BIOMETRIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION BASED ON GAIT PATTERN

USING BOTH FEET PRESSURE CHANGE

TAKESHI YAMAKAWA, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY OF HYOGO, JAPAN, er071042@steng.u-hyogo.ac.jp
KAZUHIKO TANIGUCHI, KINDEN CORPORATION, JAPAN
KAZUNARI ASARI, THE KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC., JAPAN
SYOJI KOBASHI, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITY OF HYOGO, JAPAN
YUTAKA HATA, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITY OF HYOGO, JAPAN

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we propose a personal identification by sole pressure change. We obtain sole
pressure change of multiple steps by using two pressure sensor sheets. Each pressure sensor sheet
is inserted into each shoe as an inner sock. Then, we extract characteristics of sole pressure
change from the obtained data. We make template data of both feet from the extracted
characteristics. We propose a Euclidean distance based method for personal identification. As the
experimental result, we have recognized one often volunteers with over 90% accuracy.

KEYWORDS: Biometrics, Personal identification, Pressure sensor, Sole pressure, Euclidean

distance.

1. INTRODUCTION
In the field of the security and personalized services, it is necessary to be personal
identification with high accuracy as well as human-friendly. The conventional personal
identification methods employ belonging information, knowledge information and biometric
information [I]. ID card and key are classified as belonging information. ID and password are
classified as knowledge information. These can make the personal identification with simple
process. However, they are not human friendly because users always need to carry the card or to
memorize the complex password for personal identification. Moreover, these methods are in
danger of forgery. Personal identification by biometric information is called Biometrics.
Biometrics employed body characteristics such as fingerprint [2], iris [3], retina and behavioral
profiles such as brushstrokes [4], keying and gait are well known. Personal identification used
body characteristics are already used in banking facilities because these characteristics have
uniqueness and permanence. However, these characteristics have personal privacy information
such as illness. So, these methods include privacy disclosing danger. On the other hand,
behavioral profiles have no direct privacy information. So, privacy problem of user are smaller
than body characteristics. In these methods, the method using gait pattern has received much
considerable attention as a method to reduce the physical burden as well as privacy problem. The
method using dynamic picture image is the most popular method by personal identification using
gait pattern. Dynamic picture image has many characteristics, such as stride, foot locations, height
and face for personal identification [5]. However, this method has a problem in real time
processing because of huge data volumes. Personal identification by sole pressure change using
load cell or mat sensor was proposed [6], [7]. But in these methods, users need to walk within the
distance limitation of a sensor. The gait is not always constant. For example, if user stumbles on
the mat, the personal identification becomes impossible. The implementation of personal
identification by one step is difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain several step gait data.
However, it is said to be difficult to obtain multiple steps using mat sensor because it needs to
extend the area by costly sensor size.
In this paper, we propose a method of personal identification based on sole pressure change
using sensor shoes. We employ the sheet type pressure sensor for obtaining sole pressure change.
These sensors are inserted into the shoes as inner socks. Therefore our system can effectively
obtain the gait data. In our method, we extract characteristics of both feet. In our previous study,
we showed that the four divisions for a foot pressure area is useful [8]. According to the result,
we divide the foot pressure area to 4 areas. Then, we do personal identification by Euclidean
distance based method. As the result, we can identify one of ten volunteers with 90 % accuracy.

2. A SHHET TYPE PRESSURE SENSOR

We employ sheet type pressure sensor, F-scan (Nitta Corp., Japan). The structure of pressure
sensor shoes used in our study is shown in Figure 1. The thickness of the sensor sheet is O.1mm.
The sensor size is 285xlOOmm2 • The resolution performance of the sensor is 5.08mm. The length
of the cable connecting PC with sensor sheet is about 9m. As shown in Figure 2, pressure sensor
sheet is inserted into the shoe as inner socks. Electrode sheets installed in the sensor sheet. The
intersection of the electrode sheets can detect the pressure. When the pressure provides to the
sensor sheet, electrical resistance is changed according to the pressure. A control equipment
converts the electrical resistance into 8 bit digital signal. This digital output expresses the weight.
Figure 3 shows the example of the output data. In this figure, blue areas represent low-pressure
area, red areas represent high-pressure area, and white areas represent no pressure area or blank
area. The output data are saved in the PC as the numeric data.

Sensor sheet
Figure 1. Structure ofpressure sensor. Figure 2. Pressure sensor shoes.

Figure 4. Position ofdivisions.

3. METHOD AND EXPERIMENT

3.1 Experiment
We obtain the gait data of 10 volunteers. The average weight and height of all volunteers are
62.4 ± 13.0 kg and 170.4 ± 5.5 cm (mean ± SD). They wear pressure sensor shoes. They walk 10
steps for each experiment, because the length of the cable connecting PC with sensor is about 9m.
The pressure changes of first step and last step are unstable. So, we employ middle 8 steps for
personal identification (right foot and left foot are 4 steps both). The volunteers walk in a straight
line. The sampling interval is 20 msec. We obtain the gait data 10 times for each volunteer.

3.2 Extraction of characteristics

We extract characteristics of gait pattern from the obtained data. First, we make the sole
pressure change data from obtained gait data. In our method, we divide the gait data to 4 areas.
Figure 4 shows the divisions. Second, we calculate the pressure value in each area. We call the
calculated values pressure change data. Figure 5 shows the example of the pressure change data
of left foot in an experiment. As shown in this figure, the shapes of the pressure change in one
step are similar each other.
To do personal identification, we extract characteristics from pressure change data of one step.
Figure 6 shows the characteristics values. Figure 6(a) shows the characteristics of left foot. Figure
6(b) shows the characteristics of right foot. As shown in these figures, we extract pressure
information, PXi and time information, TXi . The pressure information, PXi is peak pressure value

-area A
-areaB
-areaC
-areaD

o 3 6 9
TIme [sec]
Figure 5. Example ofpressure change data (leftfoot).

Or-------'....-.r--------.--~----, Or----~=-----..----.--.-----,
o o
o o
N N

o Time [sec] Time [sec]

(a) Leftfoot. (b) Rightfoot.
Figure 6. Characteristics.
of each area, where X denotes the label of right foot, R or left foot, L, and i denotes one of areas A,
B, C and D. The time information, Tx,i denotes the time of PX,i. The peak pressure time of area A
(heel side) denotes TL,a and TR,a' Time information is the time elapsed from TL,a or TR,a to the other
time of peak pressure. In this study, we employ characteristics of left foot (PL,a, PL,b, PL,e, PL,d, TL,b,
TL,e and TL,d) and characteristics of right foot (PR,a, PR,b, PR,e, PR,d, TR,b, TR,e and TR,d)'

3.3 Personal identification method

We employ Euclidean distance based method to perform the personal identification by using
the extracted characteristics.
First, we make template data of each volunteer. To make the template, we employ gait data of
three times gait data. The pressure change of left foot is not as same as the pressure change of
right foot. Therefore, we make the template of two types: right foot and left foot. One time gait
data consist of 8 steps: 4 left steps and 4 right steps. Therefore, template data are made by 12
steps pressure change data. We calculate average value of each characteristic of 12 steps as the
template data.
Next, we compare these templates with new characteristics of an obtained gait data.
Euclidean distance, dm is calculated by Eq. (1),
d n = ~~(Sn,j _1)2 (1)

where SnJ denotes the template data of each volunteer, and ~ denotes input data. n denotes
volunteer number (n=1,2, ...,10), and j denotes characteristics number (j=1,2, .. .,7). When left
foot pressure change data are provided, the template data of left foot is used for identification. We
calculate Euclidean distance of 8 steps separately. By comparison of each step of the input data
with all of the template data, each step is recognized as the template data with the minimum dna
Thus, input data are recognized as the volunteer with the minimum dna For example, if fifth step is
recognized as volunteer 1, and third step is recognized as volunteer 2, then we identify the input
data as volunteer 1.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this study, we randomly choose 3 data in the 10 times gait data of each volunteer to make
template data. Then, we recognize other 7 times gait data of each volunteer. This was repeated

Volunteers Average
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [%]
FRR [%] 0 1.1 0 0 2.1 0 12.1 0 2.1 0 1.8
2
FAR[%] 0.02 0 0.08 0 0.08 0.37 0.05 0.24 0.97 0 0.18
FRR [%] 0 2.0 0 0 1.6 0 11.4 0 4.4 0 1.9
3
FAR [%] 0 0 0.19 0 0.21 0.35 0.03 0.10 0.95 0 0.18
~ FRR [%] 0 1.4 2.7 0 3.0 0 13.3 1.0 9.9 0 3.1
~ 4
0 FAR [%] 0 0 0.16 0 0.05 0.16 0 0.08 0.24 0 0.07

e= 5
~
~
FRR[%] 0 4.6 6.0 0 7.1 8.9 13.9 7.6 21.3 0 6.9
FAR [%] 0 0 0.13 0 0 0.05 0 0.02 0 0 0.02
d
FRR [%] 5.1 10.1 13.7 9.4 13.9 33.6 19.3 10.0 39.4 0 15.5
..= 6
~

FAR[% 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.00

~
FRR[% 20.4 17.9 47.1 14.4 27.0 64.1 28.3 11.9 57.0 3.7 29.2
7
FAR[% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
FRR [%] 56.7 48.6 79.7 17.1 53.6 81.6 65.7 46.0 83.6 29.4 56.2
8
FAR [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 1. The result of the personal identification.
100 times in the style of bootstrap method. We recognized each volunteer 700 times. We employ
FRR (False Rejection Rate) and FAR (False Acceptance Rate) for a performance test. These rates
are the most popular measures in biometric personal identification. FRR is the frequency that an
authorized person is rejected access. If FRR is high, users receive several rejections. The user-
friendliness is low. FAR is the frequency that a non-authorized person is accepted as authorized
person. If FAR is high, safety is low. FRR and FAR are calculated by Eq. (2) and Eq. (3),
FRR = NFR x 100 (2)
NERA
FAR = NFA x 100 (3)
NlRA
where NFR and NFA denote the number of false rejections and false acceptance. NERA and
NIRA denote the number of enrollee recognition attempts and imposter recognition attempts. In
general, FAR increases as the FRR decreases. It is hopeful to be lower FRR and lower FAR in the
personal identification.
In this study, we set the minimum requirement, Th, for identification. If the maximum
number of recognized steps is under Th, the input data are recognized to nobody. Table 1 shows
the result of personal identification. We change Th from 2 to 8. If over two volunteers have the
maximum number of recognized steps, the volunteer of minimum Euclidean distance is the
recognition result.
Figure 7 shows the average FRR and FAR of 10 volunteers in the case of Th change. When
Th was 2, FRR was the lowest percentage of 1.8%, but FAR was the highest percentage ofO.2°~.
When Th was 7, FAR was 0%, but FRR was 29.3%. This FRR means that this system can
identify with about 70% recognition rate. Then, users are often rejected. In Figure 7, when Th was
5, both FRR and FAR were low. This 6.9°~ FRR means that this system can identify with about
93.1 % recognition rate. As the result, we determine that the number of Th is 5.
Recognition accuracy differs from person to person. For example, in Table 1, accuracy of

60

50

r-"l40
~
~30
~
~ 20

10

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Th

Figure 7. Change ofFRR and FAR.

Volunteer number, n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I Volunteer 7 0.106 0.187 0.172 0.491 0.137 0.110 0.049 0.083 0.041 0.100
dn I Volunteer 9 0.032 0.061 0.046 0.388 0.080 0.025 0.007 0.021 0.009 0.039
Table 2. Identification by one step gait data of volunteers 7 and 9.
volunteer 7 is lower than the other volunteers. The reason is that gait data of volunteer 7 are
similar to those of volunteer 9. Table 2 shows the example of one step Euclidean distance. In this
table, d7 and d9 are almost same values. Thus, several steps are recognized as volunteer 9.

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have proposed the biometric personal identification method using both feet
pressure change. In this method, we employed the pressure sensor sheet into the shoes for
obtaining the gait data. We extract characteristics by gait data of 4 divisions. We used the
personal identification method based on Euclidean distance. In this result, our method can
identify 6.9% FRR and 0.02% FAR for 10 volunteers. In previous study, personal identification
by one step gait data was 28.4% FRR and 3.29% FAR. Therefore we can confirm that personal
identification by multiple steps is effective. In the future work, we will reduce the sensor point in
sensor sheet for cost reduction.

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