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Health Informatics
Connie W. Delaney
Charlotte A. Weaver
Judith J. Warren
Thomas R. Clancy
Roy L. Simpson Editors
Big Data-
Enabled
Nursing
Education, Research and Practice
Health Informatics
This series is directed to healthcare professionals leading the transformation of
healthcare by using information and knowledge. For over 20 years, Health
Informatics has offered a broad range of titles: some address specific professions
such as nursing, medicine, and health administration; others cover special areas of
practice such as trauma and radiology; still other books in the series focus on
interdisciplinary issues, such as the computer based patient record, electronic health
records, and networked healthcare systems. Editors and authors, eminent experts in
their fields, offer their accounts of innovations in health informatics. Increasingly,
these accounts go beyond hardware and software to address the role of information
in influencing the transformation of healthcare delivery systems around the world.
The series also increasingly focuses on the users of the information and systems: the
organizational, behavioral, and societal changes that accompany the diffusion of
information technology in health services environments.
Developments in healthcare delivery are constant; in recent years, bioinformatics
has emerged as a new field in health informatics to support emerging and ongoing
developments in molecular biology. At the same time, further evolution of the field
of health informatics is reflected in the introduction of concepts at the macro or
health systems delivery level with major national initiatives related to electronic
health records (EHR), data standards, and public health informatics.
These changes will continue to shape health services in the twenty-first century.
By making full and creative use of the technology to tame data and to transform
information, Health Informatics will foster the development and use of new
knowledge in healthcare
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1114

Connie W. Delaney • Charlotte A. Weaver
Judith J. Warren • Thomas R. Clancy
Roy L. Simpson
Editors
Big Data-Enabled Nursing

Education, Research and Practice
Editors
Connie W. Delaney Charlotte A. Weaver
School of Nursing Issaquah
University of Minnesota School of Nursing Washington
Minneapolis USA
Minnesota
USA
Judith J. Warren Thomas R. Clancy

School of Nursing School of Nursing
University of Kansas School of Nursing University of Minnesota
Plattsmouth Minneapolis
Nebraska Minnesota
USA USA
Roy L. Simpson
Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing
Emory University
Atlanta
Georgia
USA
ISSN 1431-1917 ISSN 2197-3741 (electronic)

Health Informatics
ISBN 978-3-319-53299-8 ISBN 978-3-319-53300-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53300-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945758
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my family; and nursing’s honor of the
bold authentic voices of the patients, families
and communities.
Connie W. Delaney
In memory of Betty R. Weaver, a mother who

supported her daughter to follow her dream.
Charlotte A. Weaver
To Edward, my loving husband, who

supported, listened, critiqued, and edited.
Judith J. Warren
To my father, John Clancy, who convinced me

to become a nurse 40 years ago and it has
been a wonderful journey ever since.
Thomas R. Clancy
To the patients and caregivers whose

frustration with technology creates
opportunities for big data visualization to
enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of
healthcare quality, including its processes,
structures and outcomes.
Roy L. Simpson
Foreword 1
The idea of big data brings up the old saying “water, water, everywhere and not a
drop to drink”. It may be wise to add that “drowning in data” is also of concern. The
sheer volume and velocity of data has exploded with electronic information sys-
tems, the global internet, software and hardware technology, the cloud and use by
almost everyone. The idea of big data has grown rapidly. Even with the advances in
methods of collection, analysis, and reporting, the usefulness of data has not grown
as rapidly. The vision of how data will add to knowledge and wisdom has initiated
high interest and dreams of answering major questions to guide multiple current
issues, challenges and decisions. Most professional and general public publications
include discussions of big data addressed from perspectives of clinical care, science,
business, education, travel, finance, marketing, and quality determinants.
In this important book pioneering authors address several important consider-
ations and hopes for the creation, generation and use of big data particularly from
the perspectives of the science and delivery of health care. The book is written as
basic information for those who are becoming interested and for those who already
have an interest in how big data can add to information and knowledge of impor-
tance to them. More specifically the authors describe how each individual, group, or
nation might conquer, contribute to, and use big data to inform their own questions
about science, practice, education, policy, organization, resources, and quality.
Researchers have and will continue to generate large amounts of data in many
formats, at all levels and in every corner of the world. There is an increasing and
urgent need to better understand how to capture, store, manage, analyze and share
data to further knowledge and foster new discovery. Likewise, those who deliver
and pay for care continue to generate large amounts of clinical, administrative, pol-
icy, and cost data to inform the decisions made by each individual or group. And the
recipients of the decisions made by these groups have keen interest as buyers,
patients, funders, and policy makers. Thus both those seeking the big picture and
those seeking more specific targets can easily be blurred by the thousands of data
elements.
Big data is of importance to many types of stakeholders. Biomedical, clinical,
health services, economics, and population are examples of researchers. Serious
vii
viii Foreword 1
expectations are proposed for precision medicine with the aim to cure major dis-
eases like cancer, Alzheimer’s, AIDS and genetic disorders. Physicians, nurses,
physical therapists, dentists, psychologists and other health professionals have need
for specific data of importance to their practice. This need for specific data only
increases when specialty areas are considered. Further stakeholders are hospitals,
home care, long-term care, mental health, public health and hospice organizations.
Patients and consumers are major stakeholders with needs for data tailored to spe-
cific conditions and situations. Ownership, governance, payers, and policy makers
increase the complexity of essential data. Recently, community social determinants
data have been identified.
A few years ago I was invited to present at the First International Interdisciplinary
Conference on Big Data held in Singapore. I proposed that big data was not big
enough especially from the perspective of nursing practice and nursing science and
from the perspective of patients, families and communities. Our experience with
data for decades has been focused on classifications of diseases and medical proce-
dures. Data about the assessment, problems, interventions, and outcomes of nursing
care are invisible. It was and still is a challenge to find essential patient data from
the perspective of nurses in electronic information systems, data warehouses, repos-
itories and the cloud. There was surprise and agreement from engineers and com-
puter scientists at the conference. Unfortunately, this state exists even with extensive
work on a Nursing Minimum Data Set and a Nursing Minimum Management Data
Set as well as work on international and national development of nursing terminolo-
gies and vocabularies. This is a serious limitation and challenge to meeting the goal
of advancing nursing science and nursing practice. It is also a serious limitation for
all interdisciplinary efforts to generate and use data.
The potential value of big data has created intense interest from the creators and
users to be sure that what is of importance to each is included in big data. A current
challenge is the desire to have a longitudinal plan of care for each patient. Each
stakeholder wants to include a very specific type of data important to a specific
practice. Data of importance to another is often considered clutter and makes the
information/decision support system time consuming and of little use. Also a chal-
lenge and of keen interest is that each piece of data is clearly defined, and is valid
and reliable. Highly reliable evidence-based care to ensure quality, safety, and value
in health care clinical decisions needs to be supported by accurate, timely and up to
date clinical information. Missing data on care not delivered or care data not deliv-
ered is of great importance as part of the search for best care. All stakeholders need
to accelerate the integration of best knowledge into a care decision.
SNOMED CT and LOINC represent international and nationwide work on refer-
ence and clinical terminology that are helping achieve the goal of having standard-
ized interoperable data. This should help the goal that each stakeholder uses the
same data element with the same concept. Researchers and clinicians often use
different terminology. This quest is no small challenge because of the many areas of
science, technology, clinical care, administration, policy development, and the
broad variety of health delivery systems and the populations who are the partici-
pants in health care.
Foreword 1 ix
Each part and chapter of this book has comprehensive descriptions of the evolu-
tion of data and knowledge discovery methods that span qualitative as well as quan-
titative data mining and other methods. Multiple examples are included. There are
opportunities and challenges as the data grows in scale, complexity, volume, variety
and velocity. Opportunities also expand with the rapid growth of new approaches to
data management, analysis, and sharing and with further development of technol-
ogy (hardware and software).
When all is said and done, the value of big data to patients will depend on how
well their care can be delivered and received. A most important question may be
precision medical diagnosis and treatment using a wide range of data. Or it may be
that cost or community safety is a top question. On the other hand, important con-
cerns may include questions regarding their immediate and long-term care. Big data
will not be of much interest to patients having such very personal problems as
unmanaged pain, pressure ulcers, lack of information to inform self- management,
nausea, vomiting, falls with injury, hospital acquired infections, and uncoordinated
care if not included in big data sets.
There is still much to learn about what really contributes to outcomes of value to
stakeholders. Use of big data holds promise for advancing health care, research
methods, education and policy. This book is a major contribution to that learning.
Norma M. Lang, RN, PhD, FAAN, FRCN

School of Nursing
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Milwaukee, WI, USA
Foreword 2
Big data science has to be the concern of all nurses. The 21st-century question for
every health professional is: How do you promote transformational change in which
the emphasis is not on transitory, isolated performance improvements by individu-
als, but on sustained, integrated, comprehensive advancement of the whole? The
turn-of-the-century focus on bridging the quality divide, with its emphasis on
re-engineered care processes and effective use of information technology, has been
replaced by the wish to create the continuously learning healthcare systems (LHS)
described by the Institute of Medicine. The LHS can analyze all aspects of the care
experience for real-time decision-making by patients and clinicians alike. In the
space of a dozen years, the stress has moved from simply establishing and using the
electronic health record to analyzing all aspects of the care experience for new
insights which might involve mining a host of previously unconnected data bases
(e.g., quality-safety benchmarks, cost accounting, environmental hazards,
admission-discharge records, and so forth).
Big data is not only of importance to nurse informaticians and health services
researchers, but to all who aspire to leadership positions in practice, education,
research, and policy. Nursing leaders have highlighted the need for nurses to know
enough about big data that they can appreciate its relevance to care coordination.
Nurses need to be cognizant of technologic developments if they are educators or
deans so they can be futuristic about program planning and faculty recruitment.
Nurses need to understand enough about how big data can give them insights into
health risk differences. Consider, for example, the challenge of designing population-
based care for urban and rural women in a particular country. Nurses need to recog-
nize the promise and potential perils of big data if their research is concerned with
advancing symptom management.
As we know, leadership isn’t just what you can do yourself, but encompasses
what you can get done. Do you know enough about trends and the changing nature
of health care to hire people with the right skills sets and ask pithy questions of
experts who are telling you that your organization should be moving in a particular
direction? Do you know how technology-mediated interventions might increase
patient engagement and adherence in your clinical setting, so that you can start to
xi
xii Foreword 2
move your setting in that direction? Nurse leaders in all settings and at all levels
need to be familiar with big data science, and big data needs to be shaped so it asks
the questions of concern to care giving. This major volume on big data science can,
therefore, be of use to those nurses already concerned with these matters, and I
believe it can also be valuable as an immersion in futures thinking for those who
don’t know enough currently about how to address the informatics revolution under-
way. If you are trying to get your head around how to handle the tidal wave of data,
the increasing concern about figuring out the social determinants of health, or the
transformation taking place in how we think and work, then this book is must
reading.
Angela Barron McBride, PhD, RN

School of Nursing, Indiana University
Bloomington, IN, USA
Preface
This book’s purpose is to engage all of nursing in the potential that big data analyt-
ics holds for advancing our profession and the discipline of nursing spanning prac-
tice, operations, research, academics, industry, and policy. The book includes big
data state-of-the-art-and-science reviews, as well as applied chapters and case study
exemplars in nursing using big data analytic methods and technology. In this book,
we celebrate the early adopters and the transformative initiatives in play at health-
care organizations, vendors, payers and academia. We also aim to present the oppor-
tunities for nursing’s impact in this new, emerging knowledge-driven world.
Nursing research historically adopted qualitative methodologies with purposive
sampling and quantitative methodologies with small sample sizes because access to
patients or large study populations was constrained. Clinical trials, bench research,
epidemiology studies and large data methods were in the medical domain and used
traditional biostatical analyses. However, the digitization of medical records and
payers’ claims data has redefined population studies and made large databases
available to all disciplines. In the United States, large payer data has been amassed
and organizations have been created to welcome scientists to explore these data to
advance knowledge discovery. Health systems’ electronic health records (EHRs)
have now matured to generate massive databases with longitudinal trending. The
learning health system infrastructure is maturing, and being advanced by health
information exchanges (HIEs) with multiple organizations blending their data, or
enabling distributed computing. The evolution of knowledge discovery methods
that use quantitative data mining and new analytic methods, including the develop-
ment of complex data visualization, are enabling sophisticated discovery not previ-
ously possible. These developments present new opportunities for nursing, and call
for skills in research methodologies that can best be further enabled by forging
partnerships with data science expertise spanning all sectors. Recognizing that these
new opportunities also call for reassessment of all levels of academic preparation of
nursing professionals from pre-licensure through post-doctoral training, parts of
this book are dedicated to nursing education and competencies needed at all levels.
This book represents the first big data/data science book in nursing to be pub-
lished worldwide. It succinctly captures the state of big data and societal context,
xiii
xiv Preface
provides exemplars to establish a foundation for nursing’s response to the big data
science frontier and provides multiple pathways for driving nursing’s future.
Accordingly, we organized the book into five parts with the goal of introducing
the core concepts of big data and data science in Part I with examples that relate
to nursing as well as other industries. Part II brings in the new and emerging tech-
nologies that make big data analytics possible, and illustrates through case studies
and references to initiatives currently happening. These two foundational parts
also provide state-of-the-art/science reviews that are written by fellow nurses
with an eye to demystifying and removing any intimidation that might surround
this field.
Introduced throughout all five parts is the important principle of using partner-
ships and building teams that include big data analytics experts and data scientists
in order to have the clinical and technical skill mix needed. The days of the single
researcher, analyst, or single domain team are being called into question for their
relevancy and efficiency. Recognizing that all missions—academic, research,
practice, policy—are transformed by big data, Part III focuses on research.
Specifically, this part dives into the complexity of disease, advancement of net-
works to increase access to large data capacity, and actual application of data ana-
lytics to drive transformation of the healthcare system. Taken together, Part III’s
chapters show the potential of nursing’s engagement in big data science to trans-
form the science by the new knowledge generated and its application in practice,
education and policy.
The last two parts attend to applied current state exemplars for nurse executives
to have reference roadmaps, competencies needed at all levels, and a look at the near
future impact for healthcare delivery, education and research. Throughout Part IV
and V, “readiness” is directed at those who own change across the sectors: those
who teach our next generation of nurses; the health policymakers who support
change through regulations, guidance and funding; and nurse executives who define
care strategies within their healthcare organizations. Front and center to all these
sectors within the near future big data world is the critical state of the nursing work-
force. Part V includes a description of quantity, emergent roles, education and
appropriate certification and credentialing that “readiness” for the changes afoot
will require.
A theme throughout the book is the goal of having “sharable and comparable”
nursing data, and the need for standards to make this possible. While nursing is
making progress on having adequately matured, codified terminologies to represent
nursing concepts, actions and outcomes across all care domains, we are not there
yet. The tactics used to compensate for this current state are reflected in the chapters
and case studies presented in Part IV and V. Interoperability and data standards are
the key challenge of our times and will continue to have intense focus. Standards
that work for all are not just U.S. challenges, but rather extend worldwide; and thus,
the significance of a global world permeates these invitations for engagement, trans-
formation and empowered nursing.
In summary, this book is applicable to all nurses and interprofessional col-
leagues in all roles. We deliberately constructed the content and selected the applied
Preface xv
examples and case studies so that the book can serve as a technology reference, or
a “101 Intro” to big data for all nurses, and most importantly, a “how to” guide for
planning your own big data initiatives. We hope that you will use the book broadly
for continuing education purposes as well as for educational curricula; but above
all, we hope that you read and enjoy the book!
Connie W. Delaney
Charlotte A. Weaver
Judith J. Warren
Thomas R. Clancy
Roy L. Simpson
Acknowledgments
The idea for this book grew out of many nursing and interprofessional dialogues
about big data and data science’s growing presence throughout the healthcare indus-
try including research, education and policy. The need for a “big data and nursing”
book emerged from multiple conversations that happened in the context of the
University of Minnesota School of Nursing’s annual Big Data and Nursing confer-
ences that started in June 2013. From these rich interchanges, we recognized a
pressing urgency to bring the potential of big data analytics into all the domains of
nursing—practice, operations, research, academics, industry, and policy. More
sobering was the discovery that there were no books in the marketplace in 2016 that
specifically focused on nursing and big data. So our biggest “thank you” goes to all
the authors and co-authors of the many chapters and case studies that make up this
book. As early contributors in this first nursing publication on the topic worldwide,
these authors bravely stepped forward to share their work and to lay out candidly
how they are bringing big data applications into their respective domains.
In addition, we owe thanks to many others for helping us bring this body of work
to you. To start at the beginning, we want to acknowledge the debt we have to the
annual Big Data and Nursing Knowledge Conference Steering Committee Members
who have worked diligently to ensure that we had this annual gathering without
which the ideas, content and contributors for this book would not have happened.
Bonnie Westra and Lisiane Pruinelli served as the organizing principals, aided by
Susan Matney, Joyce Sensmeier, Daniel Pesut, Nancy Ulvestad and four of the book
editors. A number of organizations also contributed by sponsoring representatives
to the annual conferences and those include: American Nurses Association,
American Association of Colleges of Nursing, American Medical Informatics
Association, National Institute of Nursing Research, Trinity Health, Hospital
Corporation of America, and University of Minnesota Medical Center. Cerner
Corporation and OptumLabs’™ Scott Regenstein, Greta Bagshaw and William
Crown were instrumental partners as fellow researchers, book contributors and data
science experts who willingly shared knowledge and guidance.
We give our greatest thanks to Dixie Berg, consulting editor, for helping us track
all the details, keeping all the editors organized and on task, and for doing the final
xvii
xviii Acknowledgments
book manuscript preparation. Behind the scenes, we have Toni Bennett from Cerner
Corporation and Dana Hurley from the University of Minnesota School of Nursing
who gave immeasurable assistance with planning and organization for conference
calls across time zones and difficult schedules. Many of our colleagues behind the
scenes encouraged us and contributed their ideas, time and creativity. We are
indebted to Melanie Dreher, Nancy Dunton, Catherine Ivory, Tess Settergren, Russ
McDonough, and Jeannine Rivet. A special note of appreciation goes to Grant
Weston, who as our Springer editor was a strong supporter of this book and a con-
stant source of guidance throughout this exciting journey.
Connie W. Delaney
Charlotte A. Weaver
Judith J. Warren
Thomas R. Clancy
Roy L. Simpson
Contents
Part I The New and Exciting World of “Big Data”
1 Why Big Data?: Why Nursing?�� 3

Connie W. Delaney and Roy L. Simpson
1.1 Why Big Data?�� 4
1.2 Why Big Data in Nursing?�� 6
1.3 Summary �� 8
References�� 8
2 Big Data in Healthcare: A Wide Look at a Broad Subject�� 11
Marisa L. Wilson, Charlotte A. Weaver, Paula M. Procter,
and Murielle S. Beene
2.1 Reaching the Tipping Point: Big Data and Healthcare �� 12
2.2 Big Data and Analytics Enabling Innovation in Population Health �� 14
2.2.1 Blending in the Social Determinants�� 17
2.3 Big Data in Action�� 18
2.3.1 The Department of Veterans Affairs �� 18
2.3.2 A View from Home Health �� 23
2.3.3 The Spine: A United Kingdom Big Data Endeavor�� 25
2.4 Summary �� 29
References�� 29
3 A Big Data Primer �� 33
Judith J. Warren
3.1 What Is Big Data?�� 33
3.1.1 Datafication and Digitization�� 36
3.1.2 Resources for Evaluating Big Data Technology �� 36
3.2 The V’s: Volume, Variety, Velocity �� 37
3.2.1 Volume�� 37
3.2.2 Variety �� 39
3.2.3 Velocity �� 39
xix
xx Contents
3.3 Data Science�� 40

3.3.1 What Is Data Science?�� 40
3.3.2 The Data Science Process �� 40
3.4 Visualizing the Data�� 42
3.5 Big Data Is a Team Sport�� 43
3.6 Conclusion�� 45
Case Study 3.1: Big Data Resources—A Learning Module �� 46
Judith J. Warren and E. LaVerne Manos
3.1.1 Introduction�� 46
3.1.2 Resources for Big Data �� 47
3.1.3 Resources for Data Science�� 50
3.1.4 Resources for Data Visualization�� 52
3.1.5 Organizations of Interest�� 53
3.1.6 Assessment of Competencies�� 55
3.1.7 Learning Activities�� 56
3.1.8 Guidance for Learners and Faculty Using the Module�� 57
References�� 57
Part II Technologies and Science of Big Data

4 A Closer Look at Enabling Technologies and Knowledge Value �� 63
Thomas R. Clancy
4.1 Introduction�� 64
4.2 Emerging Roles and the Technology Enabling Them�� 65
4.3 A Closer Look at Technology �� 68
4.3.1 Handheld Ultrasound�� 70
4.3.2 Point of Care Lab Testing �� 70
4.3.3 The Quantified Self Movement�� 71
4.3.4 Sleep Monitors�� 72
4.3.5 Activity Monitors�� 72
4.3.6 Data Mash-Ups �� 73
4.3.7 Symptom Checkers �� 73
4.3.8 Augmented Cognition�� 74
4.4 Big Data Science and the Evolving Role of Nurses�� 74
References�� 77
5 Big Data in Healthcare: New Methods of Analysis�� 79
Sarah N. Musy and Michael Simon
5.2 Sources of Big Data�� 81
5.3 Big Data Analytics�� 83
5.3.1 Data Mining�� 83
5.3.2 Text Mining�� 84
Contents xxi
5.3.3 Predictive Modelling�� 85

5.3.4 Machine Learning �� 85
5.4 Big Data Applications in Nursing �� 86
5.5 Challenges of Big Data �� 90
5.6 Conclusions�� 91
References�� 91
Case Study 5.1: Value-Based Nursing Care Model Development�� 95
John M. Welton and Ellen Harper
5.1.1 Value-Based Nursing Care and Big Data�� 96
5.1.2 The Cost of Nursing Care �� 98
5.1.3 Summary �� 100
References�� 100
6 Generating the Data for Analyzing the Effects of Interprofessional
Teams for Improving Triple Aim Outcomes�� 103
May Nawal Lutfiyya, Teresa Schicker, Amy Jarabek, Judith Pechacek,
Barbara Brandt, and Frank Cerra
6.2 Raison D’être for the NCDR�� 105
6.2.1 Characteristics of the NCDR�� 106
6.2.2 Data Volume�� 107
6.2.3 Data Velocity�� 108
6.2.4 Data Value �� 108
6.2.5 Ecosystem of the NCDR�� 109
6.2.6 Infrastructure�� 110
7 Wrestling with Big Data: How Nurse Leaders Can Engage�� 115
Jane Englebright and Edmund Jackson
7.2 Defining Big Data and Data Science�� 116
7.3 Nursing Leader Accountabilities and Challenges �� 116
7.4 Systems Interoperability �� 117
7.5 Non-Standardization �� 118
7.6 The Invisibility of Nursing�� 118
7.7 A Common Data Repository Across the System�� 119
7.8 The Value of Big Data for Nurse Leaders�� 119
7.9 The Journey to Sharable and Comparable Data in Nursing�� 120
7.10 Gaining Insight from Data in Real Time�� 123
7.11 Strategies for Moving Forward �� 123
7.12 Instilling a Data-Driven Culture Through Team Science�� 124
7.13 Putting It All Together: An Example�� 125
7.13.1 Step 1: Diagnostic Analytics�� 125
7.13.2 Step 2: Diagnostic Analytics�� 126
xxii Contents
7.13.3 Step 3: Predictive Analytics�� 126

7.13.4 Step 4: Prescriptive Analytics �� 126
Case Study 7.1: Improving Nursing Care Through the
Trinity Health System Data Warehouse�� 129
Nora Triola, Miriam Halimi, and Melanie Dreher
7.1.2 Trinity Health�� 130
7.1.3 Case Studies�� 132
7.1.4 Conclusion�� 136
Acknowledgements�� 136
8 Inclusion of Flowsheets from Electronic Health Records to
Extend Data for Clinical and Translational Science Awards
(CTSA) Research�� 139
Bonnie L. Westra, Beverly Christie, Grace Gao, Steven G. Johnson,
Lisiane Pruinelli, Anne LaFlamme, Jung In Park, Suzan G. Sherman,
Piper A. Ranallo, Stuart Speedie, and Connie W. Delaney
8.2 CTSAs to Support Big Data Science�� 140
8.3 Clinical Data Repositories (CDRs)�� 142
8.3.1 CDR Structure and Querying Data �� 143
8.3.2 Standardizing Patient Data�� 144
8.4 What Are Flowsheets?�� 145
8.4.1 How Do Organizations Decide What to Record on
Flowsheets?�� 146
8.4.2 Strengths and Challenges of Flowsheet Data�� 147
8.4.3 Example of Pressure Ulcer�� 148
8.5 Standardization Essential for Big Data Science�� 150
8.5.1 Nursing Information Models�� 151
8.5.2 Example Nursing Information Models and Processes�� 151
8.5.3 National Collaborative to Standardize Nursing Data�� 152
9 Working in the New Big Data World: Academic/Corporate
Partnership Model �� 157
William Crown and Thomas R. Clancy
9.1 The Evolving Healthcare Data Landscape�� 158
9.2 The Promise and Complexity of Working with Multiple
Sources of Data �� 159
9.3 Implications of Linked Claims and EHR Data for Nursing
Studies�� 160
9.4 Big Data Methods �� 162
Contents xxiii
9.5 Beyond Research—Accelerating Clinical/Policy Translation

and Innovation�� 164
9.6 Innovation and Management of Intellectual Property in
Academic/Corporate Partnerships�� 165
9.7 The Ongoing Debate About the Merits of RCTs Versus
Observational Studies �� 168
Case Study 9.1: Academic/Corporate Partnerships: Development of a
Model to Predict Adverse Events in Patients Prescribed Statins
Using the OptumLabs Data Warehouse�� 172
Chih-Lin Chi and Jin Wang
9.1.1 Introduction: Research Objective�� 172
9.1.2 Resources Needed for Big-Data Analysis
in the OptumLabs Project �� 174
9.1.3 Research Process�� 177
Part III Revolution of Knowledge Discovery, Dissemination,

Translation Through Data Science
10 Data Science: Transformation of Research and Scholarship�� 183
Lynda R. Hardy and Philip E. Bourne
10.1 Introduction to Nursing Research �� 184
10.1.1 Big Data and Nursing �� 185
10.1.2 Nursing and Data�� 187
10.2 The New World of Data Science�� 188
10.3 The Impact of Data Proliferation on Scholarship �� 189
10.4 Initiatives Supporting Data Science and Research �� 191
10.4.1 National Institutes of Health �� 192
10.4.2 National Science Foundation�� 193
10.4.3 U.S. Department of Energy�� 194
10.4.4 U.S. Department of Defense �� 194
10.5 Summary �� 195
Case Study 10.1: Complexity of Common Disease and Big Data�� 197
Sandra Daack-Hirsch and Lisa Shah
10.1.1 Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) as a Significant Health Problem�� 197
10.1.2 Factors Contributing to T2D �� 198
10.1.3 Epigenetics�� 200
10.1.4 Current Initiatives to Leverage the Power of Big Data
for Common Disease�� 203
10.1.5 Scope and Practice of Genetics/Genomics Nursing�� 205
xxiv Contents
11 Answering Research Questions with National Clinical

Research Networks�� 211
Katherine K. Kim, Satish M. Mahajan, Julie A. Miller,
and Joe V. Selby
11.1 The Vision �� 212
11.2 Electronic Data�� 212
11.3 Distributed Data Networks�� 213
11.3.1 The Mini-Sentinel Distributed Database�� 214
11.4 PCORnet, the National Patient-Centered Clinical
Research Network�� 214
11.4.1 The Partner Networks �� 215
11.4.2 Governance �� 216
11.4.3 Data Handling �� 216
11.5 Current State �� 217
11.6 Future Plans�� 218
11.7 PCORnet in Practice: pSCANNER�� 218
11.7.1 Stakeholder Engagement�� 219
11.7.2 Research in pSCANNER�� 221
11.7.3 UC Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing’s
Role in pSCANNER �� 223
11.8 Role of Nursing Science in and with PCORnet�� 223
11.8.1 Nursing Data �� 223
12 Enhancing Data Access and Utilization: Federal Big Data
Initiative and Relevance to Health Disparities Research �� 227
Rosaly Correa-de-Araujo
12.1 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the
Health Data Initiative�� 229
12.1.1 Integrating Nursing Data into Big Data�� 235
12.2 Eliminating Health Disparities and Building Health Equity
with Big Data�� 236
12.2.1 The Social Determinants of Health�� 236
12.2.2 Health Disparities and Health Equity �� 238
12.2.3 Using Big Data to Eliminate Disparities and Build
Equity in Symptoms Management�� 240
Case Study 12.1: Clinical Practice Model (CPM) Framework
Approach to Achieve Clinical Practice Interoperability and
Big Data Comparative Analysis�� 244
Michelle Troseth, Donna Mayo, Robert Nieves, and Stephanie Lambrecht
12.1.2 A Framework Approach�� 245
12.1.3 CPG Pressure Ulcer-Risk For- Example�� 249
12.1.4 The Challenges of Utilizing and Sharing Big Data�� 249
Contents xxv
13 Big Data Impact on Transformation of Healthcare Systems �� 253

Gay L. Landstrom
13.2 Limitations of the Past�� 254
13.3 How Healthcare Systems Come Together Electronically �� 255
13.4 Big Data Emerging from Healthcare Systems�� 256
13.5 The Hope of Improving Health and Care Within Healthcare
Systems Using Data�� 257
13.5.1 Rapid Dissemination of Evidence-Based Care �� 257
13.5.2 Integrating Individual Patient Care Data Across the
Continuum�� 259
13.5.3 Integration to Manage Patient Populations �� 260
13.6 Challenges of Gleaning Information and Knowledge from the
Data and Recommendations for Optimizing Data Within HCS �� 261
14 State of the Science in Big Data Analytics �� 265
C.F. Aliferis
14.1 Advances in Predictive Modeling and Feature Selection
for Big Data�� 265
14.1.1 Kernel-Based Transformation of the Data�� 269
14.1.2 Advances in Feature Selection�� 270
14.2 Advances in Causal Discovery with Big Data, Causal Feature
Selection and Unified Predictive and Causal Analysis �� 272
14.3 Unified Predictive-Causal Modeling and Causal
Feature Selection�� 273
14.3.1 Synopsis of Other Important Big Data
Mining Advances�� 275
14.4.1 Achievements, Open Problems, Challenges in Big Data
Mining Methods�� 281
Part IV Looking at Today and the Near Future

15 Big Data Analytics Using the VA’s ‘VINCI’ Database to
Look at Delirium�� 287
Charlene Weir, Joanne LaFluer, Bryan Gibson, and Qing Zeng
15.1.1 The Problem with Delirium�� 288
15.1.2 Big Data Can Help�� 289
15.1.3 VHA Data Resources�� 290
15.1.4 Case Study 1: Identifying Patients at Risk for Delirium�� 291
15.1.5 Case Study 2: Improving Classification Using Natural
Language Processing�� 292
15.1.6 Case Study 3: Building a Stewardship Program �� 295
xxvi Contents
15.2 Overall Discussion�� 296

15.2.1 Quality of Data�� 296
15.2.2 Matching Data Analytics to the Question and Producing
Actionable Information�� 297
15.2.3 Integrating the Patient’s Story�� 297
15.2.4 Overall Conclusion �� 298
16 Leveraging the Power of Interprofessional EHR Data to Prevent
Delirium: The Kaiser Permanente Story �� 301
Rayne Soriano, Marilyn Chow, and Ann O’Brien
16.1 Introducing the Delirium Picture�� 301
16.3 The Impact of Delirium�� 303
16.4 Discovering the Delirium Story Through Multiple Sources
of Information �� 304
16.5 Accessing Data in the EHR�� 305
16.6 The KP Discovery Journey �� 306
16.7 Transforming Care with Actionable Information �� 307
16.8 An Interdisciplinary Approach to Delirium Prevention�� 307
16.9 Measuring Success of the Interdisciplinary Delirium Risk Score�� 309
16.10 Summary �� 310
17 Mobilizing the Nursing Workforce with Data and Analytics at
the Point of Care�� 313
Judy Murphy and Amberly Barry
17.2 Background �� 314
17.3 Mobile Infrastructure�� 316
17.3.1 Mobile Device and App History �� 316
17.3.2 History of Mobile in Healthcare �� 316
17.4 Mobile Impact on Nurses’ Roles and Processes �� 317
17.5 Apps for Nurses: Education�� 318
17.6 Apps for Nurses: Practice �� 319
17.6.1 Primary Care �� 319
17.6.2 Acute Care�� 321
17.6.3 Home Care�� 322
17.6.4 Care Coordination�� 323
17.7 Apps for Patients�� 324
17.7.1 Patient Portals �� 325
17.8 The Value of Mobile with the Power of Analytics�� 326
17.8.1 Extend Healthcare Services�� 326
17.8.2 Patient Engagement�� 327
17.8.3 Decision Support�� 327
17.8.4 Insight through Analytics�� 327
17.9 Summary �� 328
Contents xxvii
18 The Power of Disparate Data Sources for Answering Thorny

Questions in Healthcare: Four Case Studies �� 331
Ellen M. Harper and Douglas McNair
18.2 Nursing Informatics as a Valuable Resource and Analytics Team
Member �� 334
18.3 The Knowledge Framework and NI�� 335
Case Study 18.1: Alarm Management: From Confusion to
Information�� 345
Kevin Smith and Vicki Snavely
18.1.2 Testing New Technology�� 345
18.1.3 Data-Driven Monitor Management�� 346
18.1.4 Results�� 348
Case Study 18.2: Nursing Time in the Electronic Health Record:
Perceptions Versus Reality�� 352
April Giard and Darinda Sutton
18.2.2 Methods�� 353
18.2.3 Results�� 354
Case Study 18.3: Identifying Direct Nursing Cost Per Patient Episode
in Acute Care—Merging Data from Multiple Sources �� 359
Peggy Jenkins
18.3.1 Introduction and Background �� 359
18.3.2 Definition of Direct Nursing Cost per Acute
Care Episode �� 359
18.3.3 Data Sources and Data Management Plan�� 360
18.3.4 Architecture for File Merger�� 360
18.3.5 Construction of Outcome Variable�� 360
18.3.6 Data Analysis�� 362
18.3.7 Key Findings �� 362
18.3.8 Discussion �� 363
Case Study 18.4: Building a Learning Health System—Readmission
Prevention�� 364
Marlene A. Bober and Ellen M. Harper
18.4.2 Methods�� 365
18.4.3 Results�� 366
xxviii Contents
18.4.4 Discussion �� 366

Part V A Call for Readiness

19 What Big Data and Data Science Mean for Schools of
Nursing and Academia�� 373
Linda A. McCauley and Connie W. Delaney
19.1 Why is Big Data Important for Academic Nursing?�� 374
19.2 Undergraduate Education�� 375
19.3 Master’s Education�� 376
19.4 Nursing Informatics Graduate Specialty�� 377
19.5 Doctorate in Nursing Practice (DNP) �� 378
19.6 PhD Education�� 378
19.7 Challenges Ahead�� 379
19.8 Curriculum Opportunities �� 381
Case Study 19.1: Informatics Certification and What’s New with
Big Data�� 385
Cynthia Gadd and Connie White Delaney
19.1.2 AMIA’s Path Toward Establishing Advanced Health
Informatics Certification �� 386
19.1.3 Advanced Health Informatics Certification (AHIC)�� 388
Acknowledgements�� 389
Case Study 19.2: Accreditation of Graduate Health Informatics
Programs �� 391
Judith J. Warren
19.2.2 Accreditation Standards�� 394
19.2.3 Recommendations for Future Accreditation
Requirements�� 396
20 Quality Outcomes and Credentialing: Implication for Informatics
and Big Data Science �� 399
Bobbie Berkowitz
20.2 High-Quality Performance�� 400
20.3 Credentialing and Patient Outcomes�� 402
Contents xxix
21 Big Data Science and Doctoral Education in Nursing�� 407

Patricia Eckardt and Susan J. Henly
21.2 About Big Data and Nursing�� 408
21.2.1 Ubiquity of Big Data�� 408
21.2.2 Definitions�� 409
21.2.3 Nursing Interface with Big Data �� 409
21.3 Doctoral Education �� 410
21.3.1 Context�� 410
21.3.2 Framework�� 411
21.3.3 Big Data Knowledge, Skills, and Competencies�� 411
21.4 Summary �� 423
22 Global Society & Big Data: Here’s the Future We Can Get
Ready For�� 427
Walter Sermeus
22.1 Introduction: Are We Moving to a Global Society,
Except for Healthcare?�� 427
22.1.1 Phase 1: Thinking Local, Acting Local—Healthcare
in the Past and Today�� 428
22.1.2 Phase 2: Thinking Local, Acting Global—Cross-Border
Care and Medical Tourism�� 430
22.1.3 Phase 3: Thinking Global, Acting Local—Global
Healthcare Driven by Networks�� 431
22.1.4 Phase 4: Thinking Global, Acting Global—Discovering
the Long Tail in Healthcare�� 434
22.2 From Local to Global: What Would It Take?�� 438
23 Big-Data Enabled Nursing: Future Possibilities �� 441
Judith J. Warren, Thomas R. Clancy, Connie W. Delaney, and
Charlotte A. Weaver
23.2 The Future of Big Data in Education: Implications for Faculty
and Students�� 442
23.2.1 Demand for Data Scientists�� 443
23.2.2 Precision Education for Students�� 444
23.2.3 Faculty Role Changes �� 446
23.4 The Future of Partnerships in Generating Big Data Initiatives,
Products, and Services�� 447
23.5 Big Data Through the Research Lens �� 450
23.5.1 Forces Affecting Big Data and Related Discoveries in
Nursing and Health Care�� 450
23.5.2 Anticipating the Future with Big Data�� 453
xxx Contents
23.5.3 Nursing’s Call to Action for Big Data and

Data Science�� 454
23.6 Healthcare in 2020: Looking at Big Data Through the Clinical
Executive’s Lens �� 454
23.6.1 Healthcare’s Journey into Big Data�� 456
23.6.2 Looking at Care Delivery in 2020�� 457
23.6.3 Population Health Managed Care—An Example from
Bon Secours Medical Group (BSMG)�� 458
23.6.4 Looking at Near-Term Future Examples�� 458
23.6.5 Looking Forward�� 459
23.6.6 Personalization of Care �� 460
23.7 Final Thoughts About the Future with Big Data�� 461
Glossary�� 465
Index�� 473
List of Contributors
C.F. Aliferis, MD, PhD, FACMI Institute for Health Informatics, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Amberly Barry, RN, PHN Analytics & Transformation, IBM Global Healthcare,
Armonk, NY, USA
Murielle S. Beene, DNP, MBA, MPH, MS, RN-BC, PMP Department of
Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
Bobbie Berkowitz, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN Columbia University School of
Nursing and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Marlene A. Bober, RN, MS Acute Enterprise Care Management, Advocate Health
Care, Chicago, IL, USA
Philip E. Bourne, PhD Data Science Institute, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Barbara Brandt, PhD National Center for Interprofessional Practice and
Education, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Frank Cerra, MD National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Chih-Lin Chi, PhD, MBA OptumLabs™, Cambridge, MA, USA
School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Marilyn Chow, RN, PhD Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
Beverly Christie, DNP, RN Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Thomas R. Clancy, PhD, MBA, RN, FAAN School of Nursing, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
xxxi
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no related content on Scribd:
Lempeni.
Kevähällä se liekehti leimuamaan minun lempeni lyhkäinen

— ees' syksyhyn asti se säilynyt ei: oli lasketut päivät ne sen.
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oli autuutta täynnä ja auvoa vaan sitä siksi en kaipaile.
Sun vertaisinko kukkaan nukkuvaan —
Sun vertaisinko kukkaan nukkuvaan, tuon laakson

lemmikkihin ihanaan, min katse on niin kaihomielinen, tai
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Sun katseesi on täynnä kaihoa kuin katse lemmikinkin

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Älä, äitini, itke ja vaikerra, Älä suotta sä huolia kanna!

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Minun täytyvi maailman riemusta tuhat tuntea tuulahdusta!

Oi, äiti, jos tietäsit millaista on kaihota, kaihota, kaihota, ja mä
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Ei viihdytä, ei, mua synkeys tää, tämä rauhallisuus, tämä

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Samettisilmä.
Hei, sinä heilani samettisilmä, kankahan kaunein kukka,

kuulehan kuinka ma haastan sulle, tyttöni pellavatukka!
Yksin on ollessa päivyet pitkät,

illat on ikävät, tummat;
yksin on ollessa murheisna mieli,
suuret on surujen summat.
Paras on meidänkin yhtehen mennä,

paras on paiskata kättä,
paras on luvata, ett' emme koskaan
aio toistamme jättää.
Mitä sinä arvelet, samettisilmä?

Hei, sinä hymyät mulle!
Siis se on päätetty, siis se on päätetty!
Tavarani annan ma sulle.
Minä annan sulle, ja sinä annat mulle,

yhtehen kaikki me lyödään,
yhdessä töllissä asutaan
ja yhdessä pöydässä syödään.
Hei sinä heilani samettisilmä!

Ilo nyt on alkava vasta!
Onnetar-neiti jo hellien katsoo
minuakin, syksyn lasta.
Voi sua, veitikka!
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ikikuusista teen minä sen
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Me raadamme, raivaamme kaksin,

työn teemme me yhdessä,
ja vaikkakin pakkanen paukkuu,
niin meillä on lämmintä.
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Me soudamme siimeessä leppien —
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pelkkää —
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sinä purppurin päärmäsit päiväni, ja sinusta mun voimani
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Metsolassa.
Leikkikäämme hetkinen kera pienten sirkkujen, nekin

ylhääll' oksillansa touhuilevat riemuissansa.
Hyv' on täällä leikkiä

salon suuren sinessä,
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Varsi on notkea, katse sen syvä,

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Tyttöni oon minä orja.
Suvi kun saapuvi, lintuset taasen

laativat laulunpäitä,
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pulskeita viettävi häitä.
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Hän kun on luonani, en minä koskaan
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Sain ruusun sulta —
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Sä läksit, neito, ja minä keito jäin yksin kaihoten suremaan.

Nyt povi palaa ja sydän halaa taas sua luokseni, sua vaan.
Oi, riennä, riennä ja tuska liennä, sä muista muinaista

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Jääkylmin katsein katselet —
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Jääkylmin katsein katselet,

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Voi, oisko taasen tyhjiä
mun olleet unelmani?
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oon murhemieliä keito.
Sä kartat, kartat katsettain,
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Sen sinisen siimehen helmassa —
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Oli laskenut aurinko ammoin jo ja ilm' oli viileetä.
Kesäöinen rauha se leijueli

yli maitten ja mannerten.
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unet näimme me kauneimmat:
rusopilvet ne souteli taivaalla
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me uskoimme: onnea on,
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ja sen määrä on mittaamaton.
Mut' oisiko elämän aalloilla nyt syntynyt usko jo uus': oi

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Mä uskoin ennen unihin —

Mä uskoin ennen unihin — nyt enää usko en: nyt uskon
vainen tyhjyyteen ja pimeytehen.
Mä uskoin silmiin tyttösen,

sinisiin silmihin;
mä uskoin kesään ikuiseen
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Unelma: tyhjyys — muuta ei;

sen jälkeen tuska saa
ja syksy synkkä sydämeen,
mi kukat kuolettaa.
Voi, mua poikaa poloista,

mies raukkaa etsivää!
Voi, yötä, mik' on ylläni,
niin tummaa, synkeää!
Mut' oma syyni: unihin mä miksi uskoinkin ja kesän

ikuisuutehen ja sinisilmihin.
Minä tahdon sun helmaani kietoa —
Minä tahdon sun helmaani kietoa ja painaa sun rintaani

vasten! Oi, ollahan ystävät, ollahan oi! Niin tapa on hyvien
lasten. Ja lapsia oomme me kumpikin — miks' emme me
hyviä oisi, miks' emme me yhdessä hymyillen ja toistemme
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helmaani kietoa, ja irti en päästä mä sua; minä tahdon, sä ett'
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oi, niin riemua meillä on aina, satakielien soitot ne korviimme
soi, ja huolet ei harteilla paina, ja kaunis on päivä ja kirkas on
yö — Oi, tulkosi helmaani, kulta! Oi, kuuletko rintaani, kuinka
se lyö: saat lempeni liekkivän multa! Me käykäämme lempien,
leikkien ilahuttaen toistamme, tyttönen, tämä taipale loppuun
saakka; ja vihdoin, kun ehtinyt ilta on, ja kellot ne vuorilta
soivat, me yhdessä painumme lepohon me uinumme huulilla
hymy, ja silmissä siintävä päivä.
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Big Data-Enabled Nursing: Education,

Research and Practice 1st Edition

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

Research in Education 10th Edition John W. Best

Evidence-based nursing: The research practice

Big Data in Practice How 45 Successful Companies Used

Fundamentals of Big Data Network Analysis for Research

Transnational German Education and Comparative

Intelligence Enabled Research DoSIER 2020 Siddhartha

Double Bigfoot Trouble Delaney s Bigfoot 1st Edition

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1114

Big Data-Enabled Nursing

Judith J. Warren Thomas R. Clancy

ISSN 1431-1917 ISSN 2197-3741 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945758

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

In memory of Betty R. Weaver, a mother who

To Edward, my loving husband, who

To my father, John Clancy, who convinced me

To the patients and caregivers whose

Norma M. Lang, RN, PhD, FAAN, FRCN

 Angela Barron McBride, PhD, RN

Part I The New and Exciting World of “Big Data”

1 Why Big Data?: Why Nursing?���������������������������������������������������������������� 3

3.3 Data Science���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40

Part II Technologies and Science of Big Data

5.3.3 Predictive Modelling�������������������������������������������������������������� 85

7.13.3 Step 3: Predictive Analytics���������������������������������������������������� 126

9.5 Beyond Research—Accelerating Clinical/Policy Translation

Part III Revolution of Knowledge Discovery, Dissemination,

11 Answering Research Questions with National Clinical

13 Big Data Impact on Transformation of Healthcare Systems ���������������� 253

Part IV Looking at Today and the Near Future

15.2 Overall Discussion���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 296

18 The Power of Disparate Data Sources for Answering Thorny

18.4.4 Discussion �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 366

Part V A Call for Readiness

21 Big Data Science and Doctoral Education in Nursing���������������������������� 407

23.5.3 Nursing’s Call to Action for Big Data and

Kevähällä se liekehti leimuamaan minun lempeni lyhkäinen

Kevähällä se liekehti leimuamaan, ja lempeä suurt' oli se,

Sun vertaisinko kukkaan nukkuvaan —

Sun vertaisinko kukkaan nukkuvaan, tuon laakson

Sun katseesi on täynnä kaihoa kuin katse lemmikinkin

Älä, äitini, itke ja vaikerra, Älä suotta sä huolia kanna!

Minun täytyvi maailman riemusta tuhat tuntea tuulahdusta!

Ei viihdytä, ei, mua synkeys tää, tämä rauhallisuus, tämä

Hei, sinä heilani samettisilmä, kankahan kaunein kukka,

Yksin on ollessa päivyet pitkät,

Paras on meidänkin yhtehen mennä,

Mitä sinä arvelet, samettisilmä?

Minä annan sulle, ja sinä annat mulle,

Hei sinä heilani samettisilmä!

Voi sua, veitikka!

Voi sua, veitikka, luullut en oisi, että mun voisit sä kahlehtia,

Minä korpehen kauaksi muutan —

Minä korpehen kauaksi muutan, ja sinne mä töllini teen, ja

Me raadamme, raivaamme kaksin,

Ilo aina se kattohon kumpuu, ja kirkas on päivä ja yö, ei

Me soudamme siimeessä leppien —

Yö kaunis ja kirkas ja hiljainen, ja kuuttaret kultia valaa —

Ja lainehet laulavat laulujaan

Angela Barron McBride, PhD, RN

1 Why Big Data?: Why Nursing?�� 3

3.3 Data Science�� 40

5.3.3 Predictive Modelling�� 85

7.13.3 Step 3: Predictive Analytics�� 126

9.5 Beyond Research—Accelerating Clinical/Policy Translation

Part III Revolution of Knowledge Discovery, Dissemination,

11 Answering Research Questions with National Clinical

13 Big Data Impact on Transformation of Healthcare Systems �� 253

15.2 Overall Discussion�� 296

18 The Power of Disparate Data Sources for Answering Thorny

18.4.4 Discussion �� 366

21 Big Data Science and Doctoral Education in Nursing�� 407

23.5.3 Nursing’s Call to Action for Big Data and