant by the policy of 'Divide and Rule' pursued by the British in India?

Answer

The British tried to pacify the Chiefs and Princes of the native states. They were being converted into loyal supporters
of the British Raj. This was done to create a wall of separation between the Princes and the ordinary masses of the
land. Both Hindus and Muslims had combined against the hated foreigners. The British viewed this development with
alarm. Therefore, they tried to create misunderstandings between the Muslims and the Hindus. The policy of divide
and rule was meant to turn the Princes against their own people and to create a rift between Hindus and Muslims.

Question 1

What is Nationalism?

Answer

Nationalism denotes patriotism or devotion to one's nation.

Question 2

By whom and when was the Brahmo Samaj founded?

Answer

Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828.

Question 3

Mention any two social evils that came in for severe criticism by Raja Rammohan Roy (or the Brahmo Samaj)?

Answer

Raja Rammohan Roy criticised child marriage and Sati system.

Question 4

When and by whom was the Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi started?

Answer

The Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi was started by Raja Rammohan Roy in 1821.

Question 5

Mention any one important effort made by Rammohan Roy in support of Freedom of Press.

Answer
 Raja Rammohan Roy started the Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi in 1821. Along with a few other eminent persons,
Roy presented a Petition to the Supreme Court for legal action to be taken against Press Regulations.

Question 6

Mention any two social reforms favoured by Jyotiba Phule.

Answer

Two social reforms favoured by Jyotiba Phule are-

1. Uplifting lower castes

2. Gender justice

Question 7

When and by whom was the Satya Shodhak Samaj founded?

Answer

Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule on 24th September, 1873.

Question 8

What did the Satya Shodhak Samaj endeavour to do?

Answer

Satya Shodhak Samaj endeavoured to mitigate the distress and sufferings of dalits and women.

Question 9

What role did the Press (Newspapers and Magazines) play in fostering patriotism among our countrymen in the 19th
century?

Answer

The Press and the literature played a big role in carrying nationalist ideas to the people. They had a great influence in
fostering patriotism and ideas of liberty and justice in our country.

Question 10

Name Bankim Chandra's novel that has been called the 'Bible of modern Bengalee patriotism'. Which national song
was taken from this book?

Answer

Bankim Chandra's novel, Anandmath, has been called the 'Bible of modern Bengalee patriotism'.

Our national song 'Vande Mataram' was taken from this book.

Question 11

Give two evidences to suggest that the British pursued the policy of economic exploitation in India.

Answer

Two evidences to suggest that the British pursued the policy of economic exploitation in India are-
1. The Indian peasants had to sell their produce at cheap prices in order to satisfy the greed of the moneylenders, the
Zamindars and the government officials.
2. Heavy duties were imposed on goods exported into England from India. Further, British goods were forced upon India,
since we were at the mercy of our foreign masters.

Question 12

Give one reason why the Indian handicrafts declined during the British rule.

Answer

The Indian handicrafts declined during the British rule because of the policy of Free Trade. Heavy duties were
imposed on goods exported into England from India. Further, British goods were forced upon India, since we were at
the mercy of our foreign masters.

Question 13

Give two evidences to suggest that the British pursued the repressive colonial policies.

Answer

Two evidences suggesting that the British pursued the repressive colonial policies were-

1. In 1877 the maximum age limit for the civil service examination was reduced from twenty one to nineteen. This was a
calculated move to ruin the prospects of Indian candidates for the Indian Civil Service.
2. The government tried to silence the opposition by enacting the Vernacular Press Act and the Arms Act in 1878. The
Vernacular Press Act more commonly known as "the Gagging Act" crushed the freedom of the Vernacular papers. The
Act required the editors to publish nothing that would excite disaffection against the Government. Under this act, the
government has the power to confiscate the printing press in the event of the publication of undesirable matter. Many
editors who opposed the act were sentenced to jail.

Question 14

Name the Act of Lord Lytton's regime which sought to limit the freedom of the press.

Answer

The Act of Lord Lytton's regime which sought to limit the freedom of the press was The Vernacular Press Act or the
Gagging Act passed in 1878.

Question 15

What was the main provision of the Indian Arms Act of 1878?

Answer

The main provision of the Indian Arms Act of 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to keep or bear arms
without licence.

Question 16

In whose Viceroyalty did the Ilbert Bill controversy take place? Who were upset when this Bill was introduced?

Answer

The Ilbert Bill controversy took place in the viceroyalty of Lord Ripon.
 The Anglo-Indian community was upset when this Bill was introduced and carried on a wild agitation against this
measure.

Question 17

What was the objective of the Ilbert Bill? Why was it not passed?

Answer

At that time no European could be tried for a criminal offence except by a European judge or magistrate. The objective
of the Ilbert Bill was to do away with this absurdity.

It was not passed because the Anglo-Indian community was upset when this Bill was introduced and carried on a wild
agitation against this measure.

Question 18

Name any two Associations which acted as the precursors (forerunners) of the Indian National Congress.

Answer

Two Associations which acted as the precursors (forerunners) of the Indian National Congress were-

1. The East India Association, founded by Dadabhai Naoroji.

2. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, started under the leadership of Justice Ranade.

Question 19

When and by whom was East India Association founded in London?

Answer

The East India Association was founded in London on 1st October, 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji.

Question 20

Who founded the Indian Association at Kolkata in 1876?

Answer

Surendranath Banerjea founded the Indian Association at Kolkata in 1876.

Question 21

Name any two objects of the Indian Association founded by Surendranath Banerjea.

Answer

Two objects of the Indian Association founded by Surendranath Banerjea were-

1. To unite Indians upon the basis of common political interests and beliefs
2. To promote brotherly feelings between the Hindus and the Muslims

Question 22

Where and when was the Indian National Conference convened by Surendranath Bannerjea?

Answer
 The Indian National Conference was convened by Surendranath Bannerjea at Kolkata in 1883.

Question 23

When and by whom was the Indian National Congress founded?

Answer

The Indian National Congress was founded in December, 1885 by A.O. Hume.

Question 24

Where was the First Session of the Indian National Congress held? Who was the First President of the Indian National
Congress?

Answer

The First Session of the Indian National Congress was held at Bombay under the Presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjea, a
leading barrister.

Question 25

Where was the Second Session of the Indian National Congress held? Who presided over this Session?

Answer

The Second Session of the Indian National Congress was held at Kolkata in 1886, with Dadabhai Naoroji as President.

Question 1

During which period did the early Nationalists dominate the Congress?

Answer

The early Nationalists dominated the Congress during the period of 1885 - 1905.

Question 2

Name any two leaders who belonged to the early days of Indian nationalism.

Answer

Two leaders who belonged to the early days of Indian nationalism are W.C. Bonnerjea and Surendranath Banerjea.

Question 3

Mention any two objectives of the early nationalists in respect to

(a) Constitutional Reforms
(b) Administrative Reforms

Answer

Two objectives of the early nationalists in respect to Constitutional Reforms were-

1. They asked for the abolition of the India Council.

2. The Congress at its very first session asked for the expansion of the Legislative Councils created by the Act of 1861.
The Central and Provincial Councils both should have a considerable proportion of "elected" members.
 Two objectives of the early nationalists in respect to Administrative Reforms were-

1. Wider employment of Indians in the higher services.

2. Holding of simultaneous examinations both in England and in India for recruitment to the Indian Civil Service.

Question 4

Mention any two objectives of the early nationalists that related to improving the lot of the peasants.

Answer

Two objectives of the early nationalists that related to improving the lot of the peasants were-

1. Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against unjust demands of the Zamindars.
2. Giving of cheap credit (loans) to the peasants through agricultural banks.

Question 5

What did the early nationalists seek in the field of civil liberties?

Answer

The early nationalists sought the following civil liberties-

1. Early Congressmen opposed tooth and nail the suppression of the freedoms of speech and expression.
2. They were demanding rights to assemble and to form associations.
3. The Congress believed that the suppression of a free press would not check 'sedition' or rebellion against government,
it would only drive it underground.

Question 6

Name any two methods through which the early nationalists carried their agitation.

Answer

Two methods through which the early nationalists carried their agitation were-

1. Petitions to high Government officials.

2. Resolutions

Question 7

Mention any two shortcomings or points of criticism of early nationalists.

Answer

Two shortcomings or points of criticism of early nationalists were-

1. In those early days, the Congress lacked mass appeal. It represented the English educated well-to-do and the middle
classes that hardly constituted nearly a hundredth part of the country's population.
2. The early nationalists believed that sooner or later the British would agree to establish representative institutions in
India. They could not see that British and Indian interests clashed with each other. Britain was using India's resources
in order to increase its own wealth.

Question 8

Mention any two achievements of early nationalists.

 Answer

Two achievements of early nationalists were-

1. They infused national consciousness among various sections of public life. They promoted the spirit of common
brotherhood and aroused among the people a feeling that they all belonged to one nation.
2. They had done a lot to popularise ideas of democracy, civil liberty and representative institutions. They declared that
Indians "wanted to be governed according to the ideals of government prevalent in Europe."

Question 9

Who came to be known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'?

Answer

Dadabhai Naoroji came to be known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'.

Question 10

When and by whom was the East India Association founded?

Answer

In 1866, Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association in London.

Question 11

What was the objective of the East India Association?

Answer

The objective of the East India Association was to inform the British of the true state of affairs in India.

Question 12

Who came to be known as the India's Unofficial Ambassador in England?

Answer

Dadabhai Naoroji came to be known as the India's Unofficial Ambassador in England.

Question 13

Why did the early nationalists persuade Dadabhai Naoroji to preside over the Kolkata Session of the Congress in
1906?

Answer

Dadabhai Naoroji's Presidentship of the Congress in 1906 was memorable in many ways. The partition of Bengal in
1905 had very sadly disillusioned the early nationalists. Their power and prestige were on the decline. They, therefore,
persuaded Dadabhai to preside over the Kolkata Session of the Congress in 1906. Dadabhai's name and fame made it
difficult for the assertive nationalists to oppose his candidature, although they would have liked Tilak to hold that
office.

Question 14

Who is the author of 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'? Mention any one way India's wealth was being taken
away to England, as Author of this book pointed.
Answer

Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'.

India's wealth was being taken away to England as salaries payable to the members of the India Council.

Question 15

Who took the lead in convening Indian National Conference in 1883?

Answer

Surendranath Banerjea took the lead in convening Indian National Conference in 1883.

Question 16

Name the nationalist leader who edited The Bengalee for several years.

Answer

The nationalist leader who edited The Bengalee for several years is Surendranath Banerjea.

Question 17

Who came to be known as the Political Guru of Mahatma Gandhi? Give the reason for him being regarded as Gandhi's
Guru.

Answer

Gopal Krishna Gokhale is known as "the Political Guru of Gandhi" because violence had no place in his scheme of
things.

Question 18

When and by whom was the Servants of India Society started?

Answer

In 1905, Gopal Krishna Gokhale established the Servants of India Society.

Question 19

What was the aim of the Servants of India Society?

Answer

The aim of the Servants of India Society was to train men to devote their lives to the cause of the country. Its members
were required to create among the people a deep and passionate love of the motherland. The Society worked for the
education of women and elevation of the depressed classes.

Question 20

Mention any two concessions that Gokhale did seek for Indian peasants by means of his speeches as Member of the
Imperial Legislative Council?

Answer
 Two concessions that Gokhale did seek for Indian peasants by means of his speeches as Member of the Imperial
Legislative Council were-

1. Reduction in Salt Duty

2. Abolition of excise duty on cotton goods

Question 21

Mention any two measures suggested by Gokhale to the British Government for the Welfare of Indians.

Answer

Two measures suggested by Gokhale to the British Government for the Welfare of Indians were-

1. Reform of the Legislative Councils

2. Separation of the judiciary from the executive

Question 22

What did Gokhale advocate to make the life of the peasants better or easier?

Answer

To make the life of the peasants better or easier, Gokhale advocated the following-

1. The reduction of land revenue

2. Giving of cheap credit (loans) to the peasants by agricultural banks

Question 1

Mention any two measures that illustrate Lord Curzon's repressive policy.

Answer

Two measures that illustrate Lord Curzon's repressive policy are-

1. Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899 which reduced the elected members of the Corporation to half.
2. The Partition of Bengal, which was announced in 1903 and carried out in 1905.

Question 2

When and by whom was Bengal partitioned?

Answer

In 1905, Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon and his government.

Question 3

How did Lord Curzon justify the Partition of Bengal?

Or
What was the official version (Government's argument) in favour of the Partition of Bengal?

Answer

The official version (Government's argument) in favour of the Partition of Bengal were-
1. Firstly, the Government regarded the size of the Province of Bengal to be too large to be properly administered by a
single Provincial Government.
2. Secondly, the Secretary to the Government of India noted that the Government was in favour of bringing all the Oriya,
i.e., Oria-speaking people under the administration of Bengal.

Question 4

What were Curzon's two real motives behind the Partition of Bengal?
Or
What was the Nationlists' perspective in relation to the Partition of Bengal?

Answer

Lord Curzon's two real motives behind the Partition of Bengal are-

1. The real motive was to break "the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalism".
2. Another motive behind the partition was to drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question 5

How did the Bengalis feel about the partition of Bengal?

Or
Mention briefly how did the people react to the partition of Bengal?

Answer

The Bengalis felt that "they had been insulted, humiliated and tricked." Under the inspiring leadership of Surendranath
Banerjea, the agitation spread like wild fire all over Bengal. On 7 August 1905, a massive meeting was held at the
Town Hall in Kolkata. The students stood in groups, each holding a banner displaying slogans such as 'Unity is
Strength', 'Bande Mataram' and 'No Partition'.

Question 6

Name any two Bengali leaders who led the Anti-Partition Movement?

Answer

Two Bengali leaders who led the Anti-Partition Movement are-

1. Anand Mohan Bose

2. Rabindranath Tagore

Question 7

Which day was observed as the Day of Mourning by the people protesting against the Partition of Bengal?

Answer

The leaders declared 16 October, 1905 to be "a day of mourning" throughout Bengal.

Question 8

Name the song composed by Rabindranath Tagore to protest against the partition of Bengal. What it means?

Answer

The song 'Amar Sonar Bangla' was composed by Rabindranath Tagore to protest against the partition of Bengal. It
means 'My Golden Bengal'.
 Question 9

Swadeshi and Boycott go together. How?

Answer

The Swadeshi and Boycott movements were complementary and supplementary to each other. The boycott of foreign
goods required that the markets should be flowing with home-made (Swadeshi) goods. Hence, Swadeshi and Boycott
go together.

Question 10

Who composed the song Bande Mataram?

Answer

Bankim Chandra Chatterji composed the song Bande Mataram.

Question 11

At which Session and in which year did the Split in the Congress become official?

Answer

The Split in the Congress become official at Surat Session in 1907.

Question 12

Mention any one belief of the Assertive Nationalists. What was their ultimate objective?

Answer

One belief of the Assertive Nationalists was that they had no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play.

As regards the ultimate objective, the assertive nationalists would not be satisfied with anything lower than Swaraj,
i.e., Self-government. The assertive nationalists thought that no piecemeal reform would do.

Question 13

Name any two methods of struggle of the Assertive Nationalists.

Answer

Two methods of struggle of the Assertive Nationalists are-

1. Revivalism — They sought to build national movement on the basis of people's religious beliefs.
2. Swadeshi — The Swadeshi idea was popularised by occasional bonfires of foreign cloth, salt and sugar. The blazing
flames were greeted by shouts of Bande Mataram.

Question 14

What was the main difference between the 'ultimate object' of the early nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists?

Answer

In 1906, the early nationalists talked of Swaraj as the goal of India. Before that, they had been agitating only for
certain administrative and economic reforms.
 Assertive nationalists, on the contrary, did not aim at mere economic or administrative reforms. Their ideal was
"absolute Swaraj".

Question 15

Name the persons who constituted the trio of Assertive Nationalists.

Answer

The persons who constituted the trio of Assertive Nationalists are-

1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

2. Bipin Chandra Pal
3. Lala Lajpat Rai

Question 16

Name the two Weeklies through which Tilak spread the message of liberty and justice.

Answer

The two Weeklies through which Tilak spread the message of liberty and justice are-

1. the Mahratta
2. the Kesari

Question 17

Who gave the battle-cry: "Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it"? Mention one of his contributions to the national
movement.

Answer

Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the battle-cry: "Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it".

One of his contributions to the national movement was that beginning of the celebration of the Ganpati and Shivaji
festival whose object was to instil in the masses a spirit of discipline and patriotism.

Question 18

Who organised Akharas (places of wrestling) and Lathi Clubs? Why were they organised?

Answer

Bal Gangadhar Tilak organised Akharas (places of wrestling) and Lathi Clubs to make the youths brave to defy the
British Raj.

Question 19

Who led the Home Rule League in Maharashtra?

Answer

Bal Gangadhar Tilak led the Home Rule League in Maharashtra.

Question 20

Name any two books authored by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

 Answer

Two books authored by Bal Gangadhar Tilak are-

1. the Gita Rahasya

2. the Orion

Question 21

In what way was Tilak the forerunner of Gandhi?

Answer

Although Mahatma Gandhi regarded Gokhale as his political Guru, his ideals were moulded by Tilak's thoughts in a
big way. Gandhi laid great stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and boycott. All these had been preached and practised by
Tilak much before Gandhi did so. Gandhi's ideal of Complete Independence was similar to Tilak's idea of Swaraj.

Question 22

Why did Bipin Chandra part company with the Moderates?

Answer

After the Surat Session of the Congress, Bipin parted company with the early nationalists. According to him, "great
hardship or suffering was the price that had to be paid for freedom." He was of the opinion that the Indians should
resort to sterner measures for attaining Swaraj.

Question 23

Name any two books authored by Bipin Chandra Pal.

Answer

Two books authored by Bipin Chandra Pal are-

1. The Spirit of Indian Nationalism

2. The New Economic Menace to India

Question 24

Who started the magazine 'Young India'? Why did he start this magazine?

Answer

In USA, Lala Lajpat Rai started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the right of Indians to
attain Swaraj.

Question 25

Why was Lala Lajpat Rai not very enthusiastic about the Gandhian technique of Non-Cooperation?

Answer

Lala Lajpat Rai was not very enthusiastic about the Gandhian technique of Non-Cooperation as he was an assertive
nationalist and wanted a bolder action, including Civil Disobedience.

Question 26
 Name any two books authored by Lala Lajpat Rai.

Answer

Two books authored by Lala Lajpat Rai are-

1. The Call to Young India

2. The Political Future of India

Question 27

Who came to be known as Sher-i-Punjab (the Lion of Punjab)?

Answer

Lala Lajpat Rai came to be known as Sher-i-Punjab (the Lion of Punjab).

Question 1

Why did the British follow the policy of 'Divide and Rule' in India?

Answer

After the Revolt of 1857, the British followed the policy of "divide and rule" to keep themselves in power by causing
rift between various sections who could otherwise unite against the British.

Question 2

Mention any two methods the British used in pursuance of their policy of Divide and Rule.

Answer

Two methods which the British used in pursuance of their policy of Divide and Rule are-

1. The British encouraged communal and separatist trend in Indian politics. They appeased the Princes and the Zamindars
so that the common people of the country could be brought under the control of the British through this aristocratic
class.
2. The Government tried to keep Muslims aloof from the Congress. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Theodore Beck, the first
Principal of the Mohammedan College at Aligarh, tried to convince the Muslims that "the Congress was Hindu
Organisation which should be avoided at all costs."

Question 3

How did the relative economic backwardness of the Muslim Community foster Communalism in India?

Answer

While children of the Hindus went to schools run by Government or Christian missionaries, Muslims kept away from
Western education. This widened the gap between the two communities. Later, as a result of the efforts of Syed
Ahmad Khan and Tyabji, the Muslims also took to the new learning. But even now they were going too slowly as
compared to the other communities — the Hindus, the Christians and the Parsis. The Muslims were led to believe that
supporting the government was the surest way of getting government jobs or other rewards and honours. This led to
the growth of Communalism in India.

Question 4

What led to an arousal of Hindi-Urdu Controversy in 1900?

 Answer

In U.P. the petitions only in Urdu could be submitted to the offices and courts. The Hindus protested against this
practice. The Government gave instructions on 8 April, 1900 that offices and courts should entertain petitions written
in Hindi, i.e., Devanagri script also. This angered the Muslims who called protest meetings in different parts of the
Province. The Hindus also held meetings to meet the challenge. The controversy worsened relations between the two
communities.

Question 5

Mention any two demands made by the Muslim Deputation in 1906.

Answer

Two demands made by the Muslim Deputation in 1906 are-

1. Separate Electorates — The Muslims should be given the right of sending their representatives to the Provincial
Councils and Imperial Legislative Council through separate communal electorates.
2. Weightage in Representation — The representation to the Muslim Community should be determined not by their
numerical strength. It should be in accordance with the position they occupied in India about a hundred years ago.

Question 6

Name the Viceroy who was responsible for granting separate representation to the Muslims in 1909. What is meant by
Separate (Communal) Electorates?

Answer

The Viceroy, Lord Minto was responsible for granting separate representation to the Muslims in 1909.

The system of separate electorates implied that 'communities' should serve as the basis for representation. In other
words, the Muslims would vote for Muslim candidates and the Hindus for the Hindu candidates.

Question 7

When was the Muslim League formed? Who presided over its first Session at Dhaka?

Answer

The All-India Muslim League was formally founded on 30 December, 1906.

The First Session of Muslim league at Dhaka was presided over by Nawab Salimullah.

Question 8

When was the Muslim League's Constitution framed? Who presided over the Leagues Session at Amritsar in 1908?

Answer

The Muslim League's Constitution was framed in 1907 at Karachi.

The First Session of Muslim league was held in December 1908 at Amritsar under the Chairmanship of Syed Ali
Imam.

Question 9

Mention any two objectives of the Muslim League as laid down in its Constitution.
 Answer

Two objectives of the Muslim League as laid down in its Constitution are-

1. To promote among Indian Muslims feelings of loyalty towards the British Government. The League would also
remove misconception that may arise as to the intentions of Government in relation to Indian Muslims.
2. To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and to place their needs and aspirations before the Government
in mild and moderate language.

Question 10

Who founded 'Majlis-e-Ahrar'? Name any two nationalist.

Answer

Habibur Rahman founded 'Majlis-e-Ahrar' (The Society of Freemen).

Two nationalists are M. Rashid Ahmad and Abul Kalam Azad.

Question 11

Muslims associated with the Ahrar Movement.

Answer

Muslims associated with the Ahrar Movement are Habibur Rahman, M. Rashid Ahmad and Abul Kalam Azad.

Question 1

When was the Lucknow Pact adopted by the Congress and the League?

Answer

In December 1916, the Congress and the League held their Sessions at Lucknow and Lucknow Pact was formally
adopted at Lucknow.

Question 2

Mention any two factors which brought the Muslim League and the Congress closer by the Year 1916.

Answer

Two factors which brought the Muslim League and the Congress closer by the Year 1916 were-

1. The younger generation of educated Muslims began to realise that their interests were not different from those of their
other countrymen. In 1913, the Muslim League had amended its Constitution. It was now demanding "self-
government" for India under the protection of the British Crown.
2. The League had now a more liberal leadership. Mr. Jinnah and Muhammad Ali favoured cooperation with the
Congress. In fact, Jinnah in those days was an admirer of Congress Leaders like Tilak and Annie Besant.

Question 3

Why was the 1916 Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress significant?

Answer
 In December 1916, the Congress and the League held their Sessions at Lucknow. The significance of the Lucknow
Session was that a Joint Scheme of Reforms, that later came to be known as the Lucknow Pact, was formally adopted
at Lucknow.

Question 4

What does the Lucknow Pact say about the composition of Provincial Legislutures?

Answer

According to the Lucknow Pact-

1. Four-fifths of the members of the Provincial Legislatures were to be elected and one-fifth nominated.
2. The number of Muslim members was laid down Province by Province.
3. On the whole, the proportion of Muslim members was large, for example, 50 per cent in Punjab, 40 per cent in Bengal
and 30 per cent in U.P.
4. They were to be elected through Separate Electorates.

Question 5

What does the Lucknow Pact stipulate about the composition of Governor-General's Executive Council?

Answer

About the composition of Governor-General's Executive Council, the Lucknow Pact stipulates that half the members
of the Viceroy's Executive Council should be Indians, elected by the elected members of the Imperial Legislative
Council.

Question 6

Mention any one defect of the Lucknow Pact.

Answer

One defect of the Lucknow Pact was that the Pact provided for Muslim representation in the Councils far in excess of
their proportion in the total population.

Question 7

Mention any one factor showing the significance of the Lucknow Pact.

Answer

One factor showing the significance of the Lucknow Pact was that the unity between the Congress and the Muslim
League and between early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists demoralised the Government of India.

Question 1

When and why did Gandhi launch the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar?

Answer

In 1917, Gandhi launched the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar for helping the cause of tenants of the indigo-planters in
Champaran district of Bihar.

Question 2
 What is meant by Satyagraha?

Answer

Satyagraha means 'the force born of truth'.

Question 3

What is meant by Swadeshi?

Answer

Swadeshi means that we should use only those things which are produced by our countrymen within the borders of
India.

Question 4

Why did Gandhi lay emphasis on Swadeshi?

Answer

Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on Swadeshi to get over poverty and unemployment in India. He believed that small-
scale production could provide employment to millions in India.

Question 5

Name any two movements launched by Gandhi against British rule in India.

Answer

Two movements launched by Gandhi against British rule in India are-

1. Satyagraha
2. Swadeshi

Question 6

Which two provisions of the Rowlatt Act aroused widespread popular indignation?
Or
Mention any two provisions of the Rowlatt Act?

Answer

Two provisions of the Rowlatt Act which aroused widespread popular indignation were that it gave enormous powers
to the police -

1. to search a place
2. to arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant

Question 7

Why was the Rowlatt Act enacted?

Or
What was the object of the Rowlatt Act?

Answer
The object of the Rowlatt Act was to give government extraordinary powers of search and arrest so as to suppress the
national movement.

Question 8

What was Gandhi's reaction against the Rowlatt Act of 1919?

Answer

Gandhi described the Rowlatt Act as "destructive of the elementary rights of an individual". He called upon the people
to do Satyagraha against such an oppressive measure, i.e., to disobey the law without resorting to violence.

Question 9

When did the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occur? What did General Dyer do without warning people not to hold a public
meeting?

Answer

The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occurred on 13 April, 1919.

General Dyer without any warning opened fire upon the peaceful crowd that had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh and
continued firing on them until all his ammunition was exhausted.

Question 10

Which tragic incident prompted Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Answer

The Jallianwala Bagh incident prompted Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 11

Why was the Khilafat Committee formed in 1919?

Or
Why was the Khilafat Movement launched?

Answer

A Khilafat Committee was formed to champion the cause of the Caliph of Turkey, who was deprived of real authority
even over those territories which were left under his control according to the Peace Treaty.

Question 12

Name the two prominent leaders of the Khilafat Movement.

Answer

The two prominent leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Ali Bothers — Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Question 13

What was the programme of the Khilafat Movement?

Answer

The programme of the Khilafat Movement included

1. resignation from the government services
2. boycott of councils
3. refusal to pay taxes
4. refusal to join the army

Question 14

Mention one item each of the positive and negative programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Answer

The positive programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement included Hindu-Muslim Unity.

The negative programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement referred to the boycott of Legislative Councils.

Question 15

Why did Gandhi suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Answer

Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement because of the Chauri Chaura incident, where a mob of
peasants set fire to the police station with some twenty-two policemen inside it.

Question 16

In what way did the Non-Cooperation Movement provide a great national base to the Congress organisation?

Answer

The Non-Cooperation Movement provided a great national base to the Congress organisation as all sections of society
could now actively participate in the struggle for freedom.

Question 17

How did the Non-Cooperation Movement instil confidence among people and make them bold?

Answer

The Non-Cooperation Movement instilled confidence among people and made them bold as the people courted arrest
and faced police brutalities with a smile.

Question 18

Why and when was the Simon Commission appointed?

Answer

The Act of 1919 had provided for the appointment of a Commission to inquire into the working of the Reforms
introduced by it. Accordingly, a Commission with Sir John Simon as President, was appointed in 1927.

Question 19

How did the people of India react to the appointment of Simon Commission?
Or
Why was Simon Commission rejected by the Congress?

Answer
 The Simon Commission landed in Mumbai on 3rd February, 1928. That day was observed throughout the country as a
day of strikes and hostile demonstration. The whole country rang with the slogan "Simon! Go Back".

Question 20

Mention any two recommendations of the Simon Commission.

Answer

Two recommendations of the Simon Commission were-

1. Dyarchy should be given up and the Provincial Legislative Councils should be enlarged.
2. A Federation, representing both the British India and the Princely States, was sought to be set up.

Question 21

In which year and in which Session did Congress declare Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as its objective?
Which day was to be observed as the Poorna Swaraj Day all over India every year?

Answer

At its Lahore Session in December, 1929, the Congress declared 'Purna Swaraj' as its goal. Purna Swaraj Day was
celebrated all over India on 26th January, 1930.

Question 22

On which day began Gandhi's historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi? Why did Gandhi select Salt-laws as
his target for the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930?

Answer

Gandhi's historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi began on 12th March, 1930.
He selected Salt-laws as his target for the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 because salt-tax affected all sections
of society, especially the poor.

Question 23

Mention one main reason why the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched?

Answer

One main reason for launching the Civil Disobedience Movement was denial of the British Government to grant
Dominion Status to India.

Question 24

Who was known as Frontier Gandhi? Name the Volunteer Brigade organised by him.

Answer

Abdul Ghaffar Khan was known as Frontier Gandhi.

He organised a volunteer brigade, known as Khudai Khidmatgars (the Servants of God).

Question 25

How did the Government react to the Dandi March?

Answer
 The Government used all kinds of repressive measures to break the nationalist movement. According to official
figures, more than 60,000 persons were put behind prison bars. The Satyagrahis were brutally assaulted. They got lathi
blows on head, chest, stomach and joints.

Question 26

Mention any two terms (provisions) of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Answer

According to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the Governor-General agreed -

1. to release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence

2. to give back to the Congressmen their confiscated properties

Question 27

Why was Gandhi disgusted with the deliberations of the Second Round Table Conference?

Answer

Gandhi was disgusted with the deliberations of the Second Round Table Conference as most leaders seemed concerned
only about seats in legislatures for their respective communities.

Question 28

Mention one main impact (outcome) of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Answer

One main impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement was that the struggle had a healthy effect upon the life of the
exploited, the poor, and the oppressed.