Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Computational Fluid

and Scientific Research Dynamics (CFD)

University of Kufa Year: Four\ HVAC&R Branch
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Asst. Prof. A. Alhusseny
Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Branch
Final Exam
(2019– 2020)
Q1\ A\ Select the correct answer for the questions below: (5 Marks)
1- CFD can give more ____________ results than experiments.
(a) accurate (b) approximate (c) reliable (d) detailed
2- The independent variables in the Navier-Stokes equations are ______________.
(a) x ,y ,z, p (b) x ,y ,z, τ (c) x ,y ,z, t (d) x ,y ,z, μ (e) x ,y ,z, ρ
3- __________ can be classified as a body force.
(a) Centrifugal force (b) Gravity (c) Coriolis force (d) All of these (e) None of these
4- The central differencing scheme is not appropriate when advection-diffusion ratio is _______.
(a) greater than 2 (b) equal to 1 (c) less than 2 (d) less than 1
5- Rhie-Chow is an interpolation way used in _________.
(a) LUD scheme (b) SIMPLE algorithm (c) Runge-Kutta method (d) QUICK scheme

Q1\ B\ State whether the following statements are True or False and correct the incorrect ones.
1- Viscous stress is a body force acting parallel to the faces of a control-volume.
2- In a staggered grid arrangement, no interpolation is required, and it is easy to implement on
complex geometries.
3- The Boussinesq approximation retains density variations in the inertial (mass × acceleration)
term, but disregards them in the gravitational term (giving buoyancy forces).
4- Diffusive flux is always positive in the direction of the positive gradient of fluid property.
5- Numerical stability of a solution method requires that 𝑆𝑝 ≥ 0. (5 Marks)
Q1\ C\ If on the one-dimensional grid below, the momentum equation gives the relationship of
𝑢 = −𝑑∆𝑝 + ⋯. Using Rhie-Chow interpolation, derive a general expression to compute 𝑢w and 𝑢e
in terms of the nodal values of 𝑢𝑖 and 𝑝𝑖 . (10 Marks)

Q2\ The figure below shows the coordinate-wise disposition of nodes, with geographic notation, in
the vicinity of a particular cell 𝑃. Variable ∅is stored at these nodes.

a) In a particular simulation, the nearby nodal values of ∅are given by:

∅𝑊𝑊 = 4, ∅𝑊 = 6, ∅𝑃 = 5, ∅𝐸 = 3, ∅𝐸𝐸 = 1
Using the QUICK differencing scheme to find the value of ∅on both w and e faces of the cell,
assuming that the x-velocity component 𝑢 is: i) positive; ii) negative.
b) The flux-limited harmonic scheme of Van Leer is defined by:
1
∅𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ∅𝑈 + ψ(𝑟)(∅𝐷 − ∅𝑈 )
2
2𝑟
𝑖𝑓 𝑟 > 0 ∅ −∅
Where: ψ(𝑟) = {1+𝑟 }, 𝑟 = 𝑈 𝑈𝑈
∅𝐷 −∅𝑈
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Nodes UU, U and D are determined relative to flow direction as shown in the figure below. For
the same nodal values as in part (a), find the value of ∅on both w and e faces using this scheme if
the velocity component u on this face is: i) positive; ii) negative. (20 Marks)
Q3\ Solve the equation:
𝑑∅
(𝑡 − ∅) = (∅𝑡 2 − ∅3 ), ∅(1) = 1;
𝑑𝑡

For ∅(𝑡) in the domain 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3 with a time step ∆𝑡 = 0.5 using three explicit, one-step, but
different in order methods. Also, sort the results computed in terms of their accuracy explaining your
reasoning. (20 Marks)

Q4\ A\ In the 2-d staggered-grid arrangement shown below, u and v (the x and y components of
velocity), are stored at nodes indicated by arrows, whilst pressure p is stored at intermediate nodes A,
B, C, D. Grid spacing is uniform and the same in both directions. Velocity is fixed at inflow. Left and
right boundaries are impermeable.

vE vF
C uC D

vC vD
A uA B

7 7
At an intermediate stage of calculation the outflow velocities are 𝑣𝐸 = 9, 𝑣𝐹 = 11, whilst the internal
velocity components are 𝑢𝐴 = −1, 𝑢𝐶 = 2, 𝑣𝐶 = 6, 𝑣𝐷 = 9. Velocity-pressure correction formulae
are 𝑢′ = 3(𝑝𝑤 ′
− 𝑝𝑒′ ) , 𝑣 ′ = 2(𝑝𝑠′ − 𝑝𝑛′ ) with geographical (w, e, s, n) notation indicating the relative
location of pressure nodes.
1- Apply a uniform scale factor to the outflow velocities to enforce global mass conservation, stating
the scale factor and outflow velocities after its application. (4 Marks)
2- Show that applying mass conservation to control volumes centred on pressure nodes leads to
simultaneous equations for the pressure corrections. Solve for the pressure corrections and use
them to generate a mass-consistent flow field. (16 Marks)

Q5\ Air is to be heated while flowing upward along a very-long vertical pipe, i.e.
𝐿 ≫ 𝐷, where 𝐷 = 20𝑐𝑚. Air is assumed to enter the pipe at uniform velocity
and temperature, 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 1𝑚/𝑠 & 𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 300𝐾, respectively. The pipe wall is
g
heated with a uniform heat flux 𝑞𝑤 = 1000 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . The flow can be regarded as
axis symmetric, and air to have constant properties as 𝜌0 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 , 𝐶𝑝 =
1000 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝑘 = 0.025 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝜇 = 2 × 10−5 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠, 𝛽 = 0.0033𝐾 −1 . If
Air Flow

𝑅𝑎
buoyancy effects can only be considered when ≥ 1, write down the
𝑃𝑟𝑅𝑒 2
governing equations and the boundary conditions required to solve them with
justifying all the approximations applied.
y
Make use of the following quantities: x
𝜌0 𝐶𝑝 𝛽𝑔𝐷3 ∆𝑇𝑐 𝑞𝑤 𝐷
𝑅𝑎 = , ∆𝑇𝑐 = , 𝐹𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = −𝜌0 𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 ) (20 Marks)
𝑣𝑘 𝑘