Morphology of Flowering Plants (Contd.) Compositae (Asteraceae) Itis the largest dicot family and considered to be the most advanced family amongst angicsperms. Vegetative Characters Habit Mosty annual araly biennial herbs, shrubs, somet Root Adventious. stom + Erect, herbaceous, branched, angular or cylindrical. Leaves Usually simple but sometimes compoune, Altornate or opposite phyllotaxy, exstpulate, petiolate or cossilo and has reticulate, venation, Floral Characters Inflorescence : Head or capitulum. They are surrounded by involucre of bracts, may be heteragamous Le. either having only ray florets or having only disc florets or nomogamous, i.e., having both ray and disc florets, Flower + Mostly bisexual but sometimes unisexual Epigynous usually pentamerous with reduction in certain whar's. A flower is tubular (actinomorphic) oF liguiate (2ygomorphie}, bracteate or abracteste Tubular florets are called die florats and ligulate florats are called ray florets. (A) Ray florets; Towards periohery of head, sessile, bracteate, zygomorphio, pstilate or neutral, ligulats, epigynous. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, &, Pusa Road, New Del 110008. Prone : 017-476234562. Morphology of Flowering Plants Board 8 Competitive Exams (Level!) Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium (8) Disc florets Calyx Corolla Andraecium Gynoecium (©) Neutral florets : Fruit Floral formulae Ray florets Dise Norets Noutral florets : ‘Absent or heiry pappus or scaly, persistant. + Petals five, gamopetalous, valvate aestivation, ligulate (Peta's unite to form a tongue Ike structure. 2 Absent Bicarpoliary, syncarpous, ovary inferor, uniiocular, one ovula in gach lecule, basal plecentation, When inflorescence has only ray florets they are bisexual and have syngenesious stamens too. 1 In the centre of head, bracteate, bisexual, actinomorphic, tubular, pentamerous epigynous. + Absent or in the form of pappus. + Petals five, gamopetalous, tubular, valvate aestivation, Stamens five, epipetalous, = Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocular, single ovule in the locule, basal Plaeantation, Androecium and gynoecium both are absent as in ray forming ligulate flower of sunflower + Cypsella, FBP Q Kujasne Coe Bu N= Br % OF BF Kraan Gis Sy %Or@K, Cy AG, Economic Importance : |. Food Medicines. actuca sativa (Lettuce) and Used as vegetables Elephentopus Carthamus tinctorius. 3. Omamental plants. : Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Tagetus erectus (marigold) 4 Commercial use: Perfume ol Is prepared from Eolipta erecta, ‘Antiinsect oll Is prepared from Pyrethrum ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Puse Road, New Delhi-11C00S, Phone : 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Levelt) Morohology of Flowering Plants 3 Fig, : Hellanthus armuus (sunflower) plant A. Flawering twig, B. L.S. of inforascence, G, Dise Fleret, D. LS. of Disc Flaret, E. Ray Floret, F.L.S. of Ray Florst, G. Syngenesious stamens, H. Gynosclum, . Disc floret (tubular) J. Ray florot (Ligulato) Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) This famity is commonly known as mustard family Vegetative Characters : Habit Usually annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Roots ‘Tap root systern stem Herbaceous, branched, erect. Leat Simpie, aterate phylotaxy, peticlate, exstipulate, reticulate venation Floral Characters, Inflorescence : Racemose Flower Bisexual, usually actinomorphic but sometimes zygomorphic. Calyx ‘Sepals four, polysepatous, imoricate aestivaton. Corolla Petals four, polypetalous, eructform, valvate aestivation Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli-110005, Phone : 017-476254564 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board 8 Competitive Exams (Level!) Androecium ; Stamens six, tettadynamous sometimes didynamous, Gynoecium — : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular but sometimes bilocular due to false sepium or ceplum. Parietal placentation, stigma bifid Fruit + Siligua or silouts. Sood ‘Soads are small, non-andospermic. Floral formula : Ebr 0F% 9K, Cu Ax, Gy Economic Importance : 1. Food —_: Cabbage, caulffoner, tumip end redish are used as vegetables. 2. Edible ol! : Mustard Medicines: Sisymbrium officinale, Nasturtium indice, Eruce sativa, 4. Omamental plants : Alyssum sp., iberis amara (candytuft) Ova = Ren 8 Se f Fig, : Brassica campestris (mustard) plant; A. Twig with floner and leaves, B. A flower, C. L.S. of flower, D. Calyx, E. Corolla, F. Androacium and gynoecium, . T'S. of ovary, H. Floral Diagram Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-11C00S, Phone : 011-47623486Board & Competitive Exams (Leva!) Morphology of Flowering Plants § Gramineae (Poaceae) This is commonly known as ‘grass far. Its one of the largest among the anglospermic families, Hat Herbs, ennuels or perennials or shrubs sometimes like tree (such as bambco). Root Adventiious, flbrous, branched or sill aol, Stem + Underground rhizome in all perennial gasses, cylindrical, culm with eonepicuous nodes and internodes. Leaves Sessile, llarnata, simple, exstipulate with parallel venation Floral Charactors : Inflorescence : + Spike of spikelets which may be sessile or staked + Spikelet consisis of short axls called rachilla on which one to five sessile or short stalked flowers are bore, At the base of the rachila two sterile scales called glumos are prosent. Tho glumes are placed ons above the other on opposite side. Above the glumes series of florets are present, Each florets has an inferior palea or lomma and above itis suporior pala. Flower Bracteale and bracteolale, sessile, zygomorphic, bisexual Exception : Zea mays has unisexual flower. Perianth Represented by membranous scales called lodioules. ‘The lodicules are situated sbove and opposite to the superior palea or may be absent or many or 2 or 3, Androecium —; Usually siamens three, rarely six (Bambusa, Oryza) Filament long, anther dithecous Gynoecium —: Monocarpellary or may be tricarpellary, ovary superior, unilocular with single ovule, basal placentation style short or absent, sligma two and feathery, Fruit Caryopsis, rarely nut (Dendrocalamus) or bery (Bambusa). Seed Endospermic: and containing a single cotyledon called sculellurn Floral Formula : % $ Pox 20s sosnss Arve Gx Economic Importance : 1. Cereals: Wheat, Maize, Rice, Barey, Zea mays. 2 Millets: Bajra, 3. Sugar plant : Sugarcane 4. Grass Dood grass (Cynoden dactyion}. 5, Paper grass : Themodia, giganto Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Del-110005, Phone : 017-476254666 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board 8 Competitive Exams (Level!) — Semon een Semoy aon WA ne tosoue m-fena emote SS sna — =a MY ? Syposcisn nt edie teary igre eric galea Fig. Titicurn aestivum (wheat) plant: A. Flowering twig, B. Spike of spikelats C. One spkelet, D. An enlarged scikelel, E. Open Flower F. A flower dissected, G. Floral diagram Malvaceae It1s also called cotton family Vegetative Characters : Habit + Annual, biennial, herb or shrub or sometimes tree. Root Tap root system Stem Erect, branched, cylindrical Leaves Stipulate, aliemate phyllotaxy, simple, petiolate, ret culate venation, Floral Characters, Inflorescence : Solitary, axilary or terminal racemose or cymose, Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008, Phone : 011-47625455Board & Competitive Exams (Levelt) Morphology of Flowering Plants 7 Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, Bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx Sepals five, camosepalous, valvate aestivation, epicalyx is found. Corolla Potals five, polypstalous, twisted aostivation Androecium —: Numerous stamens, moncadelphous, monothacous anther. Gynoecium — = Pentacarpeliary, syncarpous, multilocular superior ovary, axle placentation, each locule has ‘-infinite ovules, style single. Fruit Dry, capsule, schizocarp. Sood (One to many, endospermic. ry Floral Formula: Epi,, cf Ky Go, Gin Economic Importance : 1. Food Okra ~ (used as vegetables) Cotton ~ (oil is extracted). 2 Medicine Urene rependa bution indicurn 3. Fibre: Gossypium sp. ~ Fibre of seed coat used in textile industry, 4. Omamental plant: China rose (Gurhal) ony Bligrats lbs ‘Ovary wat Seoum Locus a ° Fig. : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (china rose) plant: A. A flowering txig, B. L.S. of flower, C. Epicalyx and calyx, D. Andioecium, E. Gynceckum, F. TS. of ovary G. Floral diagram Corporate Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli-110005, Phone : 017-476254868 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board 8 Competitive Exams (Level!) Family-Leguminosae On the besis of inflorescence and flower characters (0. corolla and stamens) this femiy hes been divided Into 3 subfamilios: Family-Leguminosae 3 Farina Caesalpnicidese Mimosoicleae 2g Pisum sativum eg. Cassia fistula 2.9. Avacia nifstica EXERCISE 1. Tetradynamous condition of stamens is found in the mombers of fernly (1) MaNvacoae (2) Solanacese (@) Brossicacoae (4) Litacoae 2. Ray floreis of sunflower do nat (1) Have inferior ovary (2) Show basal placentation in gynoecum @) Have united petals (4) Have andraecium 3. Presence of epicalyx ond monoadelphous condition of stamens is found in (1) Maki (2) Mustard (3) Grouncnut (4) China rose 4. Select the families in which members have bicarpellary, synearpous, gynoecium and superior ovary. Solenaceae, Brassicaceae, Liliaceae, Fabacene, Malvaceae, Asteraceae, Chooge the correst option (1) Three Q) Two (3) Four (4) Five 5. All ofthe following are subfamilios of family Leguminosae, except (1) Caasalpinoidese (2) Mimosoideas (3) Gramineae (4) Papilionatae 8. The distinct monocol character shown by the flowers of Gramineze farrily is (1) Bisexual tower (2) Actinomorphie flower (3) Hypogynous flower (4) No clear distinction of petal and sepal 7. Siliqua or silcula is the fruit of (1) Colton (2) Mustard (3) China rose (4) Grass 8 Inwhich flower, the peduncie is flat on which florets are attachec? (1) Sunitowor (2) Wheat (3) Cotton (4) Groundnut Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puse Road, New Delhi-11C00S, Phone : 011-47623486Board & Competitive Exams (Levelt) Morphology of Flowering Plants 9 9. Match the following Colunm-| with Column-il and choose the correct option. Colurnn-t Column a. | Composite 0) [Eo EK E KE. &. | Gramineae @ [2¢K. CAB Malvaceae ii) | 9 Paro A Cruciferae Gy) [BPO Kans uo CAs Bs a B Cc oD om oO Mm a tw o @ em oO @ w& am m@ @ oO 410. Calyx in the form of pappus is found in (1) Cotton (2) Tobacco (9) China rose (4) Disc floret of sunflower 11. How many ameng the follewing belong to Malvaceae farvily? Gossypium, Helianthus, Trteum aestwum, hibiscus, Brassice, Abution (1) Five (2) Three (3) Two (4) Four 12, Inwrichfower stamens are sypgenesous Le, anthers ae fusad an laments are fee fom seth other's observed (1) Ray florets of sunflower (2) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis: (8) Disc florets of suntlower (4) Neutral florets of sunflower 12, Fruits is called caryopsis in the members of the family (1) Poaceae (2) Malvaceae (3) Fabaceae (4) Composites 14. The subfamilies of lequminosae are differentiated from one another on the basis of (1) Calyx and corota (2) Stems and leaves (8) Androecium and fruit (4) Corolla and androesium 18. Consider the following characterictics and choose the flawer which shows them a) Pentacarpeliary gynoecium. (®) Moncadalphous androscium with numerous stamens. (0) Looule hes one to numerous ovule in the gynoecium (1) Triticum (2) Oryza sativa (8) Gossypium (4) Chrysanthemum gag Corporate Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli-110005, Phone : 017-47625486410 Morthology of Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) 6 2 @ 3) aw 8 @ 10. (4) 6. (3) Corporate ome ANSWER 4 " @ @ 5. @) 6 4 7 @ 12. @) 13. (1) 14 (a) kash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110009. Prone : 071-47623456