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MANAGING YOUR MIND
MANAGING
YOUR MIND
The Mental Fitness Guide

THIRD EDITION

Gillian Butler, PhD

Nick Grey, MA, DClinPsych
Tony Hope, MD, PhD

1
1
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© Gillian Butler, R. A. Hope, and Nick Grey 2018
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Butler, Gillian, 1942– author. | Grey, Nick, 1970– author. |
Hope, R. A., author.
Title: Managing your mind / Gillian Butler, Ph.D., Nick Grey, M.A. D.Clin.Psych,
Tony Hope, M.D., Ph.D.
Description: Third edition. | New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2018] |
Revised edition of: Managing your mind : the mental fitness guide /
Gillian Butler and Tony Hope. 2nd ed. 2007. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017046994 (print) | LCCN 2017052239 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190866785 (updf) | ISBN 9780190866792 (epub) | ISBN 9780190872977
(cloth : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780190866778 (pbk. : acid-free paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Mental health. | Self-management (Psychology) | BISAC: PSYCHOLOGY /
Clinical Psychology. | MEDICAL / Public Health.
Classification: LCC RA790 (ebook) | LCC RA790 .B83 2018 (print) |
DDC 616.89—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017046994
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Paperback printed by LSC Communications, United States of America

Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
CONTENTS

Preface | ix
Online-​only material | xiii
What to expect from this guide | xv

PART I Making sense

1. The scientific background: knowing what works | 3
2. Valuing and understanding yourself | 17
3. The value and practice of acceptance | 39
4. The value and practice of kindness | 59
5. Building self-​esteem and self-​confidence | 83

PART II Making your way

SECTION 1 Thinking well
6. Taking a positive approach | 107
7. Finding new perspectives | 131
8. Using your head: thinking and deciding | 159

v
v i | Contents

SECTION 2 Creating a framework

9. Developing useful habits | 183
10. Goals and how to use them | 203
11. Using time well | 229
12. Keeping physically well | 249

SECTION 3 Being happy

13. Increasing the chance of happiness | 271
14. Treating yourself right | 287
15. Becoming more creative | 299

SECTION 4 Making your way with others

16. Good relationships: the principles | 321
17. Assertiveness | 341
18. Negotiation skills | 359
19. Understanding voices from your past | 367

PART III Overcoming difficulties

SECTION 5 Preparing to tackle difficulties
20. Recognizing that you can change: facing problems | 387
21. Problem-​solving: a strategy for change | 403
22. Stress: balancing life’s demands | 417
 Contents | v i i

SECTION 6 Anxiety
23. Getting the better of worry: defeating the alarmist | 437
24. Overcoming fears and avoidance: social anxiety
and phobias | 461
25. Dealing with panic | 491

SECTION 7 Low mood and anger

26. Depression: the common cold of the mind | 511
27. Digging yourself out of depression | 525
28. Feeling angry and keeping calm | 551

SECTION 8 Trauma and loss

29. Loss and bereavement | 579
30. Stepping away from the past | 603
31. Recent traumatic events and their aftermath | 639

SECTION 9 Enduring physical difficulties

32. Chronic ill health | 663
33. Breaking habits and overcoming addictions | 675

INDEX | 689
Preface

It is over 20 years since the first edition of Managing Your Mind was
published, and 10 years since the second edition. In this time, we
hope we have learned from our experiences in life, from the people
we have worked with, from our friends and families, and from an
ever-​growing literature on how best to ride life’s ups and downs.
We have also been fortunate to receive much wise feedback from
readers on the previous editions. This third edition of Managing
Your Mind has been a great opportunity to use this learning to build
on the earlier work, extending it into new arenas, and broadening
its scope. The emphasis now is as much on how we can all thrive
and flourish, as it is on overcoming the difficulties we all face. It
draws on the increase in research in positive psychology while
still being firmly grounded in evidence-​based treatments for spe-
cific problems. In the introduction, we suggest that we need dual
metaphors for the mind and life—​both that of the mechanic and
the gardener. This edition of Managing Your Mind has emphasized
more than previously the role of gardening, and how we can nur-
ture ourselves.
There are nine completely new chapters and a significant restruc-
turing of the book. The new chapters include “The value and prac-
tice of kindness,” “Increasing the chance of happiness,” “Becoming
more creative,” and “Chronic ill health.” All other chapters have
been revised in light of new learning, and some have been combined

ix
x | Preface

or expanded from previous editions. We found that we actually had

too much material for the book—​but with the benefit of modern
technology these sections are available on the Internet.
We would like to acknowledge the people who have made the
writing of this book possible. First and foremost are all those
people we have seen with difficulties in their lives who have taught
us what methods and ideas they found helpful.
We would also like to thank the many psychologists, therapists,
and other healers whose writings (referred to in the “Further
reading” sections at the end of each chapter) have provided many
valuable ideas that we have passed on to readers of this book.
We have learned much from our colleagues and would like, in
particular, to thank David Clark, Anke Ehlers, Melanie Fennell,
Ann Hackmann, Helen Kennerley, Joan Kirk, Martina Mueller,
and Paul Salkovskis.
The editors and staff of Oxford University Press have given us
encouragement and support throughout the writing of this book.
In particular, we would like to thank Martin Baum, Charlotte
Holloway, Shereen Karmali, and April Peake in the UK, and Sarah
Harrington in the United States.
We thank our families. Gillian thanks Christopher, Sophie,
David, and Josie for endless patience and interest, and also her
grandchildren, Alice, Eleanor, Jessica, Alex, and Thomas, for
helping her keep up with the modern world and with the many uses
of the World Wide Web. Nick thanks Mary, Jake, Alex, and Luke
for keeping him grounded and reminding him of the most valuable
parts of life. Tony thanks Sally, Beth, Katy, and John for keeping
him going and for all the helpful discussions of the issues raised in
the book.
 Preface | x i

Throughout the writing of this book the three of us met regu-

larly, usually at Le Pain Quotidien near Victoria station in London.
We thank the staff for looking after us and supplying as much ex-
cellent food and drink (not alcoholic) as was necessary to keep us
focused. Without these meetings, and the pleasant ambience in
which they took place, this book would never have been written.
GB
NG
TH
Oxford and Brighton
August 2017
Online-​only material

The following material is available online at

http://www.oup.com/us/managingyourmind.

Some common defense mechanisms that impede understanding

What kind of coach do you want to be?

The mental crusher

The Zeigarnik effect

Thought records and key questions to go with them

Alternatives diary and key questions to go with it

Aspects of personality to consider when developing new habits

Planning your goal

The David Allen approach

Blank pie chart

Relaxation

xiii
x i v | Online-only material

Responding in a mature way to common voices of the Child

Responding in a mature way to common voices of the Parent

Keeping a worry-​outcome diary

Developing confiding relationships to reduce your chance of

depression

Diary of daily activities

The legacy of being bullied

Ground yourself in the here and now

Habit monitoring record

Stopping smoking

Averting problems with alcohol

What to expect from this guide

This book is written for people with differing aims: those who
would like to develop themselves in some way, to make the most
of their abilities, or to make changes in how they do things, or to
overcome specific difficulties. We all need psychological resources
and resilience to thrive in modern life and to survive changing
fortunes. Developing resilience is not just about overcoming
problems when they arise. It is also about laying a foundation that
provides support. It is about increasing the store of resourceful-
ness and flexibility, confidence, and strength that helps you to live
in the best and most satisfying way that you can, in line with your
personal values. There is much about the world around us that we
cannot control. How we think, how we respond, and how we act are,
however, in the end, up to us. We are, to a great extent, our minds.
Every age has its fashions, as much in uncovering the mys-
teries of the mind as in covering up the secrets of the body. The
computer has become the analogy of the moment: our minds are
software, our brains the hardware. The analogy of mind and brain
with computers has its value, of course, but it is only one of many
possible comparisons. One problem with it is that it focuses us
on thinking about the mechanical aspects of the brain. Another
comparison might suggest that the mind is like a plant. In its own
time the plant changes, grows, and, given the right conditions,
flourishes. We can influence the process through providing it

xv
x v i | What to expect from this guide

with those right conditions: the soil, water, and a good environ-
ment. The comparison with a plant reminds us that the brain,
which must to a large extent underlie the workings of the mind,
is organic. It works in part through its cells developing new
connections. It works in part through chemical reactions. And,
unlike so much of the workings of our computer or smart phone,
these processes take significant time. The comparison with a plant
also reminds us that we cannot control every aspect of the mind.
Sometimes the best we can do is to provide a nurturing environ-
ment and leave the rest to take care of itself. Different analogies
suit different situations. In this book, we recognize both the me-
chanical and the organic aspects of our minds, making use of
whatever approach is best adapted to the specific issue.
Between us, we have nearly a century’s experience of helping
people through psychologically difficult times. We are skeptical
of approaches to psychological change that advocate a single way
for all people and all situations. What we have observed is that
different people are helped by different approaches, and that most
are helped in different ways at different times in their lives. Just
as there is a danger in limiting our understanding of the mind to
the perspective of a single analogy, so there is a danger of limiting
the ways in which we help ourselves to change to a single method.
We have, therefore, structured this book so as to make it possible
to select those ideas and techniques that appeal the most to you: a
buffet from which to choose rather than a set menu.

Part I. Making sense

We start with ideas that provide the context for the rest of the
book. Part I explains how each of us individually can attempt to
make sense of the complexities we experience. The assumption is
that making changes, developing yourself personally, is best done
with a certain gentleness and understanding. Accept yourself, just
as you are. Understand yourself without fear. Value yourself despite
all the reasons you might find not to do so. And, perhaps above all,
 What to expect from this guide | x v i i

be kind to yourself. Learn how to build up your self-​esteem and

self-​confidence too, and these attitudes will provide you with a se-
cure foundation. These are the messages of this first part.

Part II. Making your way

Each of us takes a different route through the world, and whatever

the road you are on right now, it helps to be able to think about how
you are making your way along it. This is something only you can
do, but there is now a great deal more sound knowledge available
than there used to be. Of course, we can all benefit from adopting
positive and constructive attitudes, from making effective use
of our time, from feeling happier, and from good relationships.
Knowing how to increase the chances of these things happening is
not so straightforward. The chapters in this part of the book pro-
vide information, ideas, strategies, and techniques to help you re-
spond to life’s ups and downs with resilience. Recent research has
made clear that building up constructive and positive attitudes and
habits helps in overcoming difficulties such as excessive anxiety
and depression. So even if you are reading this book because you
are wanting to deal with a specific difficulty, we recommend that
you look through Parts I and II as well as the chapters in Part III
that are relevant to your difficulty.

Section 1—​Thinking well—​is about understanding the world

clearly and finding perspectives that help you, rather than
hold you back.
Section 2—​Creating a framework—​w ill be particularly rele-
vant for those who like to have a number of projects and
specific goals. How can we best achieve the goals we set
ourselves and develop habits that enable us to live the way
we want?
Section 3—​Being happy—​brings together much recent research
that shows how we can increase our chances of happiness,
have fun, and develop our creativity.
x v i i i | What to expect from this guide

Section 4—​Making your way with others—​is about the attitudes

and skills that help us to build satisfying relationships.

Part III. Overcoming difficulties

This is where we describe how to start to tackle the psychological

difficulties that many of us face at some times in our lives. For many
people, the point of this book will be to find out how to overcome a
specific difficulty. You may wish to start with the chapter that deals
with that difficulty. We recommend, though, that at some stage you
also look through the earlier parts of this book. The chapters in
Part I that help to make sense of your world, and those in Part II
that help you to make your way once you are on the road, will often
prove of immense help in overcoming problems. One effective psy-
chotherapy for depression, for example, focuses not on the depres-
sion itself but on building up more satisfying relationships.

Section 5—​ Preparing to tackle difficulties—​helps clarify the

changes you may wish to make in overcoming the difficulty.
Sections 6–​9 address specific problems: the various types of
anxiety, depression, excessive anger, the results of bereave-
ment or trauma, addictions, and chronic ill health.

This third edition retains the guidance on overcoming difficulties

that was the focus of the two previous editions, but the emphasis
now is much broader as it provides information that is more gen-
erally useful at other times as well. It aims to help us think about
how we can live the lives we want, and to identify what that would
entail. This guide is intended to be practical, and it should be useful
for helping you to make your way along an old or a new route as well
as when you encounter difficulties. We hope that it achieves its aim
of making available a wide variety of strategies and techniques for
managing the mind.
PA R T I

MAKING SENSE
1

The scientific background

Knowing what works

Research shows that the methods and techniques for managing

your mind that we describe in this book are effective. A large and
developing body of research tells us what works, and the research
that we draw on here comes from many different branches of psy-
chology. It comes from basic research and from the application of
this to helping people in numerous practical ways, for instance, in
clinics, schools, the workplace, and in business. We also draw on
findings from scientific studies in closely related fields including
those of physiology, physical medicine, and cognitive neuroscience.
Over the last 20 years, a new field of psychological research
has emerged, known as “positive psychology.” This developed as
a reaction to the much greater attention that had been given by
researchers to “negative” emotions and feelings such as depression
and anxiety compared with “positive” emotions such as happiness.
Over the same period, the most widely used and best researched
psychological approach to managing upsetting emotions—​
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)—​has been making greater use of
ideas and techniques taken from the East, and from Buddhist phi-
losophy in particular—​such as the methods of mindfulness medi-
tation, and a focus on compassion for oneself and others.
In this book, we draw on these recent research findings and also
on the clinical experiences of ourselves and most importantly of
the people we have worked with. We combine these with the more
traditional research on overcoming distressing emotions, to show

3
4 | Pa r t I : M a k i n g s e n s e

how you can build on strengths, develop more positive attitudes,

overcome difficulties, and flourish in the ways that suit you. Our
approach is rather like in fusion cooking, when a wide range of
flavors and techniques, taken from all over the world, are combined
in various ways. As with fusion cooking, the results are sometimes
stunning and sometimes less dramatic. Research and increasing
experience with the new therapeutic approaches is helping to
clarify which combinations are most effective.
In this chapter, we will first give a brief history of the research
behind “managing your mind” and then describe a general model—​
the five-​part model—​that has practical value in planning how to
make changes in feeling, thinking, and behavior.

Experimental research in psychology

Fundamental research in psychology tells us an enormous amount

about how the mind works. The painstaking, experimental work of
psychologists, which started about 150 years ago, has mapped out
some of the basic processes involved in learning, remembering, and
thinking. It has revealed the part we ourselves play in constructing
our perception and understanding of the world around us. It has
helped to explain how we develop and to unravel the stages that
we go through on the road from childhood to old age. It has thrown
light on the relationships between our thoughts, feelings, actions,
and sensations, and how these interact with the outside world—​
with the context within which we find ourselves. Its findings
help us to understand more about the ways in which we relate to
other people, adapt to new circumstances, respond when things go
wrong, and change during the course of our lives. It has also helped
to unravel the links between the mind and the body, between brain
and behavior, and to understand what motivates us and how we
acquire new skills.
Psychologists have, through their scientific work, contributed
to our knowledge about which aspects of ourselves we can change
 The scientific background: knowing what works | 5

and which are fixed, and their work has revealed much about the
processes of personal change. Applications of psychology, there-
fore, help us to control these processes, to use them to our ad-
vantage, and to recognize their limitations, in the same way as
applications of physiology help us to keep our bodies in good shape
without overstraining them. You do not have to be a physiologist to
keep physically fit, nor do you have to be a psychologist to make use
of the science of psychology.

Applications of psychological science

to helping people clinically

Since the 1960s and 1970s, therapists have developed new and
effective ways of helping people with problems in living, most
of which are relatively brief forms of psychotherapy. Following
the decades after Freud, psychoanalysis was the main form of
psychological treatment, but it typically required a long and in-
tensive course of therapy, often extending over several years.
Psychoanalytic ideas have provided therapists with a rich and
fruitful source of ideas about emotional development and about
relationships but they have not been amenable to scientific con-
firmation. In this book, we focus predominantly on more recent
treatment methods, and we give most weight to those that have
been scientifically evaluated and are demonstrably effective.
These include behavioral therapies, cognitive therapies including
the “new wave” of ideas and techniques from the East, therapies
focusing on relationships, and the findings from “positive
psychology.”

Behavioral therapies
The theoretical background to behavior therapy, which developed
in striking contrast to psychoanalysis, comes from psycholog-
ical experiments on learning. It is based on what is called learning
6 | Pa r t I : M a k i n g s e n s e

theory, which now recognizes that there are many ways in which
learning takes place. The first type of learning found to have major
implications for therapy was classical conditioning, first explored
by Pavlov.
Discovering the rules of the different types of learning has
led to the development of behavior therapies, such as exposure
treatment for phobias. Learning theory suggests that a person’s
phobia, for example, can be overcome by breaking the associa-
tion between the feeling of anxiety and situations that are basi-
cally harmless, such as seeing a spider or going to a supermarket.
Research showed that an efficient way to do this is in step-​by-​step
stages, practicing frequently and regularly. A person who is afraid
of heights, to give another example, might start by walking up
a stairway and looking down from progressively higher points.
The next stage might be to look down from a third-​floor window,
then a fourth-​floor window, and so on. Depending on the severity
of the phobia, it might take days or even weeks to progress from
stage to stage. This step-​by-​step method is simple and effective,
but it can take a long time.
Behavioral therapies originated in learning theory but have since
developed beyond these beginnings and now use a large number of
methods for dealing with a wide variety of conditions. What they
have in common is a focus on changing behavior in very specific
ways. Behavioral methods can be used, for example, to help change
eating, smoking, or drinking habits, to build self-​confidence, and to
improve time management and personal organization. Changing
behavior can lead to changes in thoughts, feelings, and sensations,
and also to changes in relationships. People who have recovered
from a phobia are likely to feel more confident, to think better of
themselves, to suffer less from the sensations of anxiety, and to re-
late more easily to others.
One of the most important contributions of behavior therapies
is their focused attention on effectiveness and practicality. This
is because they are based on specific, clear-​cut, and observable
changes. A therapy with goals can be tested to see if it works, and
 The scientific background: knowing what works | 7

moreover, the therapy can be improved. Each of the improvements

can then be tested to discover which precise methods are the most
effective, in ways defined by the people who benefit from them,
such as in enabling them to do things they previously avoided
through fear. In this way, better and better therapies have been
developed. This scientific evaluation of therapies has also revealed
more about the processes involved in change, and has led to the
recognition that changing behavior is only one way of initiating the
process of change.

Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy developed partly as a reaction against the exclu-
sive focus which behavior therapy places on behavior, and partly
as a reaction to the unscientific aspects of psychoanalysis. It is
based on the recognition that thoughts, feelings, and behavior are
closely related. If you think something is going to go wrong, you
will feel anxious and your behavior will be designed to protect you,
for example, by avoiding a situation that causes stress. If you think
everything will go fine, you will feel more confident and you will
behave in ways that express that confidence. By focusing on our
patterns of thinking and on our beliefs, cognitive therapists have
found many methods for helping us to change both our feelings
and our behavior.
Cognitive therapy was first tried and tested as a treatment
for depression. It has since proved to be effective in helping with
many other problems, such as anxiety, panic, disturbed eating
patterns, difficulties in relationships, recovery after trauma, and
severe bouts of mental ill health. Cognitive therapy shares with
behavior therapy the advantages of being a clearly articulated
therapy, and this has meant that it has been, and is still being,
extensively and rigorously studied and improved. It also means
that it can be clearly described and its methods can be made gen-
erally available in many self-​help formats, including books and
on the Internet.
8 | Pa r t I : M a k i n g s e n s e

The new wave of cognitive behavioral therapies

In the 21st century, cognitive behavioral therapies have been de-
veloped that incorporate new approaches focused less on the spe-
cific content of thoughts and more on our relationships to these
thoughts: on accepting and choosing how to respond to thoughts
rather than feeling dismayed or bombarded by their content.
These therapies have variably been termed “third-​wave” cogni-
tive behavioral therapies, or more recently “contextual behavioral
therapies.” They emphasize the relationships and influence of the
external real-​world context and environment on how we get by
in the world, and also on the internal context and environment
within our own heads—​the link between thoughts and feelings.
These developments have made much greater use of ideas of mind-
fulness meditation and of compassion that have their origins in
Eastern thought. The evidence base for these newer therapies is
still emerging and is very encouraging in particular areas that we
highlight at the relevant points in this book.

Therapies focusing on relationships

Relationships play a key part in our lives and contribute much
to the ways in which we understand and feel about ourselves.
They provide one of the main contexts for the things that we
think, feel, and do. Interpersonal therapy is a specific and well-​
characterized psychotherapy that focuses on relationships
and has been evaluated and proved to be effective not only in
improving relationships but also in overcoming depression and
disturbed eating habits.

Applications of psychological science in

management and the workplace

Many psychological findings are of particular value in the world of

work, of action, and of management and have been put to practical
 The scientific background: knowing what works | 9

daily use in a large number of settings. Most of these findings

concern ways of using the mind effectively. Applying manage-
ment techniques can help you to organize both your personal and
business lives, make the best use of your time, communicate well,
negotiate change, and make decisions. The new science of behav-
ioral economics, developed in response to the work of research
psychologists on thinking and reasoning, has revealed the biases
that standardly influence the judgments we make. Research into
logical thinking and into memory systems has been especially pro-
ductive and applied most creatively in the field of management, but
these skills are also of general use in managing ourselves and our
lives outside work.

Research in positive psychology

Systematic research over the last two decades in “positive psy-

chology” has led to the development of practical ways to enhance
the positive aspects of our lives. Such research has been directed at
questions such as what conditions lead to increased happiness, or a
sense of satisfaction in life, or of flourishing. Research has examined
questions such as what are the characteristics of those times that
people value most in their lives, and what are the differences be-
tween those who seem particularly resilient to problems in life
and those who are less resilient. Findings from clinical psychology
suggest that overcoming problems can sometimes be best accom-
plished not by directly tackling the problems but by building on
one’s strengths, and in the work place building on strengths is
often a better starting point than overcoming weaknesses.

Research in physiology and physical medicine

Mind and body interact. Perhaps, last night, you lay awake
worrying. You think it is the worries which kept you awake; but it
may have been the coffee you had after supper, or the stimulating
1 0 | Pa r t I : M a k i n g s e n s e

conversation that went with it. In order to sleep better, you need
to know about some facts of physiology to be able to decide which
are the best strategies to use. The same applies if you are trying to
reduce the time you spend playing computer games, or cut down
your consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, or other non-​prescribed
substances. Similarly, there are times when depression and anxiety
are helped by physiological methods—​and the number of effective
psychoactive medications available is constantly being refined and
increased. In this book, we draw on the results of medical, as well
as psychological, research when relevant.

The five-​part model

One of the problems that all psychologists face is that their work
involves trying to understand how different systems interact, and
it is difficult to disentangle the numerous ways in which they in-
fluence each other: how aging processes affect our memory for
instance, or how our feelings affect the way we think and influ-
ence what we do. Psychological research often reveals complex
processes: for example, we become more forgetful as we get older,
but remain relatively good at remembering childhood experiences.
Or feeling stressed makes you think that something will go wrong,
and then you waste time double-​checking your work—​and end up
feeling more stressed. Mind and body, brain and behavior, thoughts
and feelings work together to keep us functioning well. The five-​
part model, developed by Christine Padesky, provides us with a
simplified way of understanding these interactions that has been
of great value to psychotherapists, and especially to those using
cognitive behavioral methods. It is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
In the diagram, feelings cover what might be termed moods,
emotions, or feelings, including, for example, fear, sadness, anger,
guilt, shame, and joy. Physical reactions include bodily symptoms
and sensations, such as palpitations, pain, nausea, and sleepi-
ness. The term thoughts does not refer only to the explicit verbal
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Title: Hannibal's daughter

Author: Andrew Haggard

Release date: November 20, 2023 [eBook #72182]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Hutchinson & Co, 1898

Credits: an anonymous Project Gutenberg volunteer

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HANNIBAL'S

DAUGHTER ***
Hannibal’s Daughter
BY
LIEUT. COL. ANDREW HAGGARD, D.S.O.
Author of
“Tempest Torn,” “Under Crescent and Star,” etc., etc.

LONDON
HUTCHINSON & CO.
PATERNOSTER ROW
1898
 Dedication.
TO HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE,
MARCHIONESS OF LORNE.

Madam,
Surely never, in the history of the world, have events more
romantic been known than the career of Hannibal and of his eventual
conqueror, the youthful Scipio. Therefore, under the title of
“Hannibal’s Daughter,” it has been my humble effort to present to the
world in romantic guise such a story as may impress itself upon the
minds of many who would never seek it for themselves in the classic
tomes of history.
Having been commenced on the actual site of Ancient Carthage,
the local colouring of the opening chapters may be, with the aid of
history, relied upon as being correct. Throughout the whole work,
moreover, the thread of the story has been interwoven with a
network of those wonderful feats that are so graphically recorded for
us in the pages of Polybius and Livy.
To Your Royal Highness, with the greatest respect, I have the
honour to dedicate my work. Should there appear to be aught of art
in the manner in which I have attempted to weave a combination of
history and romance, may I venture to hope that a true artist like
Your Royal Highness, of whose works the nation is justly proud, may
not deem the results of my efforts unworthy.

I have the honour to be,

Madam,
Your most obedient servant,
ANDREW C. P. HAGGARD.

Alford Bridge, Aberdeenshire, May, 1898.

 CONTENTS
PART I.
I. HAMILCAR
II. CARTHAGE
III. HANNIBAL’S VOW
PART II.
I. ELISSA
II. MAHARBAL
III. FOREWARNED
IV. FOUR CARTHAGINIAN NOBLES
V. PLOTS AND COUNTER-PLOTS
VI. CLEANDRA’S CUNNING
VII. MELANIA’S MISERY
VIII. LOVE FULFILLED
IX. A LAUGH AND A LIFE
PART III.
I. SOSILUS AND CHŒRAS
II. A GIGANTIC SCHEME
III. HANNIBAL’S DREAM
IV. FIRST BLOOD
V. AT THE FOOT OF THE ALPS
VI. OVER THE ALPS
VII. HANNIBAL’S FIRST TRIUMPH
VIII. EUGENIA
IX. THRASYMENE
X. FRIENDS MUST PART
XI. ELISSA AS A WARRIOR
XII. SOPHONISBA AND SCIPIO
XIII. ON THE BRINK
XIV. CANNÆ
PART IV.
 I. AFTER THE BATTLE
II. WIFE OR MISTRESS
III. FIGHTING WITH FATE
IV. THE FRUITS OF FOLLY
V. MARS VICTORIOUS
VI. CŒCILIA’S DEGRADATION
VII. A RENUNCIATION
PART V.
I. TO SYRACUSE
II. FROM SYRACUSE TO MACEDON
III. A SACRIFICE
IV. A LETTER FROM SCIPIO
V. A SCENE OF HORROR
PART VI.
I. A SPELL OF PEACE
II. ELISSA WRITES TO SCIPIO
III. A TERRIBLE SEA FIGHT
IV. ELISSA’S MISERY
V. HIS LEGAL WIFE
VI. A MOMENTOUS MEETING
VII. ZAMA
VIII. CONCLUSION
HANNIBAL’S DAUGHTER.
 PART I.

CHAPTER I.
HAMILCAR.

On a point of land on the Tœnia, a hundred paces or so to the south

of the canal connecting the sea with the Cothon or double harbour of
Carthage, stood a palatial residence. Upon the balcony, which ran
completely round the house on the first storey, stood a man gazing
steadily across the gulf towards the north-east, past the end of the
Hermæan Promontory, to the left, of which the distant Island of
Zembra alone relieved the monotony of the horizon. His face was
grave, and his short hair and beard were slightly grey, but he was
evidently a man from whom the fire of youth had not yet departed.
His eye was the eye of one born to command; his straight-cut, sun-
burned features told the tale of many campaigns. Near him, on a
stool covered with a leopard skin, was carelessly thrown a steel
helmet richly incrusted with gold, and with the crest and the crown
deeply indented, as if from recent hard usage. The golden crest was
in one place completely divided by a sword cut, the brighter colour of
the gold within the division plainly showing that the blow had been
but lately delivered. On the floor of the balcony, at the foot of the
stool, lay a long straight sword. Although the hilt was of ivory, and
the scabbard of silver inlaid with gems, the blood-stains on the
former and the absence of many of the gems from their sockets, told
that this was no fair-weather weapon for state occasions, but a lethal
blade which had been borne by its owner in the brunt of many a
combat. Only, the armour which the warrior wore—consisting as it
did merely of a bright steel breast-piece, upon the breast of which
was emblazoned in gold a gorgeous representation of the sun, the
emblem of the great god Baal or Moloch, and the back of which was
similarly inlaid with the two-horned moon, the attribute of the glorious
Astarte, Queen of Heaven, and further studded with golden stars, the
emblems of all the other and lesser divinities—seemed on first
appearance as if more intended for the court than the camp. A closer
examination, however, revealed the fact that this also was no mere
holiday armour, for it, too, bore severe marks of ill-usage. The
warrior’s arms were bare from the elbow downwards, save for a
couple of circlets of gold upon each wrist, which from their width
seemed more intended for defence than ornament. Beneath the
armour he wore a bright toga of pure white cloth, the lower part
falling in a kilted skirt below the knee, being adorned with a narrow
band of Tyrian purple. Upon his feet he wore cothurns or sandals
strongly attached with leather thongs, the thongs being protected
with bright chain mail. Some steel pieces for the protection of the
thigh and knee were lying close at hand.
Such was the attire of the great General Hamilcar Barca, as with
an ever-deepening frown upon his anxious brow, he gazed sternly
and steadily in deepest reverie across the sea.
At length his reverie seemed to be broken.
“Why gaze thus towards Sicily,” he muttered; “why dream of
vengeance upon the hated Romans, who now occupy from end to
end of that fair isle, where, for many years, by the grace of
Melcareth, the invisible and omnipotent god, I was able with my
small army of mercenaries to deal them so many terrible and
crushing blows?
“Have they not almost as much cause to hate and to dread me,
who did so much to lower their pride and wipe out the memory of
their former victories? Did I not brave them for years from Mount
Ercte, descending daily like a wolf from the mountain crest, to ravage
the country in front of their very faces in strongly-fortified Panormus,
from the shelter of whose walls, for very fear of my name, they
scarcely dared to stir, so sure were they that their armies would be
cut to pieces by Hamilcar Barca?
“Did I not firmly establish myself in Mount Eryx, half-way up its
slope in the city on the hill, and there for two years, despite a huge
Roman army at the bottom, and their Gallic allies holding the fortified
temple at the top, snap my fingers at them, ay, laugh them to scorn
and destroy them by the thousand? For all that time, was not their
gold utterly unable to buy the treachery of my followers—were not
their arms utterly futile against my person? Did they not indeed find
to their cost that I was indeed the Hamilcar my name betokens—him
whom the mighty Melcareth protects?”
Proudly glancing across the sea with a scornful laugh, he
continued:
“Oh, ye Romans! well know ye that had not mine own countrymen
left me for four long years without men, money, or provisions, Sicily
had even now been mine. Oh, Prætor Valerius! what was thy much
boasted victory of the Œgatian Islands over the Admiral Hanno but
the conquest of a mere convoy of ill-armed cargo vessels, whom
mine economical countrymen were too parsimonious to send to my
relief under proper escort. Where was then thy glory, Valerius? And
thou, too, Lutatius Catulus? how did I receive thy arrogant proposals
that my troops should march out of Eryx under the yoke? I, a
Hamilcar Barca, march out under the yoke!” The General’s swarthy
cheek reddened at the thought. “Did not I but laugh in thy beard and
lay my hand upon this sword—which I now lift up and kiss before
heaven,” he raised and kissed the blood-stained hilt. “Did not I, even
as I do now, but simply bare the well-known blade,” here he drew it
from its sheath, “and thou didst fall and tremble before me, and in
thine anxiety to rid Sicily of me didst willingly take back thine insult
and offer to Hamilcar and all his troops the full and free liberty to
march out with all the honours of war? Ah!” he continued, stretching
forth his sword menacingly across the sea, “for all that it hath been
mine own countrymen who were the main cause of my downfall, I yet
owe thee a vengeance, Rome, a vengeance not for mine own but for
my country’s sake, and, with the help of the gods, in days not long to
come, those of my blood shall redden the plains and mountains of
Europe with the terrible vengeance of the Barcine sword.”
The General returned his sword to its sheath with an angry clang,
then striding across the wide balcony to where it overlooked a
beautiful garden on the other side of the house, he shouted loudly:
“Hannibal, Hannibal!”
 There was no reply, but down beneath the shelter of the fig trees
Hamilcar could plainly perceive three little boys engaged in a very
rough game of mimic warfare. They were all three armed with
wooden swords and small shields of metal. One of them was up in a
fig tree and striking downwards at the head of one who stood upon
the crown of a wall; while the third boy, who stood below the wall,
was striking upwards at his legs. The din of the resounding blows
falling upon the shields was so great that the boy at first did not hear.
“Hannibal, come hither at once,” cried out his father again in
louder tones.
Looking up and seeing his father, the boy on the wall threw down
his shield, a movement which was instantly taken advantage of by
each of the two other boys to get a blow well home. He did not,
however, pause to retaliate, but crying out, “That will I revenge later,”
threw down his sword also and rushed into the house and up to the
balcony, for even at his early age the boy had been taught discipline
and instant obedience, and he knew better than to delay. He
appeared before his father all out of breath and with torn clothing.
Notwithstanding that his forehead was bleeding from the result of the
last cut which had been delivered by the boy in the tree, he did not
attempt to wipe the wound, but with cast-down eyes and hands
crossed over his breast, silently awaited his father’s commands.
“What wast thou doing in the garden, Hannibal?”
“Waiting until Chronos the slave could take me up to see the burnt
sacrifice to Baal of the mercenaries whom thou hast conquered,” he
answered—then added excitedly, “Matho, who murdered Gisco and
his six hundred after mutilating them first, is to be tortured, thou
knowest, oh, my father, Chronos told me so, and I am going to see it
done.”
Hamilcar frowned.
“Nay, it is not my will that thou shalt go to see Matho tortured and
burnt; now, what else wast thou doing down there?”
The boy’s face fell; he did not like to be deprived of the pleasure of
seeing Matho tortured first and burned afterwards, for, boy as he
was, he knew that if ever man in this world deserved the torture, that
man was this last surviving chief of his father’s revolted mercenaries.
 But he made no protest at the deprivation of his expected
morning’s amusement, answering his father simply.
“I was playing with my brothers Hasdrubal and Mago at thine
occupation of the City on Mount Eryx, oh! my father. Mago was up in
the tree and represented the Gauls who had deserted and joined the
Romans. Hasdrubal was down below and took the place of the
Roman Army.”
“And thou wast in thy father’s place between the two, and like thy
father himself, hast been wounded,” replied Hamilcar, smiling grimly.
“Come, wipe thy face, lad, and tell me why didst not thou, being the
strongest, take the part of the Romans at the bottom of the hill?”
Fiercely the youth raised his head, and, looking his father straight
in the face, replied:
“For two reasons, my father. First, I am much stronger than
Hasdrubal, and the war would have been too soon over; secondly, I
hate the Romans, and for nothing in the world would I represent
them even in play.”
“Ah! thou hatest the Romans! And wilt thou then fight them one
day in earnest and avenge the torrents of Carthaginian blood they
have caused to flow, the hundreds of Carthaginian cities whose
inhabitants they have put to the sword; avenge, too, our defeat and
loss of forty-one elephants before Heraclea; the sacking of
Agrigentum and enslavement of 25,000 of its citizens; the terrible
loss of three hundred warships at Ecnomos; the invasion of
Carthaginia by Regulus; his sacking and burning of all the fair
domain between here and Clypea, across yonder Hermæan
Promontory; the capture by Cœcilius Metellus before Panormus of
120 elephants from Hasdrubal, all of them slaughtered in cold blood
as a spectacle for the Roman citizens in the Roman circus; the fight
at—”
“Stop, father, stop!” cried the young Hannibal, stamping his foot. “I
can bear no more. By thy sword here, which I can even now draw—
see I do so—I swear to fight and avenge all these disasters. By the
favour of the great god Baal, whose name I bear, I will wage war
against them all my life as soon as ever I am old enough to carry
arms.”
 “Good,” said his father, “thou art a worthy son of Hamilcar, and this
very day shalt thou swear, not in the bloody temple of Moloch, but in
the sacred fane of Melcareth, the god of the city, the god of thy
forefathers in Tyre, and the god of the divine Dido, the foundress of
Carthage, that never wilt thou relax the hatred to the Romans thou
hast even now sworn by thy father’s sword. Never shalt thou, whilst
life lasts thee, cease to fight for thy native city, thy native country.
Look forth, my lad, upon all thou canst see now, and say, is it not a
fair domain? Let all that lies before thine eyes now sink down deep
into the innermost recesses of thy memory, for soon I shall take thee
hence; but I would not have thee, when far away, forget the sacred
city for whose very existence thou and I must fight. When thou hast
gazed thy fill upon all that lies before us, thou must perform thine
ablutions, arrange thy disordered dress, and then thou shalt
accompany me, not to see the sacrifice of the mercenaries in the pit
of fire before the brazen image of Moloch, but to make thy vow in the
temple of the invisible and all-pervading mighty essence of godhead,
the eternal Melcareth.”
 CHAPTER II.
CARTHAGE.

The terrible war, known as the inexpiable or the truceless war, was
just at an end, after three years’ duration. The mercenaries who had
served so faithfully under Hamilcar in Sicily had by the bad faith of
the Carthaginian Government, headed by Hamilcar’s greatest
enemy, Hanno, been driven to a revolt to try and recover the arrears
of pay due to them for noble services for years past. When the effete
Hanno, after a first slight success, had allowed his camp to be
captured, the Government, at the last gasp, had begged Hamilcar to
fight against his own old soldiers. For the sheer love of his country,
he had, although much against the grain, consented to do so. But
the towns of Utica, the oldest Phœnician town in Africa, and of Hippo
Zarytus were joining in the revolt; the Libyans and Numidians had
risen en masse to join the revolutionists, and the Libyan women,
having sold all their jewellery, of which they possessed large
quantities, for the sake of the revolted mercenaries, there was soon
so much money in the rebel camp that the very existence of
Carthage itself was at stake. Therefore, although Hamilcar well knew
that all the mercenaries, whether Libyans or Ligurians, Balearic
Islanders, Greeks, or Spaniards, were personally well disposed to
himself, he had been forced to take up arms against them.
Under Spendius, a Campanian slave, and Matho, an African in
whom they had formerly placed great trust, the rebels had gained
various successes, and, on visiting them in their camp, had
treacherously made prisoner of Gisco, a general in whom they had
previously expressed the greatest trust, and whom they had asked to
have sent to them with money to arrange their difficulties. Hamilcar
had been at first much hampered by his enemy, Hanno, an
effeminate wretch, being associated in the command with himself;
but when the Carthaginians found that, by leaving Hanno to hamper
Hamilcar, with all these well-trained soldiers against them, they had
got the knife held very close to their own luxurious throats, they
removed Hanno, and left the patriotic Hamilcar in supreme military
command. Their jealousies of him would not have allowed the
aristocracy and plutocracy to have done so much for the man whom
they had deserted for so long in Sicily had they not known their own
very existence to be at stake. For they ran the risk of being killed
both by the Libyans and mercenaries outside, and by the
discontented people inside the walls.
When Hamilcar assumed supreme command, the war had very
soon commenced to go the other way. He forced the easy, luxurious
Carthaginian nobles to become soldiers, and treated them as
roughly as if they had been slaves. And he made them fight. He got
elephants together; he made wonderful marches, dividing the
various rebel camps; he penned them up within their own fortified
lines. Many deserted and joined him; many prisoners whom he took
he released; a great African chief named Naravas came over to his
side. All was going well for Carthage when Spendius and Matho
mutilated and murdered the wretched General Gisco and his six
hundred followers in cold blood. After that no more of their followers
dared to leave them for fear of the terrible retaliation that they knew
awaited them. But how Spendius and all his camp were at length
penned up and reduced to cannibalism, eating all their prisoners and
slaves, how Spendius and his ten senators were taken and crucified,
while Matho, at the same time issuing from Tunis, took and crucified
a Carthaginian general and fifty of his men, and how at length, after
slaughtering or capturing the 30,000 or 40,000 remaining rebels,
Hamilcar took Matho himself prisoner, are all matters of history.
On the morning of the opening of our story, there was to be a
terrible sacrifice offered up to the great Baal Hammon, the sun god
Moloch, the Saturn of the Romans: the terrible monster to whom in
their hours of distress the Carthaginians were in the habit of offering
up at times their own babies, their first-born sons, or the fairest of
their virgins, whose cruel nuptials consisted not in being lighted with
the torch of Hymen, but in being placed bound upon the
outstretched, brazen, red-hot hands of the huge image, from whose
arms, which sloped downwards, they rolled down into the flaming
furnace at his feet. And fathers and mothers, sisters and brothers,
yea, even the very lovers of the girls, looked on complacently,
thinking that in thus sacrificing their dearest and their best to the
cruel god, they were consulting the best interests of their country in a
time of danger. Nor were the screams of the victims, many of whom
were self-offered, allowed to be heard, for the drums beat, the
priests chanted, and the beautiful young priestesses attached to the
temple danced in circles around, joining the sound of their voices
and their musical instruments to the crackling of the fire and the
rolling of the drums.
When Hamilcar bid his boy, Hannibal, look forth upon the city
before him, on the sea in front and behind him, and upon the country
around, it was a lovely morning in early summer. The weather was
not yet hot; there was a beautiful north-west breeze blowing down
the Carthaginian Gulf straight into the boy’s face, tossing up little
white horses on the surface of the sea, of which the white-flecked
foam shone like silver on its brilliantly green surface. Across the gulf,
upon whose bosom floated many a stately trireme and quinquireme,
to the east side arose a bold range of rugged mountains with steep,
serrated edges. Turning round yet further and facing the south, the
young Hannibal could see the same mountain range, dominated by a
steep, two-horned peak, sweeping round, but gradually bearing back
and so away from the shores of the shallow salt water lake then
known as the Stagnum, now called the Lake of Tunis. This lake was
separated, by the narrow strip of land called the Tœnia, from the
Sirius Carthaginensis, or Gulf of Carthage, upon the extremity of
which is now built the town of Goletta. There was in those days, as
now, a canal dividing this isthmus in two, and thus giving access for
ships to Tunis, a distance of ten miles from Carthage, at the far end
of the Tunisian lake.
Turning back again and looking to the north and north-west,
Hannibal saw stretching before him the whole noble City of
Carthage, of which his father’s palace formed one of the most
southern buildings within the sea wall. Close at hand were various
other palaces, with gardens well irrigated and producing every kind
of delicious fruit and beautiful flower to delight the palate or the eye.
Here waved in the breeze the feathery date palm, the oleander with
its wealth of pink blossom, the dark-green and shining pomegranate
tree with its glorious crimson flowers. Further, the fig, the peach tree,
the orange, the lemon, and the narrow-leaved pepper tree gave
umbrageous shelter to the winding garden walks. Over the
cunningly-devised summer-houses hung great clusters of blue
convolvulus or the purple bourgainvillia, while along the borders of
plots of vines gleaming with brilliant verdure, clustered, waist-high,
crimson geraniums and roses in the richest profusion. Between
these palaces lay stretched out the double harbour for the merchant
ships and war ships, a canal forming the entrance to the one, and
both being connected with each other. The harbour for the merchant
ships was oblong in shape, and was within a stone’s throw of the
balcony upon which the boy was standing. The inner harbour was
perfectly circular, and surrounded by a fortification; and around its
circumference were one hundred and twenty sets of docks, the gates
of each of which were adorned with beautiful Ionic pillars of purest
marble.
In the centre of this cup, or cothon as it was called, there was an
island, upon which was reared a stately marble residence for the
admiral in charge of the dockyards, and numerous workshops for the
shipwrights. All were designed and built with a view to beauty as well
as utility.
For that day only, the clang of hammers had ceased to be heard,
and all was still in the dockyards, for there was high holiday and
festival throughout the whole length and breadth of the City of
Carthage on the glad occasion of the intended execution, by fire, of
Matho and the remaining rebels who had not fallen by the sword in
the last fight at Tunis.
Just beyond the war harbour, there was a large open place called
the Agora, and a little beyond and to the left of it Hannibal could
descry the Forum placed on a slight elevation. It was a noble
building, surrounded by a stately colonnade of pillars, the capitals of
which were ornamented in the strictly Carthaginian style, which
seemed to combine the acanthus plant decoration of the Corinthian
capital, with the ram’s horn curves of the Ionic style. Between the
pillars there stood the most beautiful works of art, statues of Parian
marble ravished in the Sicilian wars, or gilded figures of cunning
workmanship of Apollo, Neptune, or the Goddess Artemis, being the
spoils of Macedon or imported from Tyre. The roof of the Forum was
constructed of beautiful cedar beams from Lebanon, sent as a
present by the rulers of Tyre to their daughter city, and no pains or
expense had been spared to make the noble building, if not equal in
grandeur, at any rate only second in its glorious manufacture to the
magnificent temple of Solomon, itself constructed for the great king
by Tyrian and Sidonian workmen.
A couple of miles away to the left could be seen the enormous
triple fortification stretching across the level isthmus which
connected Carthage, its heights and promontories, with the
mainland. This wall enclosed the Megara or suburbs, rich with the
country houses of the wealthy merchant princes. It was forty-five feet
high, and its vaulted foundations afforded stabling for a vast number
of elephants. It reached from sea to sea, and completely protected
Carthage on the land side. Between the city proper and this wall
beyond the Megara, everywhere could be seen groves of olive trees
in richest profusion, while between them and the frequent intervening
palaces, were to be observed either waving fields of ripening golden
corn, or carefully cultivated vegetable gardens, well supplied with
running streams of water from the great aqueduct which brought the
water to the city from the mountains of Zaghouan sixty miles away.
To the north of the Forum and beyond the Great Place, the city
stretched upwards, the width of the city proper, between the sea and
the suburbs, being only about a mile or a mile and a half. It sloped
upwards to the summit of the hill of the Byrsa or Citadel, hence the
boy Hannibal, from his position on the sea level in rear of the
harbours, was able to take in, not only the whole magnificent coup
d’œil of palaces and temples, but also that of the high and
precipitous hill forming Cape Carthage, which lay beyond it to the
north, whose curved and precipitous cliffs enclosed on the eastern
side a glittering bay, wherein were anchored many vessels of
merchandise.
The summit of this mountain was, like the suburbs of the Megara
to the west of the city, studded with the rich country dwellings of the
luxurious and ease-loving inhabitants of Carthage.
But it was not on the distant suburbs that the lad fixed his eager
gaze, it was on the gleaming city of palaces itself. Here, close at
hand on the right, he could see the temple of Apollo with its great