Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Computational Fluid

and Scientific Research Dynamics (CFD)

University of Kufa Year: Four\ HVAC&R Branch
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiners: Ahmed Alhusseny
Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Branch Nasr Alkhalidy
Final Exam
(2018– 2019)
Q1\ A\ Select the correct answer for the questions below:
1- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the ______ analysis of problems involving fluid flow.
(a) experimental (b) numerical (c) analytical
2- Viscous (real) flows require a _______ condition at rigid walls.
(a) slip (b) specified Shear Stress (c) no-slip
3- __________ is the ratio of the distance travelled in one timestep, 𝑢∆𝑡 to the mesh spacing ∆𝑥.
(a) Reynolds number (b) Courant number (c) Peclet number (d) Mach number
4- In compressible flow, continuity provides a transport equation to determine ___________.
(a) pressure (b) pressure-correction (c) density
5- Among the time-differencing schemes below, the most accurate explicit method is_________.
(a) Modified Euler (b) Forward Euler (c) Crank-Nicolson (d) Backward Euler
(10 Marks)
Q1\ B\ State whether the following statements are True or False and correct the incorrect ones.
1- In a compressible flow, there is no need to solve an energy equation.
2- Combination of co-located (𝑢, 𝑝) and linear interpolation for convective velocities leads to
indeterminate oscillations in pressure.
3- The Boussinesq approximation retains density variations in the inertial (mass × acceleration)
term, but disregards them in the gravitational term (giving buoyancy forces).
4- PERIODIC boundary condition can be used as a far-field boundary condition, where there is
no flow through, nor viscous stresses on, that boundary.
5- Numerical stability of a solution method requires that 𝑆𝑝 ≥ 0.
(10 Marks)
Q2\ A\ Compare between the Upwind, Linear Upwind, and QUICK differencing schemes in terms of
accuracy and boundedness. (6 Marks)
Q2\ B\ The steady-state advection and diffusion of a scalar with concentration ∅ along a 1-d pipe may
be described by the equation:
𝑑 𝑑∅
(𝜌𝑢∅ − Γ 𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑆 (*)
𝑑𝑥
Where 𝜌 is density, 𝑢 is velocity, Γ is diffusivity and 𝑆 is a source term. This is to be solved
numerically by a finite-volume method on the uniform mesh of 𝑁 cells shown below.

a) By integrating equation (*) over a general one-dimensional cell centred on node 𝑖, write the
1-d convection-diffusion equation in finite-volume form. (2 Marks)
b) Write down numerical approximations for ∅ and 𝑑∅⁄𝑑𝑥 on the “east” and “west” faces of
internal cell 𝑖, using upwind differencing for convection and centred differencing for
diffusion. Assume that the flow is from right to left. (4 Marks)
c) Use your approximations from part (b), together with appropriate boundary treatment, to write
down the discretised forms of equation (*) at a 4-cell mesh, 𝑁 = 4, in the case;
𝜌𝑢 = −1, 𝛤 = 0.5, 𝑆 = 2 (in appropriate units),
With end boundary conditions;
∅ = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑∅/𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2. (8 Marks)
Q3\ Solve the equation:
𝑑∅
= 1 − 𝑡 − ∅2 , ∅(1) = 1;
𝑑𝑡

For ∅(𝑡) in the domain 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 with a time step ∆𝑡 = 0.5 using three explicit one-step, but
different in order, methods. Also, sort the results computed in terms of their accuracy explaining your
reasoning. (20 Marks)

Q4\ In the 2-d staggered-grid arrangement shown below, u and v (the x and y components of velocity),
are stored at nodes indicated by arrows, whilst pressure p is stored at intermediate nodes A, B, C, D.
Grid spacing is uniform and the same in both directions. Velocity is fixed at inflow. Left and right
boundaries are impermeable.

vE vF
C uC D

vC vD
A uA B

8 8
At an intermediate stage of calculation the outflow velocities are 𝑣𝐸 = 14, 𝑣𝐹 = 6, whilst the internal
velocity components are 𝑢𝐴 = 3, 𝑢𝐶 = −1, 𝑣𝐶 = 4, 𝑣𝐷 = 2. Velocity-pressure correction formulae
are 𝑢′ = 2(𝑝𝑤 ′
− 𝑝𝑒′ ) , 𝑣 ′ = 3(𝑝𝑠′ − 𝑝𝑛′ ) with geographical (w, e, s, n) notation indicating the relative
location of pressure nodes.
1- Apply a uniform scale factor to the outflow velocities to enforce global mass conservation, stating
the scale factor and outflow velocities after its application. (4 Marks)
2- Show that applying mass conservation to control volumes centred on pressure nodes leads to
simultaneous equations for the pressure corrections. Solve for the pressure corrections and use
them to generate a mass-consistent flow field. (16 Marks)

Q5\ Air is to be heated while it flowing upward along a very-long vertical pipe,
i.e. 𝐿 ≫ 𝐷, where 𝐷 = 20𝑐𝑚. The water is assumed to enter the pipe at uniform
velocity and temperature, 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 1𝑚/𝑠 & 𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 300𝐾, respectively. The pipe wall g
is heated with a uniform heat flux 𝑞𝑤 = 1000 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . The flow can be regarded
as axis symmetric, and air to have constant properties as 𝜌 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 , 𝐶𝑝 =
1005 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝑘 = 0.026 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝜇 = 1.8 × 10−5 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠, 𝛽 = 0.0033𝐾 −1. If
Air Flow

𝑅𝑎
buoyancy effects can only be considered when ≥ 1, write down the
𝑃𝑟𝑅𝑒 2
governing equations and the boundary conditions required to solve them with
justifying all the approximations applied. y
x
Make use of the following quantities:
𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝛽𝑔𝐷 3 ∆𝑇𝑐 𝑞𝑤 𝐷
𝑅𝑎 = , ∆𝑇𝑐 = , 𝐹𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = −𝜌0 𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 ) (20 Marks)
𝑣𝑘 𝑘