4 Principles Related to Practical Chemistry NEET I TEST FOR ALDEHYDIC AND KETONIC GROUPS (-CHO AND -C -) 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test (2,4-DNP test) ‘This test is performed by both aldehydes and ketones, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give 2.4-dinitrophenyhycrazones. The colour of the product is yellow and red for aldehydes and ketones respectively. 4 RY, N, f a De=N-N No; NO, R,R’=hyarogan or ay! Tests to Distinguish Aldehydes and Ketones: Schif's tesl, Fehling’s test and Tollen's lest are given by aldehydes only. So, the carbonyl compounds which take part in 2,4-ONP test as well as give positive Fehling test, Schiff's test and Tollen's test contain akiehydic croup while ketones give negative results in the above tests Le, Schiff test, Fehling's test and Toller’s test. Proparation of Fohling’s Reagent: Fehling Reagent is 2 mixlure of freshly prepared Fehling solution A and Febling solution B. Fehiing solution Ais an aqueous solution of copper sulphate while Fehling solution B is an alkaline solution of sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle's salt) We mix the two solution just before the reaction as Fehling reagent (mixture) is not stable while seperately Fehling A and B are quite stable. Febling reagent (mixture) contains complex of copper with tartarate fons as folows. ‘Copper trtrate complex Cupric ions oxidises aldehydes into carboxylic acid and orange red precipitate of Cu,0 Is formed while the ketones remain unaffected. The important paint to note here that aromatic sldshydes do not gve positive Fehling Tost. RCHO + 20u*" (complexed) + 0H” —» RCOO™ + Cu,0 + 3H,0 Foti’ eto Benedict solution s the modified form of Fehling solution where a single solution is used. Itis an alkaline solution ‘containing @ mixture of copper sulphate and sodium citrate (2Na,C,H,0, 11H,0}. Itis more stable than Fehiing solution and can be stored for a longer duration, Schiff's Tost Schiff's reagent is prepared by decolourising an aqueous solution of p-rosaniline hydrochloride dye by edging Sodium suiphite to it or by passing SO, gas int. Apink colouration on adding Schit"'s reagent to the compound indicates the presence of aldehyde group. Tollens' Test Preparation: In the freshly prepared siver nitrate solution (~2 %) a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution is ‘added to obtain a derk brown precipitate of silver oxide. Further ammonium hydroxide solution is added to it in drop-wise manner to dissoive the precipitate. The obtained solution is termed as Tollen’s reagent Corporate Ortice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Read, New Delni-110005, Phone : 011-47675456