1

D±kDt la>
lh2UmDìYkOz^YnÖSD
 ›dmRk
ISBN 978-93-5292-949-8
D±kDt la>lhU2 mDìYkOz^YÖn SD

ÿT]gÖ2 D_R gdkªlVDk_g_n l±S

‰ ÿDkeDDìYdo ª 4W]n lSDt l[Wk6gÿDkeWDt lDgm\m\kFDxJkYWkSTk6au³ůvlWDì
4ÿuaIuý ]emWm†xNxÿlSlalYl_DvlP«F4TdklDgm4Æ^ldlVgtYWn ÿ^xFYĦlSĬk_k8gDk
g2úhR4TdkÿIk_RdlKªShuŒ
‰ 6gYÖn SDDìl[øì6geSªDt gkTDìF7hulDÿDkeWDìYdo ª4W]n lSDt l[Wk^h
YÖn SD4YWt]ao 5d_R4TdklKÐUDt 4akdklDgm4Æ^ÿDk_gtÓ^kYk_Ĭk_k8Vk_m
PD 800T SU Y_YWn ldªø^^klD_k>Y_WUmKk>FmW[tImKk>FmŒ
‰ 6gÿDkeWDkghm]Ðo ^6gYpÕOY_]ln þShuŒ_[„Dì]hn _4TdklIYDk7F7YIê
lÖND_ ^klDgm4Æ^ldlVĬk_k4l2 DSDx7\mg2exlVS]Ðo ^FaShu STk]kÆ^
ɥ_kÕům^eul±D4WngV
2 kWC_ÿle±R WhéɟhxFkŒ
Yå_fUz _keu4ÿYDt ÿDkeWÿ\kFDt Dk^kªa^
>Wgm75_NmD§ Yg
®m4_ldU2 ]kFª
W7lUÐam ZxW
ZìN_xP
htam>³gN¤eWhxÖPtDt_t 
[WkeD2 _mȠȠȠ6ÖNtK
[¤Fanł ZxW
WdKmdWůÖN\dW
PkDG_WdKmdW
4h]Uk[kU ZxW
gmPÊÐ^o gmD§ Yg
`65.00 lWDNVWDa[gÖNvYYlWhNm
DxaDkSk ZxW
gmPÊÐ^o gmDvÌÈat³g
]kamFk1d
FndkhkNm ZxW

ÿDkeWgh^xF
4Å^±ÿDkeWÿ\kF  4WYo Dn]k__kKYSo
]´n ^g2YkUD  ÔdtSk8ÈYa
]´n ^8ÂYkUW4lVDk_m  4ŁRlISDk_k
>Wgm75_Nm dvN_]kDª   Km>g>] YtY_ Y_ ]´n ^Ó^kYk_ÿ[2VD ÿ\k_m   4l]Sk\Dn]k_
]ln þSŒ 8ÂYkUW4lVDk_m  ????????
glId_kÕům^eul±D4Wgn 2VkWC_ÿle±RYå_fUz  5d_R>d2lIýk2DW
®m4_ldU2 ]kFªW7lUÐamĬk_kÿDkeWÿ\kF úmWůmlPKk6lW2FÖNolP^x
]¤ ÿDkleS
Ĭk_k]ln þSŒ
 vkeq[k
_kÕům^le±kWmlSĬk_kg2ÖSSn le±kDk[ln W^kUmÖS_[¸IŌDt g]úldDkgDt la>8Æh¤
WDt da h]k_t UteDìg2ÖDp lSC_g2duVklWDÓ^dÖTkgt8Uz\So 4]Ðo ^g2ÖDk_ŌDx5Â]gkS
D_WtDk4lYSn [ln W^kUmgk±_SkC_g2´^kÂ]DSk4lKªSD_WtDk\m4da2[WUtSk huSklD
dt4lVDIWn ySmYRo ª 5_2l\DÖS_Dt la>YRo ł
ª YtRSu^k_hxgD¤ Œ
5_2l\DÖS_Kx[ln W^kUmC_]Å^ÖS_ŌDt [mI>DgtSn DkDk]D_Sk huldīka^mle±k
Dìdh SmWdfê^4dlV hulKg]¤D±kgtD±kglÌ]laS h§Œ^hDhWk4WkdÔ^DhxFk
lD6gÖS_Y_[¸IŌDxl]aWtdkamle±k5dÔ^DłYgt5Vk_\So ÖS_Dt le±k8YkF]
Y_5Vkå_S hxFmŒEta5Vkå_SExKC_FlSldlV ÿtå_SgmEWtlgEkWt DìldlV^k1 gSS
_h¤FmatlDW6gm[mI6gÖS_Y_[¸IŌDxYkOz^YÖn SDŌC_D±kB2 gt 4lVDCYIkå_D
łY]¤Yå_lISD_k^kKk>FkŒ6gDk8UUz Ôt ^[¸IŌDxDlOWlÖTlS]¤PkaWkWhéhu4lYSn 8W]¤
YOWatEW>d2 dkIWDt gkTgkTlIýDakC_g2FmS6Â^klUDt ]kÅ^]gtg]ú4lVF]C_
5Â]4ÆdtfRDt la>g\mldf^ŌDt Ĭk_k5Vk_Su^k_D_Wk huŒ
4S36gÖS_Y_[¸Itek_må_Dle±kDak le±kdY^kªd_Rle±kDt gkTgkT\kfkB2 
FlRS 5_2l\D ld²kW C_ gk]klKD ld²kW gt \m Yå_lIS hŌFtŒ ^hk1 ^h gln WlÔIS lD^k
Kk>Fk lD[¸IŌDkg2²kWkÂ]Dg2dtUWkÂ]DSTk\ylSDÿklRDÖS_ŌY_g]úldDkghx
SklD dtghKSkgt]Å^ÖS_]¤ÿdteD_gD¤ Œ
D±kDt la>dSª]kWYkOz^YÖn SDdmRk 6gm8UUz Ôt ^DìÿklÈShtSn ldDlgSDìF7huŒ
6gÿDk__kÕům^le±kWmlS DìgÖ2 Sln S^ŌC_ldīka^mle±kDt la>_kÕům^ YkOz^I^kª
Dì łY_t Ek Dk4±_e34WYn kaWD_St hò>^hYkOz^YÖn SD[¸IŌ]¤ 4dVk_RkÂ]D
g]LSklDª DlIS2 W_IWkÂ]DSk5Vk_\So ]Ðo ^ŌC_ÿdpl°^ŌDt ldDkgY_g]kW[aUtSm
huKx6gÖS_Dìle±k]¤4Â^2S]hÂdYRo ª h§Œ6g8UUz Ôt ^Dt gkThmg]kdteW[hò\klfDSk
K¤P_g]kWSkC_gk2ÖDp lSDK„n kdDt gkTgkTgIo Wk>d2 ÿyīxlFDìDk8lIS>DìD_RC_
ÖDoa5Vkå_Sg]ú]Ðo ^k2DW5lUg]ÖS ldf^Ōgtg^2 xlKS hxWtdkat±týŌDxYkOz^YÖn SD
]¤glÌ]laS lD^k F^k huŒ6Wg[Dt gkTgkT\_Y_o _xIDldIk_ŌC_FlSldlV^ŌgtYRo ª ^h
YÖn SDlWlÔISłYgt[¸IŌDt la>Dt da_xIDhmWhéhxFm4lYSn dt6gtÅ^kWYdo ªDY Wt]¤
\mŁlI_E¤Ft6g]¤glÌ]laSg\mldIk_ŌDxg]L¤FtC_6g]¤gLn k7F7FlSldlV^ŌDx4YWt
ghYklO^ŌC_le±DŌDt gkTl]aD_D_¤ FtŒghYklO^ŌDt g]ho ]¤ gmEWkWDt da_xID
hxSkhu [lÐD^h[hòS]hÂdYRo ª \mhu ³^ŌlD6ggt g2[2lVS4Æ^FlSldlV^ŌDkYSkIaSk
huKxgmEWtDìÿlø^kDx5W2U]^C_ak\ÿU[WkSmh§Œ6gla>6gYkOz^YÖn SD]¤UmF7
FlSldlV^ŌgtgmED_ldīkTêC_le±DUxWŌ6gÖS_Y_4YWk4W\n dg]pĦD_WtDt la>
C_\m[hòSgk_m5W2UUk^DFlSldlV^ŌDxD_Yk>1FtŒ
6gDt gkThm^hk1^h]hÂdYRo ª [kSÅ^kW]¤_EWmIklh>lDYkOz^YÖn SDDkle±RekÖým^
Y±g]L]ylaDSkSDª el³S C_lWRª^atWt Y_Å^kWD¤ lþSD_SkhuŒ6gÖS_Y_[¸It
Ödk\kldDłYgt 8ÂgD n hxSt h§ C_8WDt Ykg[hòSgk_t  ÿÔWhxSt h§Œ6gla>gmEWt Dt ]a
o 
lgĦk2SŌY_5Vkå_SFlSldlV^ŌDìłY_t Ek[WkStg]^8WDì8ÂgD n SkDxg2[xlVSD_WtDt 
la>g\mÿ^kglD>KkWt Iklh>Œ^īlY[ln W^kUmÖS_gt EtaĬk_kgmEWt DìldlV^k1 lW_2S_
_h¤FmSTklY6gÖS_]¤le±kC_gmEWt]¤glÌ]laSlEayWŌC_EtaŌDìÿDp lS[UatFm
4[^hEtaDt da5DfªDhxWtDt [Kk^[¸IŌDxgmEWtDìÿlø^kgt4lVDKx„gD¤ FtŒ
6gmS_h6gYÖn SDgt gmEWk4YWt 5Y]¤ ]hÂdYRo ª hu gkThm^h4Yt±khu lD[¸It
6gldf^Y_[hòSgm4Æ^YÖn SD¤ \mY ¤FtC_gmE¤FtŒÖDoaŌ]¤YÖn SDka^ŌDx6gg2[2V]¤
ÿkdVkWD_WtDì5dÔ^DSkhuŒgkThm6gÿDk_gt]kSklYSkC_le±D8Æh¤C_4lVD
gmEWt]¤ghk^SkD_¤ Ft?gm4Yt±khuŒ
^h^kU_EWk]hÂdYRo ª hulDgmEWtDt la>ÿ\kdmdkSkd_R^hgln WlÔISD_gDSkhulD
[¸ItÅ^kW8ÂgkhC_K„n kdDt gkTgmEWtDt la>ÿtå_S_h¤C_lK²kgkSTkgpKWemaSk
Dt ldDkghtSn ÿxÂgklhS_h¤Œ
6gldÔdkgDt gkT]§ ^hYÖn SD5_2l\DÖS_Dt g\mldīklTª^ŌC_le±DŌDt la>
4We n l2 gSD_SkhóŒ1 ]§6gYkOz^YÖn SDDt ldDkg]¤glÌ]laSg\maxFŌDk5\k_Ó^³SD_Sk
hó1 lKÆhŌWt6g8ÂDp ÕNÿ^kgDxgkDk_lD^khuC_5ekD_Skhó1 lD^hYÖn SDg\mg2[2lVS
axFŌDì4Yt±kB2 DxY_o kD_t FmŒ
Ó^dÖTkFS gVn k_Ō C_ 4YWt ÿDkeWŌ Dx lW_2S_ Yå_ÕDp S D_Wt Dt  ÿlS g]lYªS _kÕům^
eul±D4Wgn 2VkWC_ÿle±RYå_fUz 5YDìlNÈYlR^Ō>d2 gLn kdŌDkÖdkFSD_t FmlKWgt
\kdmg2exVWŌ]¤ghk^SkamKkgDSmhuŒ
lUWteÿgkUgDakWm
W7lUÐam lWUteD
]kIª _kÕům^eul±D4Wgn 2VkWC_ÿle±RYå_fU

 YkOz^YnÖSDDt ldf^]¤
lÿ^le±DgklT^x
^h hfªDk ldf^hulDD±kDìlhU2 mDìYkOz^YÖn SDdmRk 5YDt hkT]¤huŒ6gDk lW]kªR
D_St hò>]´n ^łYgt _kÕům^le±kWmlSDt lUeklWU¥eŌDxÅ^kW]¤ _Ek F^k huŒ\kfk
gmEWk _kÕům^ YkOz^I^kª Dì łY_t Ek  ldīka^mle±k Dk]hÂdYRo ª Yhao huŒ\kfkDt 
ghk_t [¸It4YWtYå_dk_Yå_dteg2ÖDp lSC__kÕůgtK„n Sth§Œ[¸IŌ]¤[ln W^kUm>d2g2duVklWD
]Ðo ^ŌDk ldDkgÖdkÖÃ^C_g_n ±kDt ÿlSgSDª Skgk]klKD\kdWkÂ]D4lVF]5lUDx
ÿkÈSD_Wt Dk]kÅ^]\kfk hmhuŒ4S3^hk1 \kfkgmEWt Dk SkÂY^ª Dt daY WkC_laEWk
Whéhu[lÐD[¸IŌDìKmdWeuamglhS8W]¤Ó^dhk_FSYå_dSªWDkYå_al±S hxWk\mhuŒ
\kfk h]k_m gk2ÖDp lSD YhIkW Dk >D ]hÂdYRo ª GND huŒ lDgm g]kK C_ Ó^l³S Dt 
5Ik_Ó^dhk_EkWYkWgxIg]LaxDg2ÖDp lS5lUDxKkWWkC_g]LWk hxSx\kfk
hmghk^DlgĦhxSmhuŒh]k_mY_2Y_kC_g2ÖDp lS\m\kfkDt ]kÅ^]gt hmg2_l±S hxSm5
_hmhuŒ\kfkDì6gÿDp lS>d2 ÿDk^ŎDkgkYt±g[2 2Vldīka^mle±kgtK„n Sk huŒ5dÔ^DSk
6g[kSDìhu lD[¸IŌDx4ÆdtfRgKªWkÂ]DlIS2 WC_SklDª DItSWkDt ]kÅ^]gt Öd^2
²kWgpKWDt la>ÿxÂgklhS lD^kKk>Œ[¸It \kfkDxDt da lW^][ĦÓ^dÖTkDt łY]¤ W
UtE¤ 4lYSn 6gDt gŏU^ªekÖým^gk]klKDgk2ÖDp lSD]Wxdu²klWDC_gklhlÂ^DY±Dx\m
g]L¤Œ6Wl[2UB n 2 Dt 5axD]¤YkOz^YÖn SDDk lW]kªRD_Sthò>]´n ^łYgtlWÌW ldIk_ŌDx
Å^kW]¤_Ek F^k hu œ
 YÖn SDDxYk1I6Dk6^Ō]¤Ó^dlÖTS lD^k F^k huŒYÖn SD]¤DldSkDhkWmlW[2VYý
gd2 kU>Dk2DìYhtam5lUgt[¸IŌDkŁlIYRo ª ldlVgtYå_I^D_k^k F^k huŒ4Ë^kgŌ
Dx6gÿDk_ldDlgS lD^k F^k hulKggt[¸IŌ]¤\kfkDt g2ÿtfRDt gkTgkTgxIWt
g]LWtÿÔWYJ o Wtg[2 2VmŁlIDk ldDkghxFkŒ
 YÖn SD]¤YkOŌDt ]kÅ^]gtg_a\kfk]¤\k_Sm^Yy_klRDDTkY_2Y_kgtatD_5Vln WD
C_SDWmDìłYgtldDlgS hx_ht\k_SDìJldDxÿÖSSn lD^k F^k huŒ
 ^hYÖn SD[hò\kfmC_[hògk2ÖDp lSDYå_dteDt Ik_ŌB_4YWk SkWk[kWk_ISmhuŒ
lhU2 m\kfkgmEWtlgEkWtDt ]kÅ^]gt[¸IŌ]¤g]kdtemŀlÕN akWtC_\k_Sm^g2ÖDp lS
DìldldVSkDt ÿlSgDk_kÂ]D[xVldDlgSD_Wt Dt 8UUz Ôt ^DxYÖn SDĬk_kYkWt Dk
ÿ^kglD^k F^k huŒ
  ldl\ÆW\kfk^mDyeaŌKugt ›g]LDt gkT[xaWkgWn WkY WklaEWkC__IWt
5lU Dì ÿlø^k Dì FlSemaSk Dx [Wk> _EWt Dt  la> [¸IŌ Dt  KmdW C_ 8WDt 
5gYkgDt Yå_dtegtK„n m[kSŌDx5Vk_[Wk^k F^k huŒ
YkOz^I^kªDt aà^
5_2l\DÖS_ lÿY_t N_mÖNtK Dt la>_kÕům^ YkOz^I^kªDì łY_t Ek  (ldīka^mle±k ]¤
\kfkDt g2U\ª]¤lWÌWlalESYkOz^I^kª aà^ lWVkªå_S lD>F>h§ œ
YkOz^I^kª aà^ ldIk_ŌDxggn 2FSłYgt g]LWt C_g2ÿtlfSD_Wt Dt la>KlNa dk³^
g2_IWkB2 Dk8Y^xFD_Sthò>]ylED\kfkDyea ldDlgSD_Sth§Œ
YkOz^I^kªaà^Yå_lISC_4Yå_lISYkOz^dÖSn Kugt ›FīC_Yī Dt ldl\ÆWłYŌDì
[ln W^kUmg]LldDlgSD_Dt 4Tª[xVglhSY WtDì±]Sk ldDlgSD_Sth§Œ
YkOz^I^kªaà^4YWmg]LC_4W\n dŌDxÓ^³SD_WtDt la>g_aC_^ylFDdk³^
g2_IWkB2 DxlaEWtDì±]Sk ldDlgSD_Sth§Œ
YkOz^I^kª aà^ ldl\ÆWąxSŌDt ]kÅ^]gt ldl\ÆWg2U\Ŏ G_C_ÖDoaDt 4W\n d ]¤
Ó^kYDeÊU\P2 k_ldDlgSD_Sth§Œ
YkOz^I^kªaà^Y Wt]¤ŁlIC_ÿkTl]DSkB2 DxldDlgSD_Sth§Œ
6gYkOz^YÖn SDDt lW]kªR]¤6Waà^ŌDìÿklÈS>Dÿ]E
n 8UUz Ôt ^ huŒYkOz^I^kªDt aà^Ō
DxhmÅ^kW]¤_ESthò>U±Sk>1lWVkªå_SDìF7h§C_6ÆhéU±SkB2 DìlW_2S_Sk]¤gmEWtDt 
ÿlSZa S^lD>F>h§Œ^hYkOz^YÖn SDlWVkªå_S aà^ŌU±SkB2 >d2 gmEWt Dt ÿlSZaŌDt 
g]lÆdSłYDxÿlSl[2l[SD_SmhuŒ
YkOz^YnÖSD]¤YkOz^gk]úmDkg^2 xKW
Yham6Dk7DkemfªDh]k_kY^kªd_RžhuŒgmExžC_[^k h]k_mlIl„^k_kWmžDldSk>1C_
5]DkYt„žDhkWmÿDp lSDìJNkB2 DxlWhk_WtC_4YWtKmdW]¤8gt4F2 mDk_D_WtDì
\kdWkÿÖSSn D_SmhuŒlDSWtYu_"žYkOKmdKFSDkŁlIYRo ª g2gk_ÿÖSSn D__hk huŒUgo _m6Dk7
DkWk]h]k_t l]ýžhuŒ^h6Dk7Ó^l³SC_Yå_dtegtl]ýSkKugtg[2 2VDt 5gYkg[Wn mF7huŒ
6g\kdDxÿÖSSn D_WtDt la>6g]¤ø]e3[m_[aDìlEI„mžl]ýDxYýžIS_n FmU„ž
C_ÿDp lSYdªœZoaUt7žKugtYkOglÌ]laS lD>F>h§ŒSmg_m6Dk75BEta¤žWk]gt
2 laS huŒEtaC_[IYWDk5W2UldīklTª^ŌDt KmdWDk4lWdk^ª\kF hxSk huŒ6gt
YÖn SD]¤gD
Å^kW]¤_ESthò>6g6Dk7]¤gWn x\7FÈYž_ÖgkDemžůulZDKk]žC_>DKkU7n lYNk_kž
Kugm5W2U]^mDldSk>1glÌ]laSDìF7h§Œ6Dk7Ik_DkemfªD4YWk4YWkDk]žhuŒ6g]¤
®]Dk]hÂdC_8gDìldldVSk lUEk7F7huŒ®]Dt ]Ðo ^Dx[¸IŌhtSn úkĻ[WkWtDt la>
4YWk4YWkDk]žC_lDgkWDìhxle^k_mžKugmDhklW^k1STkYt„ŌDì4Ì]klT]³Dk 
vi
Kugk ÿt_DlW[2Vla^k F^k huŒ6Dk7Yk1IDkWk]h]k_kUtežhuŒ6g]¤\k_SUteDìldldVSk
8gDk Fy_dDTkY_2Y_kEkWYkWg2ÖDp lSC_ldldVSk]¤\m>DSkDt SÂdŌDxÿÖSSn lD^k
F^k huŒg]úłYgt 6gYkOz^YÖn SD]¤ ÿkImWY_2Y_kgt Iþ2 ^kWSDDì^kýkDx\kfkC_
gklhÂ^Dt ]kÅ^]gtÿÖSSn lD^k F^k huŒ
]ylED\kfkDk ldDkgC_atEW
YkOz^YÖn SD]¤[¸IŌDì]ylED4l\Ó^l³SDxldDlgSD_WtDìŀlÕNgt6Dk6^k1C_8WDt 
4Ë^kglWl]ªS lD>F>h§Œh_YkODìg]klÈSDt [kU[kSImSDt la>žemfªDgtDnJÿÔW lU>
F>h§lKg]¤h_[¸Ik\kF atgDSk huC_4YWk4W\n dgkLkD_gDSk huŒ8Ukh_RDt la>
gmExžDldSk]¤[kSImSDt la>lU>F>ÿÔWŌ]¤>DÿÔW huŸ8FSthò>g_o KDxUtED_5YDt 
]W]¤lDgÿDk_Dt \kd5Sth§" ^hÿÔW h_[¸ItDt la>huŒ6gDt 4lSå_³SYÖn SD]¤lU>
F>emfªDŌgWn ¤ DhkWmžl]aD_Yl >ž5W2U]^mDldSkžC_Y Wt Dt la>žDt 4S2 FªS
Y WtDìldldVSkYRo ª gk]úmDkg2^xKWlD^k F^k huŒ]ylED\kfkDt ldDkgDk>D]hÂdYRo ª
5^k][¸IŌDxl[Wk lDgm4d_xVDt [xaWtDt 4dg_ÿUkWD_Wk huŒ
YkOŌDt 4Ë^kg]¤[¸IŌDxJxNtJxNtdk³^ lW]kªRDìFlSldlV^k1UmF7h§ŒeÊUgtdk³^
DìB_atKkWtgtg[2 2lVS FlSldlV^Ō]¤^hÅ^kW_Ek F^k hulD^tDlOWWhŌŒ[¸Itg_aSk
C_5W2UDt gkT6W4Ë^kgŌDxD_¤ Œ8Ukh_RDt la>_ÖgkDemžDldSk]¤ ^hÿÔW lU^k
F^k huŸ5YDkg[gtlÿ^EtaDyWgk hu"8gDt [k_t ]¤Ik_Yk1IYl2 ³S^k1lalE>Œ [xaWtgt
lalES\kfkDìB_[¸IŌDì\kfk^kýkgFn ]C_g_a hx6gDkÅ^kW_Ek F^k huŒ
DÐYWklK²kgkC__IWkÂ]DSk
Y WtY kWtDìÿlø^k]¤DÐYWk ldetfÖTkW_ESmhuŒ[¸It6g8ă]¤Y^kªÈSDÐYWkema hxSt
h§Œdt4YWmlUWI^kª]¤Qt_ŌDÐYWk>1D_Sth§^k lZ_DnJWDnJgxIWtC_D_WtDt ÿ^xFD_St
_hSt h§ŒDnJYkOŌDt 4Ë^kg]¤ ?gt ÿÔW lU>F>h§ lKggt ldīkTêDÐYWkDt g2gk_]¤ ÿldÕN
hŌŒ?gtÿÔW[¸IŌY_ghm4Tdk FaS8°_DkU[kdWhéPkaStŒ8Ukh_RDt la>Iþ2 ^kWž
YkO]¤ÿÔW lU^k F^k huŸ4F_Iþ2 ^kWgtK„n tdu²klWD5YDt ldīka^]¤5>1Sx5Y8Wgt
DyWgtÿÔWYJ o WkIkh¤Ft" 
 lK²kgkC_ExK[mWD_Wk[¸IŌDì]a o ÿdpl°]¤gt>DhuŒ6gtÅ^kW]¤_ESthò>G_C_
5gY„xggtK„n mFlSldlV^ŌDxYkOŌ]¤ekl]a lD^k F^k huŒ8Ukh_RDt la>5]DkYt„ž
DhkWm]¤G_Dt [„Ōgt5]Dt ldl\ÆWÿDk_Dt Wk]YJo WtDt la>Dhk F^k huŒ
_IWkÂ]DSk]WDì[kSD_Wt_IWtC_laEWtDk4dg_ÿUkWD_SmhuŒYÖn SD]¤_IWk
C_[¸ItDt [mIDt g[2 2VDxKx„WtC_ÿlø^kDx[Wk>_EWthtSn DnJ?gmFlSldlV^k1Um
F7h§Kx_xIDh§Œ8Ukh_RDt la>IS_n FmU„ž>Dk2DìDt 4Ë^kgÿÔW]¤DkFKgtFmU„Dk
]En yNk[WkWtDìFlSldlVUmF7huŒ6gS_hDìFlSldlV^k1aF\Fg\m6Dk6^Ō]¤UmF7h§Œ

vii
 Yå_dtegd2 tUWemaSk>d2g]tDW
YkOz^gk]úmDkg^2 xKWD_St hò>Å^kW_Ek F^k hu lD[¸It 6Wgk]lú^Ōgt K„n D_4YWt
Yå_dteDt ÿlSC_\mg2dtUWema[W¤ŒYkOŌd4Ë^kgŌ]¤ Y^kªd_RC_ldetf5dÔ^DSk
dkatÓ^l³S^ŌDt ÿlSg2dtUWemaSk[ kWtdkamFlSldlV^k1UmF7h§Œ]lhakB2 C_YŁn fŌDì
gkTªDC_g2Sln aS\kFmUk_mgt g]kKC__kÕůlWl]ªS hxSk huŒ4S3YkOz^YÖn SD]¤ a§lFD
g2dtUWemaSkDxÅ^kW]¤ _ESt hò>YkOŌC_lIýŌ]¤ g2Sln aSŀlÕN4YWk7F7huŒgkThm
\k_Sm^Y_2Y_k>d2 g2ÖDp lSldl\ÆW4We
n kgWŌSTkDakB2 DkYkOz^gk]úmDt gkT8Y^³n S
le±RekÖým^ŀlÕNgtg]tDW\mlD^k F^k huŒ
[hò\klfDSkC_D±kle±R
[hò\klfDSk\k_SDìgÖ2 Dp lSDk4lWdk^ª4F2 huŒle±R4lVF]Dt ±tý]¤[hò\klfDSkDk
8Y^xF ldl\ÆWłYŌ]¤ lD^kKkSk huŒUulWDKmdW]¤ [hò\klfDSkDt gkTgkTYkOz^gk]úm
Dk\m[hò\klfDhxWk5dÔ^DhxSk huldetfłYgt JxNt [¸IŌDt la>8g5^n ]¤ K[dt
4YWm]kSp\kfkgthxSthò>lhU2 mDìg]LldDlgSD_WtDkÿ^ÂWD__hthxSth§ŒYÖn SD]¤?gm
FlSldlV^k1\mUmF7h§lKg]¤[¸It lhU2 mDt eÊUŌDt la>4YWm4YWm]kSp\kfk]¤eÊUQo1 ¤FtŒ
atlDWg[gt]hÂdYRo ª huD±kle±RDt g]^le±DĬk_k[hò\klfDle±RYĦlSDk8Y^xF
D_WkŒle±DŌgt4W_n xVhulD dtYkOŌDxY kSthò>[¸IŌDx4YWm\kfkYå_dteC_g2ÖDp lS
gtKx„Sthò>le±RDk^ªD_¤ Œ
YkOz^YÖn SDle±R4lVF]ÿlø^kDk5Vk_hu>D]kýgkVWWhéŒ>D_IWkÂ]D>d2
ÿlS[Ħle±DDxlW_2S_WdmWYkOz^gk]úmDkghk_k atWk hmY„Sk huŒ^h>D?gk±týhuKhk1
le±DŌDx4YWtldīklTª^ŌDk ÖS_UtESthò>Öd^2 hmS^D_WkY„Sk hulD8Æh¤lDgÿDk_Dì
YkOz^gk]úmC_FlSldlV^k18YaÊVD_k7Kk>1Œ8UUz Ôt ^ Sx4S2 S34Ytl±S\kfk^mDyeaŌ>d2
U±SkB2 Dk ldDkghmhuŒ
 h]¤ Y_o k ldÔdkghu lD h]k_t  le±D6gYkOz^YÖn SDDk lWVkªå_S8UUz Ôt ^C_lWU¥eŌDt 
4Wgn k__IWkÂ]D8Y^xFD_¤ Ft lKggt le±R4lVF]ÿ\kdmhxFkC_[¸It 5W2UDt gkT
\kfkgmE¤FtŒ
WmaD2ODn]k_
ghk^D ÿxZt g_ lhU2 m
\kfk le±kld\kF
_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam

viii
 _kÕům^YkOz^ø]>d2 le±R4lVF]
gk]úmgl]lS >W>gNmgm
 ]hteIþ2 Y2S DnaklVYlS_kÕům^eul±D^xKWk>d2ÿekgWg2ÖTkW 4Å^±
 ]¼Ka n \kFªdÿxZt g_lÿ2gNW^lo WdlgªNm gh4Å^±
 gVn k]lo SªÿlSlÕOS atlEDk>d2 le±kldU
 l[[tDUt[_v^4Å^±ÿVkW]ý2 mDì5lTªDgakhDk_Yå_fUz 7>gmYm>]
 eE t _]k2PtYdo ª]hklWUteD gm>g575_>d2 ÿlSlÕOS ÿxZt g_ gkldým[k7ZnatYRn t
 ldÔdldīka^YRn t
 gKn kSk_k]Ux_7ÿxZt g_lālNeDxa2l[^k ldÔdldīka^DWkPk
 eD 2 _]hkUtdWgF2 mS ldetf²][2n 7
 ^o ld]aDn]k_lWUteDÿDkeYkUD n xR[uPl]N2 W4DkU]m[¤Fał
n
 l]etaPulWWxldlKilN2F ÿxZt g_5757NmFk2VmWF_
 g_n mWk_kKW57>>g gtdklWdp° hå_^kRk >d2 Ydo ª]hklWUteD>IYm>
 Ik]o Dp ÕRekÖým4Å^±\k_Sm^\kfkgl]lSle±k]ý2 ka^
 gK2 mdgkÆ^kagUÖ^ÿVkW]ý2 mDì5lTªDgakhDk_Yå_fUz 7>gmYm>]
 >]Pm®mlWdkg4Å^±g¤N_Zv_YvlagmÖNPmƒItÆW7
FKkWWaŌQthtPÿxúk]@lZg>W>gNmgm
 _t l[WJt ýmlWUteD>ggm75_Nmlgl³D]
 ÿÂ^fo Dn]k_]P2 aÿxZt g_gk]klKDld²kWle±kld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
lUWteDn]k_ÿxZt g_^xKWk>d24Wdn m±Rÿ\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
 DìlSªDY_o ÿxZt g_\kfk le±kld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
_2KWk4_x„kÿxZt g_>d2 4Å^±YkOz^I^kª4Å^^W>d2 ldDkgld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
(gUÖ^glId
 ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lewg
]kFªUeªW
]hteIþ2 YS2 4Å^±_kÕům^YkOz^ø]>d2 le±R4lVF]gk]úmgl]lS >W>gNmgm STk
gUÖ^g]Æd^Wgl]lSYkOz^I^kª±týg]ho œ5_2l\DÖS__keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
]¼Ka n  \kFªd 8YkÅ^± _kÕům^ YkOz^ø] >d2 le±R4lVF] gk]úm gl]lS STk gUÖ^
g]Æd^Wgl]lSYkOz^I^kª±týg]ho œ5_2l\DÖS_
gWn mlSgWdkaÿxZt g_>d2 4Å^±ÿk_2l\Dle±kld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam STk gUÖ^
g2^xKDg]Æd^Wgl]lSYkOz^I^kª±týg]ho œ5_2l\DÖS_

4Å^±8Yg]oh lh2Um
I]Waka FÈn SÿxZt g_ >d2 Ydo ª 4Å^±lhU2 mld\kFlh]kIaÿUteldÔdldīka^le]ak
lh]kIaÿUte
gh^xF
DldSk l[ÕN]´n ^4Å^klYDkD¤ þm^ldīka^_keu4ÿYYå_g_W7lUÐam
º^xlSdå_ÕOexV ghk^D ÿk_2l\Dle±kld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
NmWkDn]k_mghk^D ÿxZt g_FkFê]hkldīka^lUÐam ldÔdldīka^lUÐam
lWekKuWÿd³Sk lhU2 m _kKDì^DÆ^k8¸IS_]kÅ^l]Dldīka^eD_Y_n lUÐam
Wm_kWk_2FÿxZt g_D¤ þm^eul±DgÖ2 TkWlUÐam ldÔdldīka^
YKo kKtYm>Zÿk_2l\Dle±kld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam
ÿR^ Dn]k_ då_ÕO 4Å^kYD >d2 lWdSª]kW 4Å^± lhU2 m >d2 gÖ2 Dp S  >aDt  lgh2 klW^k
>KD n t eWg¤N_FxNWWkFy__kKÖTkW
ldK^Dn]k_IkdakYmKmNm lhU2 m _kKDì^]vPagh då_ÕO]kÅ^l]Dldīka^µ^ŌF
Du Tahå_^kRk
ele Dn]k_ e]kª ÿd³Sk lhU2 m  _kKDì^ då_ÕO ]kÅ^l]D YkOekak ]lL^kO ]P2 m
lh]kIaÿUte
 ek_Uk Dn]k_m ÿVkWkIk^ª gtdklWdp°  lKak le±k >d2 ÿle±R g2ÖTkW 5_Dt  Y_n ]
W7lUÐam
Ô^k]lg2hge n ma[kagklhÂ^Dk_>d2Ydo ª då_ÕO8Yg2YkUDUulWDlhU2 Ön SkWW7lUÐam
g]m_ghk^D ÿxZt g_lhU2 mld\kFD¤ þm^ldÔdldīka^\lN2PkYK2 k[
gÍ^U]SmW4h]UÿxZt g__kº^eul±D4Wgn 2VkWC_ÿle±RYå_fUz Sta2FkWk
gkDt S[hòFRn kY_k]eªUkSk_kÕům^YkOz^ø]>d2 le±R4lVF]gk]úmgl]lS_keu4ÿY
W7lUÐam
gVn k l]®kY_k]eªUkSk>d2 gk±_Skldetf²Ym>]^o _kº^ le±kD¤ þ\xYka]Å^ÿUte
g]n WDn]k_lg2hÿVkWkÅ^kYD8Âøl]S]kÅ^l]Dldīka^Dyl„^k[g2Sm\FdkWY_n hkN
lgdkWl[hk_
g]m±D
Fxld2UÿgkUe]kªÿxZt g_>d2 \So Ydo ª4Å^±_kÕům^YÖn SDÆ^kgW7lUÐam
]m_k\kFªdÿxZt g_ >]tå_Ng hvÉÖůk ldÔdldīka^Æ^^o vDª ^o >g>
_2KWk 4_x„k ÿxZt g_ >d2 4Å^± YkOz^I^kª 4Å^^W >d2 ldDkg ld\kF _keu4ÿY
W7lUÐam
gUÖ^g]Æd^D8Yg]oh lh2Um
WmaD2ODn]k_ghk^D ÿxZt g_ lhU2 m \kfk le±kld\kF_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam

xii
 vkHkkj

_kÕům^eul±D4Wgn 2VkWC_ÿle±RYå_fUz _kÕům^YkOz^IIkªDìłY_t EkY^ªdt±Rgl]lSDt 

4Å^±>d2gUÖ^ŌYkOz^I^kª±týg]ho œ5_2l\DÖS_Dt g\mgUÖ^ŌSTk4Æ^4S2 g2[2Vm
ldf^ŌDt la>FlOSYkOz^I^kª±týg]ho ŌDt 4Å^±Ō>d2gUÖ^ŌDt ÿlS6gYÖn SDDt lW]kªRDì
ÿlø^k]¤]kFªUeªW>d2 g]m±khtSn [hò]Ðo ^^xFUkWDt la>5\k_Ó^³SD_SmhuŒ
Yå_fUz 6gYÖn SD]¤_IWkB2 DxglÌ]laSD_WtDìÖdmDp lSUtWtDt la>g\m_IWkDk_Ō
8WDt  Yå_KWŌ>d2 ÿDkeDŌ Dt  ÿlS Dp S²Sk ²klYS D_SmhuŒ Yå_fUz  _IWkB2 Dt  ÿDkeWkTª
4W]n lSUtWt Dt la>ÿDke]Wn IéNm ]¼Ka n \kFªd lDSWt Yu_">DKkU7n lYNk_k ]kaSm
Utdm gWn x\7FÈY IU2 W^kUd\xYka dÿDkeD6DSk_kÿDkeW\xYka ÈaNo xYlýDk
gt UxÖSDt KSo tˁdfª 4D 2  ]hkUtdmd]kª >d2 ÿ]xUDn]k_FÈn SLk1gm [^k gkDt S
[hòFRn klUÐam l]ýDxYý gWn mlSgWdkalUÐam ÿDp lSYdªœ ZoaUt7 DÆhu^k aka
]°žFklK^k[kU8°_ÿUtedÿDkeDldīkTêÿDkeWlUÐam ]t_m[ka DldSk>1YÖn SDgt
_ÖgkDemž ]WxKDn]k_LkYNWk dÿDkeD6DSk_kÿDkeW\xYka ůulZDKk] _kº^
eul±D4Wgn 2VkWC_ÿle±RYå_fUz lUÐam dÿDkeDlUÐamYkOz^YÖn SDÊ^_o xlUÐam
[8„kW \kF   gt 4YWk4YWkDk]žlDgkWDìhxle^k_mž&lWekKuWlUÐam
Yt„ŌDì4Ì]klT]³Dkž \FdkWlg2h dÿDkeDWteWa[D n ůÖNW7lUÐam Y2IS2ý
Dì DhklW^k1 YÖn SDgt [xaWt dkam]k1Už gxhWaka lĬdtUm>d2 5Dk2±klĬdtUm \k_S 
YU]z ®m ldW^ Iþ2  ]yUFÐ^ d _kº^ eul±D 4Wgn 2VkW C_ ÿle±R Yå_fUz  l[hk_
lhU2 UteDt lWdkgm 6_†kWDkNoªlWÖN dÿDkeD6DSk_kÿDkeW\xYka ÈaNo xYlýDk
gt INn DnakglIýˁ4D 2 dfª  lIýk FFªlUÐam Yhtla^k1 h_medkÕR¥^d ÿDkeD
g_n t ÆþDn]k_>P2 gg2 lUÐam _xID Yhtla^k1YÖn SD Dt ÿlS5\k_mhuŒ
6gYÖn SD]¤4S2 g2[2Vmldf^ŌKugtg]kdteWa§lFDg2dtUWemaSkDakle±k6Â^klUDì
gào ]łYgtg]m±kDt la>Yå_fUz 6þ2 kRm\kU„n mldW^lg2h]xWk^kUdl]am_v^>d2º^xÂÖWk
lSdk_mÿxZt g__keu4ÿYW7lUÐamDt ÿlS5\k_ÿDND_SmhuŒ
Yå_fUz  SDWmDì gh^xF htSn YKo k gkhk 4Ħª Ytedt _ ghk^D g2ldUk  ÿk_2l\D le±k
ld\kF4DkUl]Dgh^xF htSn 4K2 Wk4Wdn kUDlhU2 mÿDxÕO_keu4ÿYW7lUÐam STk
Dk^kªa^mgh^xFDt la>ge n makK_xlU^k>d2II2 aNk6lYÖN g2ldUk ÿk_2l\Dle±kld\kF
Dt ÿlS5\k_Ó^³SD_SmhuŒ
 Yå_fUz ldetfłYgtúmWům lPKk6lW2F ÖNolP^xÿklaW7lUÐamDk5\k_ÿDND_Smhu
lKWDt 4TDYå_®]gtYÖn SD6głY]¤5gDìhuŒ
Yå_fUz 6gYÖn SDDx4l2 S]łYUtWt Dt la>ÿDkeWÿ\kFC_4Sa n FÈn Skghk^D
g2YkUD g2ldUk  led ]xhW ^kUd ghk^D g2YkUD g2ldUk  YdW Dn]k_ [å_^k_ 6I2 kKª
PmNmYm ÿDxÕO ldYW Dn]k_ e]kª >d2 8YkgWk PmNmYm @Y_t N_ g2ldUk  Dt  ÿ^kgŌ Dì
g_khWkD_SmhuŒ

xiv
 dgk¡ D;k gS\
5]nE iii
YkOz^YnÖSDDt [k_t]¤ ɇ

6Dk7>D ›h]k_kY^kªd_R
R
 gmEx 
 IéNm 
 lDSWtYu_" 
UxÖSDt KoSt* 
 [^k h]k_mlIl„^k_kWm 
 5]DkYt„ 

Sk_k2lDS YkO Dt da Y WtDt la> h§Œ

xv
 6Dk7Ux ›h]k_tl]ý
 [m_[aDìlEI„m 

 l]ÞkDxYÞk 

 ISn_FmU„ 

 ÿDplSYdªœZoaUt7 

6Dk7SmW ›5BEta¤
gWn x\7FÈY* 
 _ÖgkDem 
Nu ­lZ
 DKk]* 
 >DKkUn7lYNk_k 

x vi
xvi
6Dk7Ik_ ›4YWk4YWkDk]
 4YWk4YWkDk] 
 Yt„ŌDì4Ì]klT]³Dkˁ 
 lDgkWDìhxle^k_m 

6Dk7Yk1
6Dk
Dk7YYk1I›h]k_kUt
›h]
h]k_k Ute
 \k_S 
 I2þ^kW gd2 kU 
 [xaWtdkam]k1U 
 h]4WtDlD2Sn>D 
 lh2UUteDt lWdkgm* 

xvii
xvi