􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇

JOURNALOFIRON ANDSTEELRESEARCH,INTERNATIONAL􀆰２
０１４,２
１(２):１
１ １４７
Ｇ１１
５１
􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉
􀪉

Me
tal
lur
gic
alS
tud
ieso
fAust
eni
ticSta
inl
essS
tee
l３０４und
er
Wa
rm De
epDr awi
ng
J
ayaha
riLade１ , Ba
luNa
ikBano
th２ , Ami
tKuma
rGup
ta３ , Swade
shKuma
rSi
ngh１
(１．Depar
tmentofMechani
calEnginee
ring,GRIET,Bachupal
ly,Hyderabad５０００９０,Te langana,Ind
ia;
２．Depar
tmentofMechani
calEngi
ne e
ri , ,
ng JNTUH Hyde r ,
abad５０００８５ Tel ,
angana Indi
a ; ３．Mechan
ica
l
Engi
neer
ingDepar
tment,BITSＧPi
lani,HyderabadCampus,Hyderabad５０００７８,Telangana,I nda)
i

Abstrat:Aus
c tenit
ics ta
i n
lesss t
eel３０４wa sdeepd rawnwi thdifferentb l ankd i
ame tersunde rwa rmc ondi
tionsus i
ng
２０thyd r
aulicp ress．Anumbe ro fde epd rawingexpe rimen t
sbo tha tr oomt empe r
a tu
r eanda t１５０ ℃ we rec onduc t
ed
tostudyt heme t
a l
lography．Al so,t ensil
et este xper
ime ntswe rec onduc tedonaun iversaltes
ting ma chi
neupt o７００ ℃
andt hebrokenspe cimenswe r
eus edtos tudyt hef ractographyo ft hema ter
ialusings canninge lect
ronmi cro scopyin
vari
ousr egions．Themi c ros
tructurechange swe reobs erveda tlimitingd rawr a
tio( LDR)whent hecupi sd rawna t
di
fferenttempe ratures．I naustenit
ics t
ainlessste l,ma
e rtensi
teforma t
i ont akesplacet hatisno tonlya ff
ectedbyt emＧ
peratue,bu
r talsoin f
luencedbyt her a
tea twh icht hema ter
ialisde formed． Inaust en
iticstainlesssteel３０４,dynami c
str
ainregimeappe arsabove３００ ℃ andi tde creasest hefo rmabili
tyo fma ter
ialduet ob ri
ttl
ef r
actureass t
ud iedi nits
fr
actography．Fr omt heme t
allographicstud i
es,t hemax imum LDRo ft hema t
eri
a lisobser veda t１５０ ℃ be fo
r edy Ｇ
namics tra
inr egime． Itisa l
soobs er
vedt hata t１５０ ℃ ,g ra
insa rec oar s
ei nt hedr awncupsa tLDR．
Keywo rds:me talformi ng;mi crostructue;s
r tai n
lesss teel;wa rmde epd rawing

Aus tenit
ics ta inl
es sst ee
ls( ASS３０４)havebe Ｇ inga th ighe rt empe rature),t hede formedg r
ainsr eＧ
comewo rkho rsema terialst othei ndus t
rie sanda lso crystalli
z edi nt osma ll
e rgra ins．Wou tersandFr oyＧ
serveda st hes truc tural ma teri
al s１ ．Ther elation Ｇ en８ i nve s t
igat edt hefa i
lureana l
ys isofs teelsandi lＧ
[] []

shipbe twe enmi cro s

truc tureandt ensil
ebehav i
o rf or lustratedt hed ifferentf rac
t uret ype s．Lue tal􀆰９ i nＧ
[]

ASS ３０４ a fte

r mu l
tipler o
lling fro m lo w to hi gh dicatedt hatt heu lt
ima tetens i
l es trengt h( UTS)and
tempe r ature s wa sobs erved２ ．I nt hinshe et me tal flows t
re sso fASS３０４ we r es t ronglydependen ton
[]

formi ngope ra
tion,ashe eti sde formedby us inga thes trainr atedur ingt het ens ilel oadi ng,andt hey
puncht hroughad ieandt oge tade si
redshapebe Ｇ increasedwi thi ncreasingt hes trainr ate．
foref rac tureo ccur s．The rei salimi tupt owh icht he Thee ffe
c to fstrainra teont hel ocationo ft he
ma terialc anbede formedandi ti sexp ressedbyl imＧ dynami cs trainag ing ( DSA)r egioni sc learlyillusＧ
it
ingd rawr ati (
o LDR ．Th) isf o
rmab il
ityo ft hema Ｇ tratedi nt hewo rko fKa rimiTahe r
ionl owc arbon
teri
a li ncr e
a ses byi ncre a
sing t het empe ratur e be Ｇ steel１０ ．Ba sed ont hei dea ssugge sted by McCo rＧ
[ ]

caus eo fde c r
eas ei ntheme anf l
ows tresse s３ ４ ．The mi ck１１ ,t hedependenc eo fme anf lows tressont he
[ ,] [ ]

formab ilityi sals oa f

fectedbyt hema terialp rope rties strainr at e,theons eto fserra tedy ield
i ng,t empe raＧ
andt hemi crostruc turet hatchange sbyt het empe raＧ turedependenc eo fthe me anf low s tre s,e
s ffecto f
turea twh icht he ma teria
li sde formed５ ６ ．Fa ct ors DSAons trainha rdeningands t
r a
i nr ates ensit
ivit
[ ,]
y
l
ikef ra ctography, me tallograpy,l ubrication, me Ｇ indexwe reana l zedi nde t
a ilbyVanDenBeuke l１２ ．
[ ]
y
chan i
c alp rope rt
i es,b lanks i
ze,d i
eandpunchr adiＧ Expe rimen talana lyseso ft hePLC e f
f ectand DSA
,
us b lank ho ld
i ngf o
rc ,
e punchspe ,
ed punch d isＧ havebe enex t ens i
velys tudiedi nd if
fer entg radeso f
lacemen te tc􀆰,c ontributedt ot hesuc cesso rfa i
l ure aus t
en i
tics t
ain lesss t
ee l
s３０３１３－１５ ． I
na spectso fa l
l
[ ]
p
oft hec omponen t７ ．I n wa rmf o rming ( de epd rawＧ the e,s
s til
lsomuchr esearchandi nve sti at
ionw ere
[]
g

Founda
tionItem:
Item Spons
oredbyDepa
rtmentofSci
enc
eandTechnologyGove r
nmen to
fInd
ia(SR/S３/MERC/０１２９/２０１２)
Bior
gaphy:J
ayaha
riLade,Do cto
rCand
idate,Ass
oci
ateProf
ess
or; EＧmail:
jayahar
i􀆰l
ade＠gmai
l om; Re
􀆰c c
eiv
edDate:Sep t r２９,２０１３
embe
 １１４８ J
our
nalo
fIr
onandS
tee
lRe
sea
rch,I
nte
rna
tiona
l Vo
l􀆰２１

r
equiredf o
r better usage o
f ASS ３０４ atelevated ASS３０４i sshowni n Table１．Theexc e
llentcor
roＧ
t
empe rat
ures． ,
So ba sedont hi ,
s ASS３０４g r
adema Ｇ si
onr esis
tanceo fASS３０４i sduet ot hep re
senceof
t
erialwasi nve
stigat
edf oritsformab
ili
ty,me ta
lloＧ Mo wh ich p r
even t
st hech l
oridecorrosion．Italso
ra
g p hi
ca ndfrac
to ra
g pyh ． hasal owc arboncon tent,wh ichresultsinimproved
wearandf r
ict
ionp roperti
e s．Henc ,
e ASS３０４she e
ts
１ Me
thodo
log
y areparticular
ly us e
fuli n nuclea
rr eactorsa sitis
１􀆰１ De te
rminat
ionoftens
ilepr oper
tie
s usedfort hepur poseofc l
add i
ngo ffuelrods．ThereＧ
ASS３０４ha sbeenextensivelyusedinthef i
eld ac
tor′
st emp er
aturesareu sual
lyver yhigh．Henc e,it
ofdefenceandnuc l
earscienceduet oitsexcel
lent become simpe ra
t i
vet os tudyt he materialbehav
ior
cor
rosionres
ist
anceinseawa t
er．Thec ompos
iti
ono f anditsp ropert
iesa televatedtempe r
atures．

Tab
le１ Ch
emi
calc
ompo
sit
iono
fau
sten
iti
cst
ain
les
sst
eel３０４ ma
ss％
Fe C Mn S
i Mo Co Cr Cu Ni Ot
her
s

７０
􀆰７８ ０
􀆰０２５ １
􀆰１４０ ０
􀆰４１０ ０
􀆰３６０ ０
􀆰２１０ １８
􀆰４０ ０
􀆰１８０ ８
􀆰１９０ ０
􀆰３０５

Th etensi
lep rop e
rtiesoft heseASS３０４s he et
swe re
det ermi nedbyt heun iaxialtens iletest sona１００kN
electr onicall
yc ontr ol
led un ive rsalt e st
ing ma ch ine
( UTM ．Af) urna cewa s moun tedove rt he UTMi n
ord ert ocon t
rolt h es pec
ime nt emp eraturew itht hea ccuＧ
racy of ±０􀆰 １ ℃． Duet os ophist
icati
o no ft h ee qpui Ｇ
me t,a
n fterconduc tingt heexpe r
imen ts,t hef urna ce
wa sa l l
owedt oc oolupt o１００ ℃i nt hec l osedcond iＧ
tioni no rdertoavo idt hedamage st ot hef urna c ei nＧ
sul ationandt empe r a
t urec ontrols．Itt ooka r ound４h
toc onduc tonet estunde rt hec ontrolledc ond iti ons．
So,t otal１０４t ests( １３t empe ratu r
e sand４s t rain
rat e )
s we rec onduc tedt oc alculatet he me chan ical
pr oper t
ieso fASS３０４．Theexpe r
imen ts we recon Ｇ
duc tedf rom５０t o６５０ ℃ i nt hes t
epso f５０ ℃．The
pr oper t
ieschangeo f ma teri
a landt het rendi nt he
tempe raturer angeo f３００－４５０ ℃ c anbeobs ervedi n
Figs 􀆰１and２．Th isi sp r
ima r
ilyduet oimmi nen tb lue
brittle phenomenont hatappe a rs betwe en ３００ and
４５０ ℃．La ter,t hema terialen terst hep lasticr ange．
Beyond４５０ ℃ s , incet he ma t
e ri
alen terst hep l astic
range,t hepe rc en tagee longa tioni ncr easesand me Ｇ
chan ic a
lp roper tiessucha sy ie
l ds t
r e
s s,UTS,wo rk (
a)UTS; (b)Yi e
ldst
rength; (
c)Perc
entageel
ongation;
(
d)Workha
r den
i t;
ngexponen (
e)St
rengt
hc oe
ffi
cien
t．
ha rden ingexponen tn,ands treng t
hc oefficien tK
F
ig􀆰２ Va r
iat
ionofp
ropert
ieswi
thre
spec
ttotempe
rat
ure
de crea s
ewi thi nc reasingt emp erature． So,t h eses heets d
ist
ribut
iona
tdiff
eren
tstra
inr
atesofASS３０４

areexpe c t
edt o have goodf o
rmabi li
tya televated
tempe rat uresbecauset herei sno ton ly decr
eas ein
thef low s tressath ighe rt emperaturebu ta l
soi nＧ
cre as
ei nt he percentage e l
ongati
on．Hi gher wo rk
ha rdeningexponen ti ncreasestheabilityoftheme tal
tounde rgoun ifo
rm p lasti
cde formationbe f
orel ocal
Ｇ
i
z edne ck ing/exces
sivet hinning．DSAi nsoli
dso l
uＧ
t
i onsi sde scr
ibeda sd i
ffusionofsolu teatomst omo Ｇ
F
ig􀆰１ S
tre
ssＧ
str
ainc
urv
eofASS３０４ biled islocatons,t
i empo rarilyarre
st eda tobstacles．
I
ssue１２ Me
tal
lur
gic
alS
tud
ieso
fAus
ten
iti
cSt
ain
les
sSt
eel３０４unde
rWa
rm De
epDr
awi
ng １１４９

Asac onsequence,thesol
u t
ec oncent
rati
onexperi
Ｇ cupswe recu tanda mou ldwa sp repa redt oobs erve
enc
edl ocall
ybyt hedis
loc
ationsdependsont het
ime thet hicknessd is
tribu t
iona longt hehe ightd irect
ion．
ofarr
es tandt hesol
utedi
ffusioncoef
fic
ient． The se spe c
imens we re polished and e tched us ing
conc en tra
tedaquar egiaandt he mi crostructureso f
１􀆰２ Dr awa bil
it ,
y me t a
llurgyandf act
ographicstudi
es drieds amp lesa tva riousr eg i ,
ons i 􀆰e􀆰a tbo ttom,
The wa rm f ormi ng experimen ts we rec ar
ried ne ckandt he wa l
lwe r
eobs ervedunde ra me ta
lloＧ
outont heexpe rimen t altestrig wh ichi sspe cial
ly graph i
c mi croscope．An i nverted mi croscope wi th
designedf or de ep d rawing ope rati
ons a te levated magn ifica
tionupt o１６００wa sus edt oc apturet hemi Ｇ
tempe ratures．ASS３０４b l
ankso f１ mmi nt hickness cros tructureimage s( Fig􀆰３)and Me t
ImageLx me tＧ
we r
ecu ti nt oc i
rcu larshape us ingl atheand de ep allog raphicso ftware wa sus edt oana lyzet he grain
drawing wa sc arriedou tonb lankswi t
hd ifferentdiＧ sizeand pha se/volumef raction ( Fig􀆰４)．Thet est
ame ters．S incet he ma teri
als had a t endenc yt o spe cimenso fASS３０４we r
esub jec
t edt ot ensiletesＧ
changed imens ionsa th ighertempe r
atures,supe ra
lＧ tinga ttempe raturesr angingf rom５０t o６５０ ℃．Th is
loy wa sus edi nde signingand manu facturingo fdie, ma t
e rialunde rwentt hedynami cs t ra
i nag ingf rom
blankho lderand punch．Ani nduc t
ionf urna ce was ３５０t o６５０ ℃ unde rva r
iouss trainra tecond it
ions１６ ．
[ ]

usedt ohe att heb lankanda lsot helowe rd ie．Drawn Fr actur estudywa st henmadeont he sespe cimensby

F
ig􀆰３ Mi
cro
str
uct
ureo
fASS３０４f
or６５mmb
lankd
iame
tera
tro
omt
emp
era
tue(
r a)and７５mmb
lankd
iame
te t１５０ ℃ (
ra b)

F
ig􀆰４ Mi
cro
str
uct
ureo
fASS３０４wi
thpha
seandv
olumef
rac
tionf
or７５mmb
lankd
iame
tera
t３００ ℃

s
cann
inge
lec
tron mi
cros
copy (
SEM)． drawingish ighert hant hatatroomt emper
ature． I
t
i
sobs ervedt hatthisma t e
ria
lat１５０ ℃ hasabe tt e
r
２ Re
sul
tsandDi
scu
ssi
on
formabil
ityt hant hata t３００ ℃．Tha tis,atal ow
２􀆰１ Fo rmabili
tyanalysi
s heati
ngt empe rat
ure, itha sabe
t t
erformabi
li
tyt han
The maximum s t
resst hatcanbes a
fel
yt ransＧ thatath ighertempe rature．Thisis moreusefu
lf o
r
ferredfr
omt hepuncht ot heblankha sal imitont he thep r
acticalappli
cationso fASS３０４．
max imumb lanksize．Jayahair
ieta l
􀆰 １７ invest
igated
[ ]

thatlimit
ingd raw ra
ti (
o LDR c ) anbeob t
aineda t ２􀆰２ Micros
tructur
eanals
yis
roomt emperatureon６５ mmt hi
ckb lank,a t１５０ ℃ ２􀆰２􀆰１ Grainsize
on７５ mmt hickblankanda t３００ ℃ on７０mmt hick I
nthisstudy,thegrainsi
zef o
rthede
epd rawn
blank．Fo rthis materi
a ,
l t he LDR i n wa rm de ep cupsattempe r
aturesr
angingf r
om room temper
aＧ
 １１５０ J
our
nalo
fIr
onandS
tee
lRe
sea
rch,I
nte
rna
tiona
l Vo
l􀆰２１

turet o３００°C wa sme asu r

ed． I
ti sobs e rvedt ha tt he ma rtensitef romba set owa llregion (Table２)．
grains i
z ei nt hene ck po r
tiono ft hecup d rawna t Similarob servat
ionc anb ema deat１５０ ℃ ,bu tat
roomt empe ra tu rewa sde cre ased ( ASTMEs t anda rd highert emp erat
u re,therewi l
lb esomewha tstre
ssr e
lie
Ｇ
grains i
z eso f３ 􀆰５)duet oexc essi ves trai ningo fma Ｇ v
i ng ma rtensi
tef orma t
ioni n wallregi
on wh ichisl es
s
teriali nt h isr eg i ,
on whe rea st heba ser eg i ono ft he comp aredt ot hatinn eckr egi ,
on．At３００ ℃ whe nthe
cupha sunde r goneal it t
leo rnode forma tionanda sa ma te
riala pproache ddyn amics t
rainregime,as ubst
anＧ
resu t,no
l tmuchva riationi ng r ai ns izec ou ldbeob Ｇ t
ialin cr
e aseisob servedi n martens
itebothi nn ec
kand
served．Gr ains i zeha sbe enf urthe rde cre as ed ( ASTＧ wa l
lr ei
g ons．Th isison eo fthereasonswhyd e
epd rawＧ
MEs tanda r dg r ains izeo f４􀆰５)i nwa llr eg ionduet o i
ngi sd iffi
c u
ltatt h
istemp e
rature．Thereisade cre
ase
thicken ing o f wa ll wh il
ed rawi ng t hecup duet o i
nd rawab ili
tya tt hatpa rti
cu l
artempe rature．
compr essi vehoops tres sesi nt hef lange．
Theg r ai nsi nt hene ckand wa llr egi ono ft he Tab
le２ Est
ima
tedmart
ens
itevolumefrac
tionf
or
cupsd rawna tr oom t empe rat ur ea resma ll
e rt han ASS３０４s
ample
satvariou
sr e
gion
sa t
warmtempe
rature
s
thos ea tt empe r atur eso f１５０and３００ ℃．Thecups
Room
drawna tr oom t empe rat ure haver ela tive lyh ighe r Tempe
rat
ur/℃
e １５０ ３００
t
empera
tur
e
streng tht hant ho sed rawna te leva t edt empe r atures
Vo
lumef
rac
tiona
tneckofLDRcup/％ ３
􀆰８０ １０
􀆰６３１９
􀆰６１
andf inerg rai ns truc tu re we reobs e rveda te leva ted Vol
umef
ract
ionatwa
l fLDRcup/％
lo ８
􀆰８７ ８
􀆰１８ ２２
􀆰０７
tempe ratu re s． Iti ss eent hatt hei ncr eas ednumbe ro f Vo
lumef
rac
tiona
tba
s fLDRcup/％
eo １
􀆰８５ ６
􀆰２２ ２３
􀆰１９
grainsc anc aus ewe aken ingo remb rittlemen tbyab Ｇ
sorp tiono fenv ir onmen talspe cies( sucha shyd rogen
oroxygen)a tt heg r ainbounda rie s． Inadd i ton,t
i he ２􀆰３ Fr actureana lys
is
grainbounda ryr egionsa rea ls o we akeneda th igh Fracturedsur faceoft heASS３０４a tr oomt emＧ
tempe ratu re, whe r eby t he p r edomi nan tf r acture peraturerevealsd implelikes t
ruc ture swh icha ret he
pat hb ec o m e s in terg ra nular ． charact
erist
icso fduc t
ilefr acture．I ti salsoobs erved
２􀆰２ 􀆰２ Pha s e/ volumef ractionf o rASS３０４ thattheshe arp laneandt heshe arlipsa reclearl
yno Ｇ
The mi cr ostruc t ureo f de ep d rawn s amp les ti
ceableins amp lest es
teda tr oomt empe r
atureand
showst ha tt heaus ten iti
cpha s eha st he ma jo rv ol
Ｇ １５０ ℃．Thec avitiesa r
isef r omt hei nclusionso rt he
umef ract ionands e conda rypha seha st r ans f orma Ｇ coarserp recipitatesa r
e en l
arged dur ing furt her
tioni nduc edma rtens itea tallt empe ratu re s．Thevo l
Ｇ yie
ldingsot ha tt hema te r
ia lbetwe ent hemi sne cked
umef racti ono f ma rtensitea tr oom t empe rat urei s andshe ar
ed．Toaf irstapp roximat ion,t hedep t ho f
lowe rt hant ho s ea to t hert empe r atu res．Theexpe ri
Ｇ thesedimp lesc anbecons i dereda same asureo ft he
men tals tud iesshowt hatt hef r ac ti
ono fma rtens iti
c ducti
lit
y．I nF ig􀆰５( b),a t３００ ℃ ,a long wi tht he
pha sei sh ighe ra tne ckr egiont hant ha ta tt hewa ll dimples,even mi c r
oc leavage soc cur redi nt hes amＧ
andba ser eg ionso ft hecupsa ta llt empe ra tur es． pleandt hiscou ldbeduet os tra
i ni nduc edma r
tens Ｇ
The r eisani nc r easei nf ractiono fpha s ea tt hene ck it
e．Ate levatedt empe ratur esshowni nF i
gs􀆰５( c)
regionwhent het empe raturei si nc re ased． and５( d)a t５５０and６５０ ℃ ,t henumbe ro fqua si
Thei n itial mi cr ostruct urei sr elative l ycoa r se． cleavagesi si ncreasedsubs tan t
ial
ly．Thec leavages
As t he max imum de forma ti
on o f ma te ri a
lt ake s areas igno fbrittlefr ac
ture,andusua llys epa r
ation
plac ea tt hene ck e, longa tedg ra insa ref ound．Asa occursa l ong a we ll
Ｇ def
inedc rystallogr aphicp lane．
resu t,t
l heg ra indens ityde c rease sa tne ck．Atr oom Fo rtesteds amp lesi nt hisi nvestigation,i ti sob Ｇ
tempe ratu re,t heg rai ndens ityf u rthe ri nc rea sesa t servedt hatt he g rains have d iff
e ren to rient a
tions
thewa l
lr eg ionbe c
aus ei nt hef langea r eat , he rea re wit hrespe cttoe acho ther．Thec racki sgene rallydiＧ
compr essi vehoops t res ses．Howeve r,a st het empe rＧ videdi ntot er
raceＧli
kes teps whenc ros si
nga g rain
atur eo ft he ma teriali ncr e
a ses,t her ei sani nc rease bounda ry．Thenewl yc reatedd if
fer entc ra
ck p lanes
int hedu ctility．He nce,t heg raind e nsitygo e sdowna t jointoge therdur ingf urtherc rackp r opaga ti ,
on pr oＧ
wa llandne ckr eg ion．The rei snochangei ng rain ducingacha ract
eristicriverＧl
ikepa tt ern．
Gup tae ta l
􀆰 １８ investigatedt hema terialint he
[ ]
dens ityi nt hi sba ser egion be c aus et he ma te r
ia lis
no tsub je ct edt oanys tress．No ton lyt het empe raＧ tempe ratur erangeo f５５０－６５０ ℃ andshowedady Ｇ
turei nduc ed ma rtens ite bu ta ls o exc es sives trains nami cstr ainagingphenomenonoc cur ringa tas t
rain
areobs er vedi nt hema t
erial． Itc anbes eena tr oom rateo f０ 􀆰０００１s－１ ,sot his phenomenoncou ld be
tempe ratu ret ha tt he rei sac ons i
st en ti nc rea sei n oneo ft hep r
ima ryre asonst oc auseb r
ittlefracturein
I
ssue１２ Me
tal
lur
gic
alS
tud
ieso
fAus
ten
iti
cSt
ain
les
sSt
eel３０４unde
rWa
rm De
epDr
awi
ng １１５１

(
a)Roomt
empe
rat
ure; (
b)３００ ℃ ; (
c)５５０ ℃ ; (
d)６５０ ℃．
F
ig􀆰５ SEMima
gesf
orf
rac
tur
esu
rfa
ceo
ften
sil
ete
stASS３０４s
amp
lesa
tdi
ffe
ren
ttemp
era
tur
es

thespec
imen．Thu s,atl owertempe
ratur
es,ASS３０４ (
２００９)３９ Ｇ１０４．
[
２] Z．Yanushkev ch,A．Mogucheva,M．Ti
i khonova,A．Be lyakＧ
undergoesduc
tilefract
ur e, whe
rea
sa th i
ghertemＧ
ov,R．Ka ibyshev,Ma ter．Cha ra
ct． ６２ ( ２０１１)４３２ Ｇ４３７．
perat
ure ,
s microc le
avagesa reobser
vedduet oeiＧ [
３] S􀆰K．S ngh,K．Mahe
i sh,A．Kuma r,M．Swa thi,Ma ter．De s．
therstr
ainhardeningordynami cst
rainaging． ３１ ( ２０１０)４４７８ Ｇ４４８４．
[
４] S􀆰K． S
ingh,K．Mahe sh,A􀆰K．Gup ta,Ma t e
r．De s． ３１ (２０１０)
３ Conc
lus
ion ２２８８ Ｇ２２９５．
[
５] A 􀆰K．S ingh,R 􀆰A．S chwa r
zer,Me t．Ma ter．Pr ocess． １８９ (２００６)
Wa rmde epd rawingp rocessha sg reatadvan taＧ
３５１ Ｇ３６０．
gest han t he c onventionalf o
rmi ng．Du ring wa rm [
６] N．Ko tkunde,H􀆰N．Kr ishnamur thy,P．Pur anik,A􀆰K．Gup Ｇ
formi ng,h ighd rawab i
lityr esultsingoodqua l
ityo f ta,S 􀆰K． S
ingh,Ma ter．De s． ５４ (２０１４)９６ Ｇ１０３．
f
i n
ishedpr oducts．Gr ains izei nt hene ck po r
tiono f [
７] S􀆰K．S ingh,A􀆰K．Gup ta,K．Mahe sh,CIRPJ．Manu f．Sc i．
thecupi sde creased duet oexc essi
ves training of Te chnol． ３( ２０１０)７３ Ｇ７９．
[
８] R．Wou t es,L．Fr
r oyen,Ma ter．Cha r
a c
t． ３６ ( １９９６)３５７ Ｇ３６４．
ma teriala tallt empe ratures．I ncreased numbe ro f [
９] J􀆰Z．Lu,J 􀆰S．Zhong,K􀆰Y．Luo,L．Zhang,H．Qi,M．Luo,
grainsc anc ausewe akeningo remb ri
ttlemen tint he X􀆰J．Xu,J 􀆰Z． Zhou,Sur f．Coa t．Te chno l．２２１ ( ２０１３)８８ Ｇ９３．
grainbounda ries．Thevo lumef ract
iono fma rt
ens i
te [
１０] A．Ka rimiTahe ri,T 􀆰M．Ma ccagno,J 􀆰J． Jona s,I SI
JI nt． ３５
atroomt empe r
atureisl owe rt hant hata tot hertemＧ (１９９５)１５３２ Ｇ
１５４０．
[
１１] P ck,Ac ２０ ( １９７２)３５１
peratu res．Ate levatedtempe ratures,mi crostructure 􀆰G．McCo rmi ta Me ta
ll． Ｇ
３５４．
[
１２] A．VanDenBeuke l,Ac ta Me ta
ll． ２８ (１９８０)９６５ Ｇ９６９．
oft hes amp l
e sshowsc ompa r a
tivelyc oarseg r
ains [
１３] L 􀆰H． deAlme ida,P 􀆰R􀆰O． Emygd io,I． LeMay,Sc rit
paMe tＧ
thant hata tr oom t empe r
a ture．SEM s tudiesf or al
l．Ma ter．３１ ( １９９４)５０５ Ｇ ５１０．
UTM spe cimensa reana lyzedf rom r oom t empe raＧ [
１４] S．Venugopa l,S 􀆰L．Mannan,Y􀆰V􀆰R 􀆰K．Pr asad,J．Ma ter．
６５ (１９９７)１０７
turet o６５０ ℃．Atl owert empe ra
t ures,t hema teri
al Pr ocess．Te chnol． Ｇ１１５．
[
１５] G􀆰R． Stewa rt,J 􀆰J． Jonas,I S
IJI nt． ４４ (２００４)１２６３ Ｇ１２７２．
unde rgoesduc t
ilef rac
t ure bu ta th ighe rt empe raＧ [
１６] A􀆰K．Gup ta,H􀆰N．Kr ishnamur thy,Y． Singh,K􀆰M． Pr a
s ad,
tures,mi croc leavagesa reobs erved duet oe i
ther S􀆰K． Singh,Ma t e
r．De s．４５ ( ２０１３)６１６ Ｇ
６２７．
stra
i nha rdeningo rdynami cs trai
nag i ng． [
１７] L． Jayahairi,P 􀆰V． Sasidhar,P 􀆰P．Reddy,B． BaluNa ik,A􀆰K．
Gup ta,S 􀆰K． Singh,J．Ki ngSaudUn iv．２６ ( ２０１４)２１ Ｇ３１．
Re
fer
enc
es: [
１８] A􀆰K．Gup ta,S 􀆰K．S ingh,S．Reddy,G．Ha ri
ha ran,Ma ter．
[
１] K􀆰H．Lo,C
􀆰H．Shek,J i,Ma
􀆰K􀆰L．La ter．Sc
i．Eng．R６５ De s．３５ ( ２０１２)５８９ Ｇ５９５．