‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻯ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺤﻤ ﻤﺤﻤﻭ ﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﺤﺴﻥ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺒﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ‬

‫‪١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ﻤﻠ ﺹ‬

‫ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺍﻜـﺯ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻰ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺯﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻫـﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌﻠﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺼﻔﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻟﺨﻁﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻟﻜل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺄﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬـﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺒﻬـﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ؛‬
‫ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻀﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺒﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﻓﻜـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻀﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﻔـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﻜﺴﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜـﺯ ﺤـﻭل ﺍﻹﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫)‪ (production-centered development‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ )‪ ، (economic growth‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﺨل ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺴﻴﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ )‪ (٢‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (clearance‬ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل )‪ (replacement‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ )‪ (urban renewal‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ )‪ ، (reconstruction‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )‪ (protection‬ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (preservation‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﻤﻴﻡ )‪ (restoration‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (renovation‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ )‪. (maintenance‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﺍﺤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻭﺘﻐﻠﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ )‪ (basic needs‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ‪ (٣)،‬ﻭﺍﻨﺼﺏ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (people-centered development‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﻰ )‪ (systemic thinking‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﺎﻤﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫)‪ (multi-disciplinary synthesis‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺒـﺩﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﻭل )‪(comprehensiveness‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل )‪ (sustainability‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﺍﺤﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ )ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ –‬
‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ – ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ – ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﺦ( ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ )‪ (urban improvement‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴـل )‪ (rehabilitation‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ )‪. (urban upgrading‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل )‪ (rehabilitation‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل )‪ (adaptive reuse‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ )‪. (conservation‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (١‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﻓﻜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠ ﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (١‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Historic Areas Policies‬‬ ‫‪Development Concept‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪١٩٥٠‬‬

‫‪clearance & replacement‬‬ ‫‪economic development‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪١٩٦٠‬‬

‫‪urban renewal‬‬ ‫‪production-centered‬‬
‫‪development‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ‬
‫‪reconstruction‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪١٩٧٠‬‬

‫‪restoration & renovation‬‬ ‫‪basic needs approach‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪protection‬‬ ‫‪people-centered development‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫‪preservation‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪١٩٨٠‬‬

‫‪adaptive reuse‬‬ ‫‪socioeconomic development‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫‪rehabilitation‬‬ ‫‪comprehensive development‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪١٩٩٠‬‬

‫‪conservation‬‬ ‫‪sustainable development‬‬

‫ﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺃﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (value‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺒﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ ‪ (٥).‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻴﻠـﻰ ﻤـﻭﺠﺯ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪. (١‬‬

‫) ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤ ل ‪clearance and replacement‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )‪، (inner city slums‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﺓ – ﻤﻊ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ – ﺜﻡ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺘـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠ ﻴ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ‪urban renewal‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤـﻼل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ )ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺃ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ( ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺼﻼﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻤﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻴﻨﺼﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (physical‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (townscape‬ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪ ، (landscape‬ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ‪reconstruction & redevelopment‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﺩﻫﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﺤﻼل ) ﺃ ( ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ )ﺏ( ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﺫﺭﻯ ‪ .‬ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺒﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ – ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ – ﻓـﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺭ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴـﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻰ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻘل ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﺭﺤﻴﻠﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﺩﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻬﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺠﺎﻨـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫) ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠ ﻴ ‪restoration & renovation‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ )ﺏ( ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ )ﺝ( ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤـﺭﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺜﺭ ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل ‪ .‬ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺼـل"‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻯ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻁﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺸـﻴﺩﺕ‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫)ﻫـ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ‪protection‬‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴـﺔ ) ( ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻨـﻰ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﺸﻤل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻀـﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻰ ‪ .‬ﻫﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﻨـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺴـﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻭ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ‪preservation‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﻤل ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ – ﻭﻓـﻰ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ – ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ‪ .‬ﻫﺩﻑ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻜﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺸﻤل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ )ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼـﻬﻡ( ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜـل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ( ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺯ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪adaptive reuse‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺔ ﺒﺈﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻗل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫)‪(١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺡ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻫﻴل ‪rehabilitation‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻤﻬـﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ( ﻭﻤﺤﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ )ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻗﻬـﺎ ﻭﺘﺯﻭﻴـﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ( ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﻁـﺎﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﻜـل ﻭﺭﻓـﻊ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﺍﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻁ( ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ‪conservation‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺼﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﺞ ﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ، (٢‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﻌﻰ )ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻰ ﻭﻤﺎﺩﻯ( ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻯ )ﺘﺭﺍﺜﻰ ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻯ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل" ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀـﺭﻯ" ﻭ"ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ" )ﺃ ‪ ،‬ﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺝ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ "ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ" ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ" ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ" )ﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻫــ ‪ ،‬ﻭ( ‪،‬‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ "ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل" "ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل" "ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ" )ﺯ‪،‬‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺡ ‪ ،‬ﻁ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠ ﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٢‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ ( ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل‬

‫)ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻫـ( ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫)ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ‬ ‫)ﺯ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺡ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻁ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻜل ﻭﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺃﺸﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺸﻤل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺨﺹ )‪. (nested system‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (physical elements‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (non-physical elements‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤـﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪. (٣‬‬

‫ﺠ ﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٣‬ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪non-physical elements‬‬ ‫‪physical elements‬‬

‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻤــل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴــﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ـﻴﻕ‬

‫ﺘﻨﺴــ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟـــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴــﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴــﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗــﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨــﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨــﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫) ﺃ ( ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﻫـ( ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺯ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺡ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﻁ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ )ﺃ ‪ ،‬ﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺝ( ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )ﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻫــ ‪ ،‬ﻭ( ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺡ ‪ ،‬ﻁ( ﺒﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ( ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺹ )ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻗل( ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﻭﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ )ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ(‬
‫ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻀـﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ )‪ (time dimension‬ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )‪. (structure‬‬

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ "ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺁﻟﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ( ﺒﻌﻨﺼـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﻜﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ )‪ ، (diachronic dimension‬ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ )ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ( ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ(‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﻜﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ (١٣). (synchronic dimension‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜـﺔ ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻘـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪ (١٤).‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻬﺘﻤﺎ ﺒﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ( ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﻀﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ( ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻌـﺩﺍ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺎ ﻟﻠـﺯﻤﻥ )ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀـﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻰ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬـﺭ" ﻟﻠﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )‪ . (surface structure‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻜـﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻟﻠـﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل( ﻓﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻫﺭ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻤﻀـﻤﻭﻥ"‬
‫)‪(١٥‬‬
‫)‪. (deep structure‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﻁﺎﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺤﻰ ﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﻟﻸﺒﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٤‬ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘـﺎ ﻟﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫ﺠ ﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٤‬ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﻭﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻀﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪(diachronic‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪(synchronic‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ )‪(deep structure‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )‪(surface structure‬‬

‫) ﺃ ( ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ‬

‫)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬

‫)ﻫـ( ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫)ﺯ(ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫)ﺡ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬
‫)ﻁ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤـﺙ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺴﺒﻕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ – ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ(‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ )ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ – ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ(‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ )ﺴﺎﻜﻥ – ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ(‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ )ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ – ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ( ‪.‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﻻ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺒـل‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ ﻓـﻰ ﻅـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ )ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﻭل ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ . (١‬ﻭﺍﺘﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل ﺒﻜل ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺸـﺭﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ )ﻤﺜل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ‪ Williamsberg‬ﺒﻭﻻﻴـﺔ ‪ Virginia‬ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ ‪ Charleston‬ﺒﻭﻻﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ (North Carolina‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺩﻥ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻰ ‪ (١٧).‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸـﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻟﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨـﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻰ ﻟﻸﺤﻴـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺤﻰ )‪ (Society Hill‬ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (Philadelphia‬ﻭﺤﻰ )‪ (College Hill‬ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٨‬‬
‫)‪. (Providence‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻜـﺎﻟﻘﻼﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ‪ (١٩).‬ﻭﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ )ﻤﺜل ‪ Civic Amenities Act‬ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٧‬ﻭﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (Malraux‬ﻓـﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٦٢‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ )ﻤﺜل ‪ Civic Trust.‬ﻓﻰ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ( ‪ (٢٠).‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ "ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺃﻤﺴﺘﺭﺩﺍﻡ"‬
‫)‪ (Declaration of Amsterdam‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٥‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﻴـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴـﺔ )‪ (Bath‬ﻭ )‪ (Chester‬ﻭ )‪ (York‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫)‪ (Rothenberg‬ﻭ )‪ (Alsfeld‬ﻭ )‪ ، (Regensburg‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘـﺔ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ ﻁﺒﻘـﺕ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻅﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﻤـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﻘـل ﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻪ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘـﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺼﻨﻔﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠ ﻴ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻭﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻭﻨﺱ‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ‪ %١٥‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺩﺀﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺸـﺭﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺒﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻬﺩﻤﺕ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٧٥‬ﻗﺎﻤﺕ "ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ" ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻪ ﻤﺘﻬﺩﻡ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﺴـﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ١٩٨٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻰ ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻭﻋﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤـﻼل‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻁـﺎﺓ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ( ﻟﺘﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻭﺘﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻰ )ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪. (١‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (١‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻭﻨﺱ )‪(R. Isar, 1986‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ )ﺃ ‪ ،‬ﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ" ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬
‫)‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺼﺎﻏﺕ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔـﺎﺨﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻨـﺯﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ‪ (٢٤).‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘـﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋـﺩﻡ ﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌـﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘـﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ )ﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻫـ ‪ ،‬ﻭ( ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻤﻌﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺒﻜﺎﻤﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻓﺭﺩﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﻟﻶﺜﺎﺭ ﻜﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪. ١٩٧٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ ﺘﻀـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﻗﺼﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺠﺩ ﻭﻀﺭﻴﺢ ﻭﺴﺒﻴل ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺼل ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺏ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﻭﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻻﺤﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٥‬ﺘـﻡ ﺍﺴـﺘﻜﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﺠﺩ‬
‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ )ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪. (٢‬‬

‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻫﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻰ ﺭﻜـﺯ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ( ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺘﻪ ﻷﺼﻠﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻟـﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻵﺜﺎﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻟـﻡ ﻴﺸـﻌﺭﻭﺍ ﺒـﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﻋﻰ ﺴـﺎﻜﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓـﻕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻟﻌـﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺒ ﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ )‪(J. Bacharach, 1995‬‬

‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻤ ﻴﻨﺔ ﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻰ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺍ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻴﺯ‬
‫)‪(٢٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺌل ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻠﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋـﺩﻡ ﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪(٢٩‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪ ٢٥‬ﺃﻟﻑ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ( ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﻁﻨﺠﺔ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٤٥‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺃﻨﺩﻟﺴﻰ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻁﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻤﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺭﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٨‬ﺒﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﺯل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﺘﺴﻊ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻋﻤل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺭﺠﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜـﺱ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴـﺔ ﻭﺒـﻼ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻭﻥ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﺘﻰ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸـﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺇﺤـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴـل‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺭﺠﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ – ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠـﻰ‬
‫)‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ – ﺒﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻔﺠﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴـﺔ ﻟﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺄﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬـﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﺸـﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ )ﺒﻨﺴﻴﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﻁﺎﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ( ﻭﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ )ﺒﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﻡ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺒﻕ‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻯ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻰ ﻜـل‬
‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﻔﻰ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺼـﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻅل ﻨﺯﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻰ ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅـﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺼـل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜـل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ( ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﻟﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠ ﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟ ﻭل ﺍﻹﺴ ﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤ ﻴﻨﺔ ﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻭﻨﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫) ﺃ ( ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﻼل‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﻫـ( ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫)ﺯ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﺡ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫)ﻁ( ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪m‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ )ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ – ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ(‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ )ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ – ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ(‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ )ﺴﺎﻜﻥ – ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ(‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ )ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ – ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ( ‪.‬‬ ‫·‬

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‫ﻓﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻤـﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﻓﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻯ ﺭﻤﺯﻯ ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﺎﻤـل ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﺍﺤﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ ﺃﺼـﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﻬـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠ ﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٦‬ﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬

‫ﻤ ﻴﻨﺔ ﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺏ ﻗﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻭﻨﺱ‬

‫ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤـﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـﺩﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﺒﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻤﻭﻻ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل )ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ – ﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ – ﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫ﻤ ﺤﻅﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪I. Kim, ed. Development and Cultural Change: Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: Paragon House‬‬
‫‪Publishers, 1986‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻤﺩﺒﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ‪" :‬ﺇﻋـﺎ ﺓ ﺘ ﻫﻴـل ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟ ﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ" – ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ – ‪ ، ١٩٩٢‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﺨﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬
‫ﻓﻰ )ﺃ( ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺩﻴﻤﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴـﻑ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؛ ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ؛ ﻭ)ﺡ( ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ؛ ﻭ)ﺀ(‬
‫ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ )ﺹ ‪. (١٥- ١١‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ I. Kim‬ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪(١‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪D. Korten and R. Klauss, ed. People-Centered Development, Connecticut: Komarian Press, 1984‬‬
‫)‪ (٥‬ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ Bernard Feilden‬ﻓﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪B. Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings, UK: Butterworth & Co. Ltd., 1982‬‬
‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻔﻴﺔ )‪ (emotional‬ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ ﺒـﺎﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ؛ ﻭ)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ )‪ (cultural‬ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻨﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ؛ ﻭ)ﺡ( ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل )‪ (use‬ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )ﺹ ‪(٦٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺘﺠﻬﺕ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻫﺩﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴـﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪D. Appleyard, ed. The Conservation of European Cities, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1979 .‬‬
‫)‪ (٧‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﺍﺭﺠـﻊ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪ Bernard Feilden‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪. (٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٨‬ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ‪ .‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R. Pickard, Conservation in the Built Environment, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., 1996‬‬
‫)‪ (٩‬ﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻤﺴـﺒﺭﺝ )‪ (Williamsberg‬ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒـﺎﻟﻨﻔﺦ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘـﻡ ﻓـﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﺸﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁـﺎﻨﻰ ‪Colonial‬‬
‫‪ period‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪C. Tunnard, “The United States: Federal Funds for Rescue," in The Conservation of Cities, Paris:‬‬
‫‪UNESCO Press, 1975 .‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A. Dale, Historic Preservation in Foreign Countries, Vol. 1 , ed. R. Stipe, Washington D.C.: US National‬‬
‫‪Committee of the International Council of Monuments and Sites, 1982‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠‬ﻟﻠﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, Adaptive Reuse: Integrating Traditional Areas into the‬‬
‫‪Modern Fabric, Cambridge, Mass., 1983 .‬‬
‫)‪ (١١‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻭﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻤﺩﺒﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪. (٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪S. Contacuzino, ed. Architectural Conservation in Europe, London: Architectural Press, 1975 .‬‬
‫‪A. Dobby, Conservation and Planning, UK: Anchor Press Ltd., 1979 .‬‬
‫‪R. Worksett, The Character of Towns: An Approach to Conservation, UK: The Architectural Press, 1979 .‬‬
‫‪D. Appleyard, ed. The Conservation of European Cities, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1979 .‬‬
‫‪K. Lynch, A Theory of Good City Form, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981 .‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
‫‪J. Antoniou, Islamic Cities and Conservation, Paris: UNESCO Press, 1981 .‬‬
‫‪D. Pearce, Conservation Today, N.Y.: Routledge, 1989 .‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ – ١٩٧٥‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒـﻰ ‪European‬‬
‫‪ - Architectural Heritage Year‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤـﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒـﻰ‬
‫)‪ (Council of Europe‬ﻭﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ "ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺃﻤﺴﺘﺭﺩﺍﻡ" )‪ (Declaration of Amsterdam‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺃﻗـﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (integrated conservation‬ﺘﺸﻤل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻅل ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (diachronic & synchronic‬ﻟﺒﻌﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (culture‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺴﻰ ﺩﻋﺎﺌﻤﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺭﻭﺒﻭﻟﻭﺠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻰ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺸﺘﺭﺍﻭﺱ )‪ (Levy-Strauss‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺴﺎﻤﻰ ﺨﺸﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪ ،١٩٩٧ ،‬ﺹ‪. (٤٧‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﻨﻅﻡ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥‬ﺃﺼل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻭﻤﻔﻴﻠﺩ )‪ (L. Bloomfield‬ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ‪-‬ﺸﺘﺭﺍﻭﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻴﻘﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﺸﻜﻼ )ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻰ( ﻭﺩﻻﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ( ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﻅﻬـﺭ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻰ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺠـﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟـﺫﻯ‬
‫ﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ "ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ" ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ" ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ‪) .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺴﺎﻤﻰ ﺨﺸﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪ (١٣‬ﺹ ‪. (٥٠- ٤٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦‬ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ‪ Appleyard‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻰ )‪ (surface conservation‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴـﻕ )‪(deep conservation‬‬
‫"ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻰ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻭﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﻜل" )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ‪ ، D. Appleyard‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤـﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓـﻰ )‪٢١‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪. (١٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ، C. Tunnard‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪. (٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪L. Adde, Nine Cities: The Anatomy of Downtown Renewal, Washington: The Urban Land Institute, 1969‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ، A. Dale‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪. (٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ، S. Contacuzino,‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪. (١٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٢١‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ )‪. (١٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٢‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R. Isar, The Challenge to Our Cultural Heritage, Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣‬ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺨﻠﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺴ ﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴـﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ ، ١٩٩٦ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٤٨‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٤٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Centre, proceedings of a seminar organized by the Goethe Institute, Cairo, October 1 - 5, 1978 ,‬‬
‫‪M. Meinecke, ed., Islamic Cairo: Architectural Conservation and Urban Development of the Historic‬‬

‫‪England: Flexiprint, Ltd., 1979 .‬‬

‫)‪ (٢٦‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪J. Bacharach, The Restoration and Conservation of Islamic Monuments in Egypt, Cairo: AUC Press, 1995‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٧‬ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺨﻠﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ )‪ ، (٣٢‬ﺹ‪. ١٦٧‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨‬ﻓﻔﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺼﺕ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺴﻜﻭ ‪ UNESCO‬ﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺼﺕ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﻘـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪J. Antoniou, “ Conservation of the Islamic City: Saving Islamic Cairo,” in The Arab City: Its Character‬‬
‫‪and Islamic Heritage, ed. I. Serageldin and S. El-Sadek, Riyadh: Arab Urban Development Institute, 1982 ,‬‬
‫‪& UNESCO, “The Conservation of the Old City of Cairo,” in The Expanding Metropolis: Coping with‬‬
‫‪the Urban Growth of Cairo, Singapore: Concept Media, Pte Ltd., 1985 .‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀـﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺸـﻤﻭل‬١٩٨٥ ‫* ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
: ‫ ﺃﻨﻅﺭ‬، ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻰ‬
The Arab Bureau for Design & Technical Consultations, Upgrading and Rehabilitation of
Al Gamaliya Quarter, Cairo, Egypt, Final Report, 1985
‫* ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺼـﻔﺭ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬، ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ‬
، ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓـﻕ‬
‫ ﺍ ﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬: ‫ﺃﻨﻅﺭ‬
. ١٩٩١ ،‫ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻫﻴل ﺒﺎﻟ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴ ﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬١٩٨٢ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬١١٧ ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬، ‫( ﻓﻔﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ‬٢٩)
‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟـﻡ ﺘﻨﺸـﺄ ﺃﻯ ﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺼـﺎﺹ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ‬
. ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ "ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻯ ﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﺔ" ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
: ‫ ﺍﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬، ‫( ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬٣٠)
R. Holod and D. Rastorfer, Architecture and Community: Building in the Islamic World Today,
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, New York: Aperture Islamic Publications, Ltd., 1983 .
. ١٥٨‫ ﺹ‬، (٢٣) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ‬، ‫( ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺨﻠﻰ‬٣١)

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬، ‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ‬، ‫ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺴ ﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻤﺔ‬، ‫ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺨﻠﻰ‬
. ١٩٩٦ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬
. ١٩٩٧ ، ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬: ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬،‫ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺴﺎﻤﻰ ﺨﺸﺒﺔ‬
، ‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬، ‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ‬، ‫ ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺘ ﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟ ﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻤﺩﺒﻭﻟﻰ‬
. ١٩٩٢
‫ ﺍ ﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴ ﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻭﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬
. ١٩٩١ ،‫ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻋﺎ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻫﻴل ﺒﺎﻟ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴ ﻤﻴﺔ‬

Adde, L., Nine Cities: The Anatomy of Downtown Renewal, Washington: The Urban Land Institute, 1969 .
Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, Adaptive Reuse: Integrating Traditional Areas into the Modern
Fabric, Cambridge, Mass., 1983 .
Antoniou, J., Islamic Cities and Conservation, Paris: UNESCO Press, 1981 .
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