ENGLISH

5TH YEAR

C.P.E.M. 51
Name: ............................
Class: ..............................
Teacher: .......................
2024
 WATER
These are methods of obtaining underground water. Write them below the
correct picture.
 Match the correct description for the following process in the water
treatment plant.
Match the following methods of irrigation to the correct picture.
 IRRIGATION

Group Discussion

Why is water irrigation important in agriculture?

What sources of water irrigation do you know?
What methods of water irrigation do you know?
 REVIEW

1. What’s irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation that

conserve water.
2. How is modern farming better than traditional farming?

3. Explain about sprinkle irrigation system.

4. Assume the availability of water is poor, which irrigation method

will you prefer for efficient farming? Explain the reason.

 Organic Gardening Basics: How to Start an Organic Garden

8 Steps Toward Growing Organically

If you've been thinking of ditching the chemicals and going organic, this is the year to do it! There are many
good reasons to grow an organic garden, but health tops the list. The food is fresher and more nutritious, plus
you want edible crops free from chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Here are 8 simple steps for
starting an organic garden.

Our grandparents grew "organic" without even using the word. Organic produce has superior taste, is free
from toxic chemicals, is more nutritious, and is good for our environment and nature. No groundwater is
polluted by chemicals, topsoil is created instead of lost, biological diversity is strengthened, and the natural
balance between predator and pest is promoted.

8 Steps Toward Organic Gardening

Here are 8 simple steps toward growing an organic garden:

1. Get a soil test.

2. Start a compost pile.
3. Use organic seeds and plants when possible.
4. Practice good garden sanitation.
5. Rotate plant families every year.
6. Use physical barriers and traps to thwart bad bugs. Handpick offending insects when possible.
7. Scout for problems daily.
8. Safely dispose of leftover chemicals.

Organic gardening is not difficult. Think of it as a cycle. The gardener feeds the soil, the soil feeds the plants,
and the plants feed the gardener.
1. Soil Test

The first step in going organic is to get a soil test. From it, you will learn the basic texture of your soil and its
acidity or pH level. You'll be able to learn the amounts of nutrients already in your soil, as well as which
nutrients it's lacking. Plants that are forced to grow in poor soil are usually stressed, making them weak and
more vulnerable to attack from pests and diseases.

2. Compost

If you don't already have a compost pile, start one now in the corner of your yard. Compost is the best soil
conditioner and slow-release plant food that you can use—and it's free for the making! Rich in micronutrients, it
encourages the growth of beneficial soil organisms, builds soil fertility, and improves the structure of any soil.

It doesn't take long for your leaves, plant debris, and kitchen scraps to turn into this lovely compost—brown
gold!

3. Seeds and Plants

When shopping for seeds and plants, look for resistant varieties. Organic seeds are used whenever possible,
but also avoid ones that have been treated with chemicals. (It should state that on the package.) Always
purchase organically-raised transplants or start your own. Most commercially grown plants are raised in a bath
of chemicals.

4. Sanitation

To avoid spreading diseases in your garden, don't work in it when the plants are wet. Promptly sickly plants
are removed and cleaned up.

Also, debris is removed at the end of the season, too. They may harbor pests and diseases that could winter
over and return to plague you next year.

5. Rotation

If this is not your first year of gardening, be careful where your plants are placed. Do not grow the same plants
in the same garden bed year after year. Rotating planting areas prevents your soil from being depleted of the
same nutrients each season, and it also helps to head off diseases and break the cycle of insect infestation.

Try a 4-year rotation by moving brassicas, cucurbits, nightshades, and root crops to a new bed each year.

6. Barriers and Traps

Barriers such as row covers and cutworm collars work well to keep insects from attacking your plants,
especially when the plants are small.

Offending insects are attracted and caught by sticky traps, and slugs can't resist a saucer of beer.

Using row covers got these squash plants off to a good start by warming them at night and keeping bugs at
bay until the plants were large enough to survive attack.
 This huge hornworm will eat tons of foliage and fruit before you know it! It might be hard for some of you to
touch him with your bare hands, so a clothespin is used to grab him and pull him off your tomato plant.

Handpick and dispose of the beetles and creepy-crawlies you catch in the act. If you are squeamish about
touching them, try knocking them into a pail of soapy water. Remember that not all bugs are bad, so get to
know your enemy and encourage a healthy balance between predator insects and their prey.

Try making a simple bug catcher from 2 jugs. Put some soapy water in the bottom and knock bugs into the
funnel at the top. They will fall to their sudsy demise.

7. Keep Eyes Open and Hands On

Try to visit your garden daily to check your plants for any signs of trouble. Caught early on, many problems can
be stopped before they get too big to deal with. Look under leaves for bug eggs and remove them before they
can hatch out. Leaves also can tell you a lot about the health of your plants! Watch for brown edges, white
patches, curling, and yellowing. Organic gardeners have to be aware of what is going on in their gardens.
Managing a safe and sustainable garden will bring you closer to nature.

Mr. Toad is a garden ally. All kinds of bad bugs are eaten by him.

8. Toss the Chemicals

If you have any leftover garden chemicals, take them to the next hazardous waste collection day at your local
transfer station to ensure their safe disposal. Getting them off your property also lessens the chance that you
might use them in a "weak" moment. Time to step away from the spray.

While you may not use chemicals in the garden, that doesn't mean your plants fend for themselves. Use the
tricks I mentioned above (such as cutworm collars) and also consider these homemade insecticide sprays and
weed killers

● The first line of defense against pests should be an insecticidal soap spray or oil. See my post on
five homemade organic pesticides to use.
● When it comes to weeds (unwanted plants), don't resort to cancer-causing herbicides in an edible
garden! There are better ways to control competing plants while still keeping people, pets, wildlife,
and waterways safe.
 COMPOSTING

A. 🤯 Brainstorm a list of organic materials that can be used for composting. Categorize
them into "green" and "brown" materials.

B. Match the definitions to the words

Definitions Words

a. substances that provide nourishment for growth and 1. food scraps

metabolism in living organisms 2. gardening benefits
b. a mixture of decayed organic matter used to improve soil
3. to decompose
quality
c. long, thin, legless creatures that live in soil and help 4. bin
break down organic matter 5. hands-on experience
d. plant materials, such as leaves and grass clippings, that
6. worms
can be recycled or composted
e. the process of adding nutrients and improving the quality 7. coffee grounds
of soil 8. to break down
f. the used coffee beans left over after brewing
9. microorganisms
g. learning by doing, rather than just reading or hearing
about something 10. compost
h. tiny living things, such as bacteria and fungi, that are too 11. organic waste
small to be seen with the naked eye 12. green waste
i. to break down into simpler parts through natural
processes 13. nutrients
j. any material that comes from plants or animals and is 14. soil enrichment
biodegradable
k. a container used for storing or collecting something, such
as compost or recycling
l. leftover food that is no longer wanted or needed
m. positive effects on physical and mental health that come
from gardening
n. to separate into smaller pieces or components.
C. 🤓 Read the text.

Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials into nutrient-rich soil
called compost. It is a sustainable way to reduce waste and create a valuable
resource for gardening and farming.
Composting begins with gathering organic materials such as fruit and vegetable
scraps, leaves, grass clippings, coffee grounds, and eggshells. These materials are
considered "green" or nitrogen-rich, as they contain high amounts of nitrogen, an
essential element for plant growth.
To create a balanced compost, "brown" or carbon-rich materials are also needed.
These include items such as dry leaves, straw, wood chips, and shredded paper.
Carbon-rich materials provide energy for microorganisms that break down the
organic matter into compost.
Once gathered, the organic materials are mixed together and placed in a
compost bin or pile. The composting process requires oxygen, moisture, and the
right balance of green and brown materials. Turning the compost regularly aerates
it, providing oxygen and speeding up decomposition.
Over time, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and worms break down the
organic materials, generating heat as they consume the organic matter. The heat
helps kill pathogens and weed seeds, making compost safe for use in gardens and
farms.
Composting can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such
as temperature, moisture, and the size of the compost pile. When the compost is
dark, crumbly, and has a pleasant earthy smell, it is ready to use as a natural
fertilizer.
Compost has many benefits. It enriches soil by improving its structure and fertility,
enhances plant growth, and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Composting
also reduces waste that would otherwise end up in landfills, where it generates
methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
Composting is not limited to large-scale operations. It can be done in small spaces
such as backyards, balconies, or even indoors using vermicomposting, which
involves using worms to break down organic matter. It is a simple and effective
way to reduce waste, enrich soil, and promote sustainable gardening practices.
In conclusion, composting is a natural and sustainable process that turns organic
materials into nutrient-rich soil. It benefits the environment by reducing waste,
improving soil fertility, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. Composting is
a simple and effective way for individuals and communities to contribute to a more
sustainable future.
D. 🤔 True or False? Correct the false ones.

1. Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials into nutrient-rich soil
called compost.

2. Organic materials such as fruit and vegetable scraps, leaves, grass clippings, coffee
grounds, and eggshells are considered "brown" or carbon-rich.

3. Carbon-rich materials provide energy for microorganisms that break down the organic
matter into compost.

4. The composting process requires oxygen, moisture, and the right balance of green
and brown materials.

5. Turning the compost regularly aerates it, providing oxygen and slowing down
decomposition.

6. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and worms break down the organic materials,
generating heat as they consume the organic matter.

7. Composting can take several months to several years, depending on factors such as
temperature, moisture, and the size of the compost pile.

8. When the compost is dark, crumbly, and has a pleasant earthy smell, it is ready to use
as a natural fertilizer.

9. Composting reduces the need for chemical fertilizers.

10. Composting can only be done in large-scale operations.

 E. ✍ Find examples of Passive Voice in the text

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F. 🤔 Try to order the composting process

Composting is done through a natural process that involves the decomposition of organic
materials.

____ Next, the materials are mixed or turned regularly to aerate the pile and provide oxygen to the
microorganisms responsible for decomposition. Over time, the organic matter breaks down into smaller
pieces by microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and insects.

____ First, organic waste such as food scraps, yard trimmings, and leaves is collected.

____ Finally, after several weeks to months, the compost matures into nutrient-rich humus, which can be
used as a natural fertilizer for plants.

____Then, it is placed in a compost bin or pile. As the composting process progresses, heat is generated,
which helps accelerate decomposition.

Throughout the process, the organic materials are transformed into nutrient-rich compost by the action of
microorganisms, and the composting process is completed without the need for human intervention.

G. In groups, prepare posters, make videos or powerpoint presentations to show the

process.