THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POMELO (Citrus grandis) EXTRACT AS A

DISHWASHING LIQUID DETERGENT

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION

Presented by:

Alanquihan, Mark Kluivert B.

Alesna, Reign Anne A.
Barinque, Diana Maxynne G.
Cimini, Le Maurice B.
Fernandez, Erequeen Kate R.
Ighot, Jeonathan I.
McCulloch, Sharian Marie Iana T.
Tadeo, Princess Joy V.
Vailoces, Claysea Hart J.
Velasco, Isabella Frances Ione
STEM - D

Christie Angel Alensub

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

April, 2022
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

This chapter of the paper presents the Background of the Study, Statement of the
Problem, Objectives of the study, the Hypothesis, Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework, Significance of the study, its Scope and Delimitations and lastly, the
Definition of the Conceptual and Operational Terms of the study.

Introduction
Pomelos (Citrus grandis) are natural, non-hybrid citrus fruits native to Southeast
Asia. They are extensively grown in the Philippines, particularly in Mindanao, because
they are widely adapted to local soil and climatic conditions. Pomelo has a rough,
green-yellow peel with a round to slightly pear-shaped form, and it is divided into 11 to
18 segments. The fruit is large, 15–25 centimeters in diameter, and usually weighs 1–2
kilograms. Pomelo trees are seasonal, and they bear fruit once a year. The price range
of a pomelo fruit varies with its weight and size. The price range of pomelo in Mindanao
is lower than in Luzon. This is because the plantations there are limited, resulting in a
much higher price.
Dishwashing liquid is a detergent primarily used to hand-clean kitchen utensils to
eliminate grease and food residue. They are a daily necessity and are always in high
demand. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, output has slowed down, and costs
have increased. Furthermore, the chemicals employed in commercialized brands are
hazardous to the people and the environment. Therefore, the researchers of this study
aim to create an alternative formulation that is convenient for removing stains without
harmful chemicals. The researchers aim to determine the effectiveness of pomelo (Citrus
grandis) extract in producing a dishwashing liquid detergent.
Background of the Study
The main component used in this study is pomelo (Citrus grandis). Pomelo grows
primarily in the countries of Southeast Asia. Pomelos resemble grapefruit in appearance
but are considerably larger. The price range of a pomelo varies with its weight and size.
A farmer in Davao City, a small-scale pomelo planter, sells his newly harvested pomelo
fruits at Php30.00 per piece (Sarian, 2019). In local stores online, the fruit costs up to
Php150.00 to Php200.00 per kilogram.
The existing citric acid in the pomelo fruit makes it a suitable component in
producing a dishwashing liquid detergent. Citric acid is a weak acid found naturally in all
citrus fruits. It is responsible for their tart, sour taste. In terms of cleaning, citric acid can
soften hard water, adjust pH levels, and improve the performance of a detergent soap
(Granado, 2020). Among the citrus family, citric acid is more concentrated in lemon and
calamansi. Because this acid is antibacterial and antiseptic, it acts as a natural bleach
for cleaning purposes. Many commercialized brands of liquid dishwashing products
utilize fruits for this reason.
Cleaning dishes is a time-consuming task that anyone who has worked in a
kitchen is all too familiar with. The tenacious stains and grease all over basic kitchen
utensils are the most challenging part of dishwashing. However, if one does not have
access to a dishwasher, using suitable dish soap can make the chore much more
accessible. Dishwashing liquid detergent is an essential household necessity used to
remove stains and food residues on kitchen utensils and eliminate unpleasant odors.
However, it does not kill bacteria but lifts them off surfaces so that water may wash them
away. Unless using an automatic dishwasher, dishwashing liquid is typically done with
the help of a cleaning sponge-like regular sponges or steel wool. On the downside,
dishwashing liquid is a potential source of harmful chemicals responsible for disrupting
environmental health.
In response to health and safety concerns amidst the ongoing pandemic, this
study aims to create a safer alternative to the existing dishwashing liquid products on the
market. This study will help address the community concerns involving environmental
and physical health. Furthermore, the researchers of this study aim to determine the
effectiveness of pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract as the main component in producing a
dishwashing liquid detergent.
Statement of the Problem
This research study aims to determine the effectiveness of pomelo (Citrus
grandis) extract in producing a dishwashing liquid detergent. Specifically, this study
sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the right ratio and proportion of pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract needed
in producing a dishwashing liquid detergent?
2. What ratio and proportion work best in removing stains on different surfaces like:
a. Stainless wares c. Glasswares; and
b. Ceramic wares d. Melawares
3. Is there a significant difference between the different ratio and proportion of
pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract in terms of the following?
a. cleaning performance c. fragrance
b. texture; and

Objectives of the Study

General Objective
The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether pomelo (Citrus
grandis) extract can be used as an effective component for the production of a
dishwashing liquid detergent.

Specific Objectives
1. To determine the right ratio and proportion of pomelo extract needed to produce
an effective Dishwashing Liquid Detergent.
2. To determine the effectiveness of Pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract as the main
component of a Dishwashing Liquid Detergent in removing stains on different
surfaces.
3. To determine the significant difference between the different ratios and
proportions of pomelo extract in terms of its cleaning performance, texture, and
fragrance.

Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of the different ratios and
proportions of pomelo extract in its cleaning performance, texture, and fragrance.
Theoretical Framework
This study is linked to the theory of Anthropocentric Ethics. This theory evaluates
environmental issues based on how they affect human needs and attaches primary
importance to human interests. Thus, when utilizing cleaners at home, there will be two
objectives: First is to clean filth, grime, and dust from belongings and living surroundings.
The second is to eliminate any form of microbe that could make one sick. Although the
cleaners used may be harmful to the environment, humans think it is vital to eliminate
anything that threatens their intrinsic value. So they employ cleaners that will kill any
form of microbe, ensuring that their survival and well-being on the planet are not
jeopardized. This study is also linked to the CEO-centric theory. This theory focuses on
the value of the ecosystem as a whole rather than individual plants and animals. It allows
people to use the environment's resources as they see fit but in a way that does not
disrupt the system's interactions. These two theories are related to the study because
they explain why humans promote the production of cleaning products and take care of
the environment through self-discipline.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Interplay of Variables

The different ratio and proportion of pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract is the study's
independent variable. It serves as the main component for producing a dishwashing
liquid detergent. Meanwhile, the dependent variable of this study that is measured and
tested is the dishwashing performance of the different ratios and proportions of pomelo
extract in terms of its fragrance, texture, and cleaning capability on the different surfaces
of wares. The paradigm of this study is shown in Figure 1.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study will be highly significant and beneficial to the following:

● The Students
This study will give students the information that they need in order to
understand all about pomelo (Citrus grandis) and what makes it a potential
component to be used in producing an effective dishwashing liquid detergent.

● The Community
The findings of this study will benefit the community by addressing their
concerns about environmental and physical health. This study will create a safer
formulation than the existing dishwashing liquid detergent on the market by using
a raw material that is environmentally-friendly and is easy to get by.

● The Future Researchers

This study will serve as a reference or guide for future researchers when
conducting a similar study.

● The Dishwashing Liquid Manufacturing Industry

This study will contribute knowledge about the cleaning properties of
pomelo (Citrus grandis), and its potential in the production of dishwashing
detergents. The results that will be gained by the researchers will aid the industry
by incorporating novel information into their dishwashing liquid formula.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The scope of this study is to develop a safer alternative formulation of a
dishwashing liquid detergent using pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract as the main
component. This study is delimited to the use of the following ingredients: pomelo
extract, soap flakes, aloe vera, warm water, SLES gel, essential oil, white vinegar, and
salt. This study will be using a Honey Pomelo. A variety of pomelo has huge juice
saccules, significantly thicker peel, sweet pulp, and a distinct odor. Its skin is
yellowish-green, and its flesh is pale yellow. A single pomelo fruit contains more than a
day's worth of vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant and immune system booster that can be
used in various house-cleaning situations. Four (4) lobes of pomelo can produce 100 ml
of extract. Thus, this study used 3-5 pieces of pomelo.

Pomelo extract SLES gel Essential Oil

SET A (200:100:3) 200 ml 100 ml 3 ml

SET B (1:2:5) 100 ml 200 ml 5 ml

SET C (75:125.4) 150 ml 250 ml 8 ml

Figure 2. Ratio and Proportion of the Study

Figure 2 above shows the different ratios and proportions of pomelo extract,
SLES gel, and water observed and used on the surfaces of plastic wares, ceramic
wares, and glasswares, that have stains or food residues on them. The experiment was
performed in a safe indoor area at 184 Magsaysay St., Miputak, Dipolog City. The home
of one of the researchers, where there is sufficient space and available tools that can be
used for experimenting. The assisting components used to experiment were contributed
by each of the researchers of this study.
A survey was distributed to further determine the product's effectiveness in terms
of its cleaning performance, texture, and fragrance. The survey was conducted in
Bagsakan Ni Edad, 10 Tomas Claudio Street, Dipolog City, 7100 Zamboanga del Norte,
Philippines. A total of 25 participants were selected through quota sampling. Quota
sampling is a method in which a researcher chooses a sample group to represent
specific characteristics of the population. The researcher chose this sample group to
represent the entire population to achieve the desired outcome. One thing to keep in
mind is that a researcher chooses the sample size and ensures that it reflects the
characteristics of the entire population. This is done so that the sample size's results can
be generalized to the population at the end of the study. The participants of the study
were employees from various eateries in the area.
Definitions of Terms

Conceptual:
Intrinsic Value - a type of value that is based on the fact that humans exist; anything
that is valuable on its own.

Environmentally-friendly - items and materials that are not harmful to the environment.
These products promote green living or green manufacturing methods that
lessen the amount or types of resources used.

Suds - short for soapsuds; suds are the frothy bubbles produced by detergents or soap
when washing something.

Operational:
Ceramic Wares - hard, brittle and corrosion-resistant utensils made from ceramic
material. In this study, this is one of the surfaces where the researchers tested
the effectiveness of the pomelo extract-based dishwashing liquid detergent.

Dishwashing Liquid Detergent - a detergent primarily used for the hand cleaning of
kitchen utensils to get rid of grease and food residue. This is the final product
and one of the variables that was tested in this research study.

Effectiveness - the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired

result. This is one of the variables that was measured and tested in this study.

Glass wares - consists of objects made of glass, such as bowls or drinking containers.
In this study, this is one of the surfaces where the researchers tested the
effectiveness of the pomelo extract-based dishwashing liquid detergent.

Melawares - a type of tableware that is manufactured with a substance called

melamine-formaldehyde resin. In this study, this is one of the surfaces where the
researchers tested the effectiveness of the pomelo extract-based dishwashing
liquid detergent.
Pomelo (Citrus grandis) - a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit native to Southeast Asia.
The pomelo’s extract was the main component utilized in the production of a
dishwashing liquid detergent and it is one of the variables that was measured and
tested in this research study.

Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) Gel - an anionic detergent that has been used in
personal care products all over the world due to its mildness and good foaming
ability. It has high biodegradability, good solvency, and hard-water resistance.
SLES is safe to use and is gentle on the skin. It does not strip the epidermis of
any excess moisture, leaving it soft, smooth, and nourished. It is one of the
assisting components of this research study that adds a degree of thickening and
texture to the final product formulation.

Soap flakes - grated bars of soap or shredded soap that easily dissolves in water. It is
one of the assisting components of this research study that is responsible for the
production of suds.

Stainless Wares - tableware made of stainless steel; resistant to staining or rusting. In

this study, this is one of the surfaces where the researchers tested the efficacy of
the pomelo extract-based dishwashing liquid detergent.

Stains - a colored patch or dirty mark that is difficult to remove. There are many types of
dish stains namely beverage stains, food residues, hard water stains and grease
stains. These stains were the subjects that were tested in this research study to
determine the effectiveness of the dishwashing liquid product.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter of the paper presents the Related Literature and Related Studies of
the topic at hand, the Gap and lastly, the Synthesis of the study.

Related Literature
Citrus fruits have natural cleaning agents that easily cut through oil and handle
even the toughest dishwashing while keeping the hands moisturized. Because the
formula is biodegradable, non-polluting, and phosphate-free, one can be assured that
they are doing their part to help the environment. Furthermore, the refreshing citrus
scent will leave the entire kitchen smelling clean and fresh.

The Science Behind Cleaning with Citrus

The use of citrus fruits in making organic dishwashing products is very
convenient. It removes harmful residues, but it is also paraben-free, alcohol-free, and
colorant-free, which could harm the people using it and their environment. Citrus fruits
are known to contain certain substances, such as limonene and citric acid, that improve
the performance of a cleaning product as they can remove tough stains on kitchen
wares.
For generations, citrus fruits have been utilized as a natural cleaner. Many
professionally manufactured cleaning products employ limonene in citrus peel for its
grease-cutting cleaning properties. Both the juice and the peel of citrus fruits can be
used to clean in various ways, from the kitchen to the bathroom and more. Various DIY
cleaning methods use lemon and other standard kitchen products to help people
decrease their exposure to toxic synthetic chemicals. Knowing the science behind why
they work can assist one in selecting the best recipe for the job (Limoneira, 2017):
 ● Contains Acids
The acids in citrus fruits can be used as effective natural cleaning agents. Citric
acid and ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, are found in pomelo. Acids can be used in
various cleaning situations, such as removing stains caused by other acids like
fruit juices, wine, coffee, lipstick, paint, or sweat and cleaning off limescale and
other alkaline stains such as rust. Pomelo and other citrus fruits contain acids
that make them effective cleaners for cutting boards, knives, plates, and other
surfaces that come into contact with acidic stains. In most cases, the acid
dissolves the staining material and softens it, making it easier to remove.

● Has Antibacterial Properties

Citrus have some antibacterial characteristics, but they are not universal or
all-inclusive. The acids do not kill bacteria, but they create a hostile environment
in which many bacteria cannot survive and lay dormant. It is crucial to remember
that some bacteria are unaffected by the weaker acids found in lemons, limes,
and other citrus fruits.

● Has Odor-Neutralizing Properties

Citrus fruits have acids that neutralize odors, especially organic odors like fish
cooking or rotting vegetables in the garbage. Chemicals are known as amines,
for example, and are responsible for the odor of fish. They produce salts when
they react with the citric acid in lemon juice. Those salts dissolve in the juice's
liquid – or in the water used to rinse it. Citrus fruits are the ideal solution for
garbage and garbage disposal odors. They clean and refresh microwave ovens,
and a gentle simmer of water and lemon slices will keep one's home smelling
fresh for several hours.

Pomelo (Citrus grandis)

The raw material used in producing the dishwashing liquid product is pomelo
(Citrus grandis) extract. Pomelo (Citrus grandis) is a natural, non-hybrid citrus fruit native
to Southeast Asia. It is extensively grown in the Philippines because it is widely adapted
to local soil and climatic conditions. Pomelos are one of the largest and oldest citrus
fruits on the planet. The pomelo is responsible for most of the citrus that people
consume today. Along with the mandarin and the lemon, they are considered "ancestor
fruits." These three varieties, both cross-pollinated and cross-bred, are the basis of
almost all citrus available today. Pomelos have a flavor similar to grapefruit, with a
pleasant acidity but less bitterness and a sweet, candy-like scent. They have a
green-yellow peel that is somewhat rough and around to a slightly pear-shaped form.
Because their pith is exceptionally thick, they are pretty significant, yet the flesh within is
delectable and easy to get to (Krieger, 2018).

Dishwashing Liquid Detergent

Dishwashing liquid is often a highly foamy surfactant mixture with low skin
irritation that is mainly used for the hand washing of glasses, plates, cutlery, and kitchen
utensils (Lawaspect, 2020).
In the 1930s and 1940s, manufacturers of dishwashing detergents began
production in the United States. Teepol, the first of its kind in Europe, began production
in 1942. Its history began when soap was used for cleaning until 1916 when there was a
shortage of fats needed to produce it due to World War I. However, cleaning products
were still needed, so synthetic versions, now known as detergents, were invented.
Because there was a need for a cleaning agent that does not leave behind a residue like
soap does, especially on fabric, there was a push to use detergents. When detergents
first appeared, they quickly became popular cleaning products for dishes and clothing.
While many people still used bar soap, most households started using detergents by
1953.
Dishwashing detergents have chemical energy that aids in the cleaning and
removal of food soil from many types of cooking and serving utensils. They can soften
water to avoid insoluble deposits, loosen and hold soil in suspension, and clean items
making them grease-free. Frequently found in dishwashing solutions are anionic
surfactants and non-ionic surfactants. Negatively charged anionic surfactants help keep
debris and grease suspended in the water after cleaning. In comparison, non-ionic
surfactants do not have a charge. Thus, they effectively lift grease and debris and are
resistant to hard water deposits, like calcium and magnesium (detergents and soaps,
2021).
 Nowadays, there are many types of dishwashing detergents to pick from.
Dishwashing detergents are a daily necessity and are always in high demand. However,
findings stated that the chemicals employed in commercialized brands are hazardous to
the people and the environment. As a result, many manufacturers have developed new
formulas that use all-natural ingredients rather than harsh chemicals in response to
current health and safety concerns. This is because the environmental impact of each
type of dishwashing liquid is an essential factor to consider.

Properties of a Dishwashing Liquid Detergent

1. Surfactants
Surfactants are compounds in dishwashing liquid that help suspend oils and
other food residue on dishes, making them simpler to rinse away with water.

2. Solubility
The solubility of a particular dishwashing liquid is influenced by the chemical
composition of the soap as well as the quality and temperature of the water. Dish
soap that is highly soluble is easier to rinse off the dishes and less likely to leave a
soapy residue when they dry.

3. Texture
Some dishwashing liquids contain moistening agents that help soften skin
and protect it from irritation caused by the soap's other constituents. Washers who
use dishwashing liquid that does not have this property should wear gloves to protect
them from damaging their skin. Because it eliminates natural oils from the hands and
can take a long time to replenish. Dish soap manufacturers frequently use skin
softening as a promotional tool for their products.
 4. Scent
Each type of dishwashing liquid has a distinct aroma. Even so-called
unscented products can have a soapy aftertaste. Compounds that generate the
scents of lemon, pine, flowers, or citrus fruits are among the others. The scent of
dishwashing liquid is normally light enough not to transfer to the dishes, and it may
vanish from the washer's hands after rinsing them clean.

5. Environmental Impact
Dish soaps are considered toxic to the environment because of the specific
harmful chemicals they have.

The Danger of Chemical Dishwashing Detergents

According to Green Kulture (2021), Chlorine, or carbamazepine (CNS
depressant), chlorophenyl phenol (dangerous metabolic stimulant), and diethanolamine
(liver poison) are all deadly chemicals found in many of today's dishwashing products.
These chemicals constitute significant harm to everyone if inhaled or ingested. One
should be aware that anytime they wash dishes, vapors containing these pollutants are
released into the air they breathe. Furthermore, more toxins will enter the system
because the lungs are not as good at clearing toxins as the stomach does.
Chemical dishwashing detergents are standard household cleaning products that
cause the most poisonings. This product frequently leaves a trail of dangerous
petrochemicals, perfumes, dyes, and animal by-products. The majority of dishwashing
detergents include very hazardous chemicals that, if consumed or inhaled, can induce a
variety of side effects. Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are all known to be caused by these chemicals.

A. Acetone
A chemical that is both synthesized and found naturally in the environment. It
is a clear liquid with a distinct odor and flavor. It is combustible, easily evaporates,
and dissolves in water. Inhalation of this chemical can result in dryness of the mouth
and throat, dizziness, nausea, slurred speech, drowsiness, and even coma.
 B. Benzaldehyde
A narcotic and CNS depressant that can cause nausea and stomach pain by
irritating the mouth, throat, eyes, skin, lungs, and GI tract. It is also linked to kidney
damage.

C. Benzyl Acetate
The ester generated by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid is
benzyl acetate. Its vapors irritate the eyes and respiratory passages, and when
absorbed by the skin, it can induce systemic effects. It has also been linked to
pancreatic cancer.

D. Camphor
An easily absorbed, central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, linked to
irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, dizziness, disorientation, nausea, twitching
muscles, and convulsions.

Related Studies
In recent years, several brands of environmentally-friendly dish soap have
emerged. More natural components are now used in their products. Most studies found
on the internet have been utilizing organic ingredients, such as citrus fruits, flower petals,
and fruit leaves, in making dishwashing liquid detergents.
A research study entitled “Gumamela as Alternative Dishwashing Liquid” shows
that the researchers focused on how to make an alternative dishwashing liquid from
gumamela (Rosa-sinensis) extract as well as calamansi. A similar study by Cipriano
introduced gumamela flowers as an antibacterial dishwashing liquid. The study
combines crushed gumamela flower with water and a scent additive to create a
chemical-free dishwashing liquid yet effective in removing stains or grease from standard
kitchen tools.
The extract of gumamela flower contains antibacterial and stain-removing
properties, making it an excellent dishwashing agent. Its antibacterial properties help
prevent the spread of germs commonly found on dishwashing sponges. Moreover,
gumamela flowers contain a specific mucilage that enhances its ability to remove stains
and grease from standard kitchen tools. This mucilage is a gelatinous substance found
in many plants (including legumes and seaweeds) that contains proteins and
polysaccharides. A different study was also found entitled “Dishwashing Liquid from
Kamias Leaves Extract.” This was conducted in 2016 by Cayanan et al. wherein they
used kamias leaf extract as the main component because of its cleaning properties.
Dishwashing soaps come in various forms; tablets, gel, or powder, but they are
most commonly found in liquid form because it is less messy than a plain bar of soap.
These soaps can be clean, but they contain toxic chemicals that are especially harmful
to children. Moreover, because of the proliferation of dishwashing liquids that are
all-natural on the market today, it is difficult to tell who is telling the truth and who is not.
Most of the research studies’ objectives were to introduce organic alternatives of dish
soaps relevant to the declining health of the environment. They claim that raw materials
possess specific properties that serve as effective cleaning agents.
Many researchers today resort to organic substitutes of chemical products,
especially cleaning products, as there are many cases of chemical-related injuries
caused by the toxic substances contained in the product. Through their research, they
raise health awareness to protect people from chemical-based cleaning products.
Moreover, their study will help one to be aware of the potential of otherwise discarded
materials, such as fruit or leaf extracts. This research study will provide a way for people
to create valuable products out of raw materials. It would also benefit environmentalists
and those concerned about their hygiene, as this study aims to create a chemically-free
dishwashing liquid product.

Gap
There is a lot of existing related literature and studies about using citrus fruits
(such as lemon, calamansi, and orange) as natural components for cleaning products.
However, there is only a little information about pomelo (Citrus grandis) as a cleaning
agent. Moreover, the only existing study closest to the study is outdated and lacks
context. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap by elaborating useful information about
pomelo, especially its cleaning properties and potential as a component in producing a
dishwashing liquid detergent. This study will reveal the true nature of the pomelo fruit
and the health benefits it could provide to address community concerns.
Synthesis
Bacterias thrive on dirty dishes and utensils that have not been thoroughly
cleaned. Cockroaches and other pests can be attracted to dirty dishes, utensils, and
food scraps. Dishwashing liquid is then used to get rid of these pests and microbes to
keep utensils clean and reusable. It is typically a better choice as a household cleaner
because it is generally mild. However, some notable brands of commercial dishwashing
liquids consist of harmful substances that can harm the skin and cause irritation. Artificial
perfumes, formaldehyde, silicone, acrylate, preservatives, and even foaming and
coloring chemicals, to mention a few, can all be present in non-organic dishwashing
liquid. Such chemicals are not necessary for cleaning dishes, and they are also bad for
one's health, as some might induce allergic reactions right away.
According to Green Kulture (2021), toxins can enter the body through the skin,
which is semi-permeable. One can be prone to health concerns if they use toxic dish
soap and immerse their hands in it multiple times. Gloves may appear to be a simple
solution, but these chemicals are still harmful to the environment and do not exactly "go
away" when rinsed. Therefore, the researchers conducted this study to provide
consumers with a safer dishwashing liquid formulation using raw materials. Pomelo
dishwashing liquid makes use of the pomelo extract's natural cleaning properties.
Furthermore, because pomelo is organic, it is environmentally friendly. This product will
allow raw materials, such as pomelo, to be functional in their purest form.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter of the paper presents the general guidelines of the Research
Methodology of this study which comprises the Research Design, Research
Environment, Instrumentation and Materials to be used during the experiment, Personal
Protective Equipments, Data Collection methods, the Treatment/General Procedure of
the experiment, Data Analysis, Waste Management procedures, Ethical Considerations,
and lastly, the Research Flow Chart.

Research Design
The researchers used true experimental research design to determine the
effectiveness of pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract in the production of a dishwashing liquid
detergent. By definition, a true experimental design is a statistical method for
determining a cause and effect relationship between different variables (Voxco, 2021). It
is widely regarded as one of the most accurate types of research designs, providing
substantial evidence to support the existence of relationships and proving or disproving
a hypothesis through the use of a statistical analysis.
To carry out true experimental research, three criterias were met. First, is the
control group. Each group of participants was given a reference product. This was the
standard to which comparisons were made during the experiment. Second, is the
independent variable which is the different ratio and proportion of pomelo extract, SLES
gel and essential oil. Lastly, is the random assignment. There were a total of 25
participants that were selected through a controlled quota sampling. This method of
quota sampling imposes certain limitations on the researcher's choice of samples. The
respondents were employees from various eateries in the area, who are familiar with
dishwashing. This is to gather accurate data of the product’s effectiveness.
Research Environment and Setting
The pomelo extract dishwashing liquid production took place at 184 Magsaysay
St., Miputak, Dipolog City. The tools and materials needed for the experiment were
prepared by a research member who resides where the dishwashing liquid production
took place. The needed materials, such as pomelo fruit, were sourced and freshly picked
from the front yard of one of the researchers at Martinez Street, Miputak, Dipolog City.
The soap flakes, salt, and white vinegar were purchased at the nearest stores within the
area. In addition, the Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) gel was sourced from a
supplier in Manila, Philippines.
The finished product was used to wash the stains off ceramic wares, glasswares,
and plastic wares. The experimentation and testing also occurred in the exact location.
In addition, to further assess the product's effectiveness, a survey was conducted. The
survey took place in Bagsakan Ni Edad, 10 Tomas Claudio Street, Dipolog City, 7100
Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. The researchers employed controlled quota
sampling. About 25 employees from various eateries in the area were chosen as
respondents for the survey to determine the product's effectiveness. The respondents
used different sets of pomelo extract dishwashing liquid detergent to remove stains and
food residues from the different surfaces of wares. Furthermore, to determine the
effectiveness of the sets, a comparative analysis was made using a plain reference
product.

Instrumentation and Materials

The production of a Pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract dishwashing liquid detergent
requires different kinds of materials and tools that are essential in producing a quality
product that is effective and safe to use.
Materials:

● Pomelo Extract
Pomelo (Citrus grandis) is the most vital component of the study. Pomelo extract,
also known as pomelo juice, is made by squeezing the pulp from the fruit.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.savoryexperiments.com/

● Soap Flakes
Soap flakes or grated soap were added to the mixture to create suds or frothy
bubbles to the pomelo dishwashing liquid, as well as to add color to the product.

Photo Retrieved from: https://savonnerie-marseillaise.com/

● Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES Gel
SLES Gel is used to ensure that the pomelo dishwashing liquid has an ideal
cleaning performance, emulsification, and foamability. It also aids in the
thickening of the pomelo dishwashing liquid product's consistency.

● Warm Water
Warm water is used for the pomelo dishwashing liquid as it aids the breakdown
of grease or oils. It also helps as a dilluter and aids to get as close as possible to
sanitizing the dishes.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/

● Salt
Salt thickens the consistency of the pomelo dishwashing liquid while also
softening hard water stains.

Photo Retrieved from: https://blogs.illinois.edu/

● White Vinegar
White vinegar is added to the mixture because of its ability to dissolve tough
stains.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.thefeta.com/

 ● Aloe Vera
Aloe Vera is added to the mixture of the pomelo dishwashing liquid as it helps in
moisturizing and soothing the skin of the users of the dishwashing liquid.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.istockphoto.com/

Tools:

● Mixing Bowl
A mixing bowl is an essential tool that was used to place the components in to be
able to stir or mix them properly and efficiently.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.ubuy.com.ph/

● Mixing Spoon
A mixing spoon was used to help stir the mixture thoroughly.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.amazon.com/

● Plastic Container
A plastic container was used to make the finished product look presentable.
● Measuring Cup/Beaker
A measuring cup is a necessary tool that was used in obtaining the exact amount
of ingredients needed for the experiment.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.amazon.in/

● Knife
A knife was used to slice the pomelo fruit and aloe vera to obtain the flesh.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/

● Chopping Board
A chopping board was used to provide a protective surface while cutting and
slicing.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.tescomaonline.com/

● Strainer
A strainer was used to efficiently acquire the pomelo extract without getting any
unwanted pulp or seed.

Photo Retrieved from: https://cooking-ez.com/

 ● Pot
A pot used in cooking was used to boil the mixture to dissolve the ingredients
thoroughly.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.homestratosphere.com/

● Blender
A blender was used to crush the pomelo pulp and extract the juice, as well as to
liquify the aloe vera gel.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.healthline.com/

Personal Protective Equipments

Personal protective equipment was worn by the researchers for their safety while
conducting the experiment.
● Laboratory Gown
The researchers wore laboratory gowns to protect themselves from the heat. It
also prevented them from having direct contact with the materials.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.carousell.ph/

● Hair Net
The researchers wore hair nets to prevent their hair from falling out and coming
into contact with the materials.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.istockphoto.com/

● Gloves
Gloves were used to protect the hands of the researchers from the heat and to
avoid direct contact with the materials.

Photo Retrieved from: https://amsp.africa/

● Face Masks
The researchers wore face masks throughout the experiment to avoid contact
with the COVID-19 virus and inhaling potentially harmful chemicals from the
materials.

Photo Retrieved from: https://www.indiamart.com/

Data Collection
In this study, the true experimental research method was used to determine the
cause-and-effect relationship between the variables. The experiment is carried out in a
clean environment using only the necessary materials. There were 3 sets of pomelo
dishwashing liquid detergent that were tested in this study. Set A with a 200:100:3
proportion was applied: 200ml of pomelo extract, 100ml of SLES Gel and 3ml of
essential oil. Set B with a 1:2:5 was applied: 100ml pomelo extract, 200ml SLES Gel,
and 5ml of essential oil. And, Set C with a 75:125:4 proportion was applied: 150ml
pomelo extract, 250ml SLES Gel and 8ml of essential oil. Four (4) wares were prepared
for each set. These were ceramic wares, melawares, stainless wares and glasswares.
Each having different types of stains or food residues on them.
In order to determine the effectiveness of the different sets of pomelo
dishwashing liquid detergent, a survey was conducted using a plain reference product
for a comparative analysis. The survey took place in Bagsakan Ni Edad, 10 Tomas
Claudio Street, Dipolog City, 7100 Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. The effectiveness
of the product in terms of its cleaning performance was determined by its foamability,
time frame of the dishwashing procedure, the number of drops used to wash the different
surfaces of wares and the appearance of the washed dishes (cleaning capacity: clean or
not clean). In terms of the fragrance, the researchers required the respondents to use
their sense of smell to compare the scent of the used product to the reference one and
to the other sets. Lastly, in terms of the texture, the respondents’ sense of touch was
required (smooth or rough). The collected data were tallied in accordance with the
experimentation results.
The experimentation and testing were conducted at 184 Magsaysay St. Miputak
Dipolog City. Measuring was done after the final product was completed. Moreover, the
results of the experiment were tabulated and calculated. The data gathered in this study
is statistically analyzed.
Treatment/General Procedure

A. Collection of Materials
With the help of adults, the researchers harvested fresh pomelo fruits
from Martinez Street, Miputak, Dipolog City. The aloe vera leaves were harvested
at 184 Magsaysay St., Miputak, Dipolog City.

B. Sterilization of Equipment
The researchers used a steam sterilizer to disinfect, adding enough hot
water to cover and clean all of the equipment.

C. Utilization of Safety Gears

Before starting the experiment, the researchers ensured to wear
protective equipment such as goggles, gloves, masks, and lab gowns to ensure
the safety of the researchers against chemical reactions of certain substances
during the experimentation process.
D. Extraction of the Pomelo Fruit Extract aPreparation of Pomelo Fruit
To remove dust and dirt, the researchers washed the pomelo fruits using
clean tap water. The pomelo was then set aside to dry after washing. Once the
pomelos were dried, the researchers peeled the pomelo fruit.

1. Extraction of the Pomelo Extract

The researchers, then, used a blender to extract juice from the pomelo
lobes. After blending, the mixture was transferred into a measuring cup. Before
transferring into a bowl, the mixture was strained to get rid of unwanted particles.
After obtaining its extract, the researchers boiled the pomelo extract in a pot to
completely liquify and to prevent it from giving off a rotten smell to the product.
2. Preparation of Aloe Vera
The aloe vera leaves were washed by the researchers in clean running
water. This is to remove unwanted dirt that is present on the aloe vera leaves.
After washing, the researchers used a clean cloth to wipe the leaves clean. Then
it was set aside for air drying.
3. Extraction of Aloe Vera Gel
After the preparation of the aloe vera leaves, the researchers first sliced
both sides of the aloe vera leaves using a knife. Then they remove the front
peeling to extract the aloe vera gel. The researchers used a spoon to scrape the
aloe vera gel from its leaves. To liquify the gel, a blender was used.
E. Production of Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid

Process of the Soap Flakes, Vinegar, Aloe Vera, and Water Mixture
1. For the soap flakes, a bar of Bioderm soap was used by the researchers.
Using a knife and chopping board, the soap was sliced into very thin
pieces for it to easily melt and dissolve later on. The soap flakes were
then transferred into a container and were set aside.

2. After preparing the soap flakes, water was boiled in a pot.

3. The soap flakes were slowly poured into the boiling water in the pot. The
researchers stirred the mixture using a mixing spoon until all the soap
flakes were melted and dissolved in the boiling water.
4. White vinegar was added to the mixture.

5. The aloe vera that was obtained from the aloe vera leaves was also
added to the mixture. The researchers then used a spoon to mix the
mixture. After boiling the mixture, it was set aside for it to cool down.
F. Production of the Different Sets of Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid

SET A ( 200:100:3 Ratio and Proportion)

1. Amount of Pomelo Extract

The researchers measured 250 ml of pomelo extract and placed it in a
beaker that was used as a measuring tool.

2. Amount Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel

Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel was measured up to 100 ml.

3. Adding Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel and Pomelo Extract
to the Soap Flakes, Vinegar, Aloe Vera, and Water Mixture

a. 250 ml of pomelo extract was added after the mixture of soap

flakes, vinegar, aloe vera, and water had cooled.
b. Following this, 100 ml of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel
was, then, added to the mixture.

c. The mixture was stirred with a mixing spoon until it was completely
dissolved.

d. The mixture was then covered and was set aside. The
researchers let it rest for about 24 hours.
4. Adding Fragrance to the Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid

a. After letting it rest for 24 hours, the mixture was boiled for five (5) minutes
to achieve a gel-like consistency.

b. Because sodium chloride is a thickening agent, salt was also added to the
mixture. It also has a degreasing effect, which helps the product perform
more effectively.
c. After boiling the mixture, the researchers added 3 ml essential oil to give it
a citrusy scent. The researchers then stirred the mixture using a mixing
spoon.

d. The finished product of Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid was then transferred

to a plastic container.
SET B ( 1:2:5 Ratio and Proportion)

1. Amount of Pomelo Extract

The researchers measured 100 ml of pomelo extract and placed it in a beaker
that was used as a measuring tool.

2. Amount of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel

Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel was measured up to 200 ml. As a
measurement tool, a beaker was used.
3. Adding Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel and Pomelo Extract to the
Soap Flakes, Vinegar, Aloe Vera, and Water Mixture

a. 100 ml pomelo extract was added after the mixture of soap flakes,
vinegar, aloe vera, and water had cooled.

b. Following this, the researchers added 200 ml of Sodium Lauryl Ether

Sulfate (SLES) Gel to the mixture.

c. The SLES Gel and Pomelo Extract was then stirred into the Soap Flakes,
Vinegar, Aloe Vera, and Water Mixture with a mixing spoon until it was
completely dissolved.
 d. The mixture was then covered and was set aside. The researchers let it
rest for about 24 hours.

4. Adding Fragrance to the Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid

a. After letting it rest for 24 hours, the mixture was boiled for five (5) minutes
to achieve a gel-like consistency.

b. Because sodium chloride is a thickening agent, salt was also added to the
mixture. It also has a degreasing effect, which helps the product perform
more effectively.
c. After boiling the pomelo dishwashing liquid, the researchers added 5 ml of
essential oil to give it a citrusy scent. The researchers then stirred the
mixture using a mixing spoon.

d. The finished product of Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid was then transferred

to a plastic container.
SET C ( 75:125:4 Ratio and Proportion)

1. Amount of Pomelo Extract

The researchers measured 150 ml of pomelo extract and placed it in a beaker

that was used as a measuring tool.

2. Amount of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel

Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel was measured up to 250 ml. As a
measurement tool, a beaker was used.
3. Adding Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) Gel and Pomelo Extract to the
Soap Flakes, Vinegar, Aloe Vera, and Water Mixture

a. 150 ml pomelo extract was added after the mixture of soap flakes,
vinegar, aloe vera, and water had cooled.

b. Following this, the researchers added 250 ml of Sodium Lauryl Ether

Sulfate (SLES) Gel to the mixture.
 c. The SLES Gel and Pomelo Extract was then stirred into the Soap Flakes,
Vinegar, Aloe Vera, and Water Mixture with a mixing spoon until it was
completely dissolved.

d. The mixture was then covered and was set aside. The researchers let it
rest for about 24 hours.

4. Adding Fragrance to the Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid

a. After letting it rest for 24 hours, the mixture was boiled for five (5) minutes
to achieve a gel-like consistency and texture of the pomelo dishwashing
liquid.
b. Because sodium chloride is a thickening agent, salt was also added to the
mixture. It also has a degreasing effect, which helps the pomelo
dishwashing liquid clean more effectively.

c. After boiling the pomelo dishwashing liquid, the researchers added 8 ml of

essential oil to give it a citrusy scent. The researchers then stirred the
mixture using a mixing spoon.
 d. The finished product of Pomelo Dishwashing Liquid will then be
transferred to a plastic container.

Data Analysis
Researchers have analyzed the data using a variety of statistical methods. The
tools were mean, standard variation and analysis of variance (Anova, Single Factor).
The estimated ml of pomelo extract, SLES gel and essential oil for each set of samples
was determined by using the mean. The standard deviation was used to determine how
far individual responses differed from the mean sample. The researchers’ used survey
data in analyzing the effectiveness of pomelo (Citrus grandis) extract as a dishwashing
liquid. To evaluate the study’s hypothesis, the researchers used a comparative analysis,
to further assess the effectiveness of the product. A survey was conducted which took
place in Bagsakan Ni Edad 10 Tomas Claudio Street, Dipolog City. About 25 employees
from various eateries in the area were chosen as respondents for the survey through a
controlled quota sampling. The parameters being determined were its cleaning
performance, texture and fragrance.

Waste Management
After extracting the pomelo extract and aloe vera gel, the peelings of the pomelo
and aloe vera were set aside and buried in the ground. The researchers dug a hole at
least 10 inches deep. They filled it with the remains of the pomelo and aloe vera. It is
because fruit and plant matter peelings decompose and release valuable nutrients into
the soil. Used plastic wrappers, on the other hand, were disposed of by the researchers
in the nonbiodegradable trash bin, while empty plastic bottles and containers were
disposed of in the recyclable bin because it could still be recycled.
Health and Safety
To ensure the health and safety of the researchers’ in making pomelo extract as
dishwashing liquid detergent, thorough preparation and consideration were observed,
before conducting the experiment proper health protocol was observed. In order to
ensure the safety of the researchers during the experiment, personal protective
equipment (PPE) were used throughout the research process such as laboratory gown,
gloves, hair net and face mask. The experiment was done in a safe environment without
the risk of COVID infection.

Ethical Consideration
The guidelines and principles for a responsible conduct of this research are as
follows in order to ensure a high ethical standard for the participants.
The researchers will guarantee that the participants’ voluntary participation is
sustained and that they will have the option to withdraw from or leave the study at any
time without having the pressure to continue. Moreover, the researchers will use
informed consent to ensure that participants are aware of the study’s purpose,
advantages, and risks before deciding to participate. By doing so, the researchers will
prioritize the participants’ confidentiality and anonymity when conducting the survey. The
researchers will keep the participants’ communications private and protected, while
anonymizing their personally identifiable information by using the data pseudonymization
method. Furthemore, the researchers will minimize dangers and risks while maximizing
advantages, such as; maintaining and respecting human dignity and autonomy.
Additionally, the researchers ensure that the study is free of plagiarism, has proper
crediting and citations, and does not engage in any form of research misconduct.
Research Flow Chart
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