Experiment-10 : Open Circuit and Short Circuit

Tests on a Single-Phase Transformer.

Devansh
Roll Number: 2206308
April 7, 2024

I. Aim
• Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests on a Single-Phase Transformer
• To use the equivalent circuit parameters for estimating the efficiency of
the transformer at various loading conditions.

II. Range of Apparatus

Table 1: Range of Apparatus

Sr No. Apparatus Type (dc/ac) Range
1 Single Phase Transformer AC 230V, 1kVA, 4.34A
2 Wattmeter-1(LPF) AC 0-250V, 0.2 pf, 0-1A, 0-30W
3 Wattmeter-2(UPF) AC 0-250V, 1 pf, 0-5A, 0-750W
4 Ammeter-1(OC) AC 0-1A
5 Ammeter-2(SC) AC 0-5A
6 Voltmeter-1(OC) AC 0-250V
7 Voltmeter-2(SC) AC 0-125V
8 Single Phase Variac AC 0-240V
9 Single Phase AC supply AC 230V

Table 2: Name Plate Details

Parameters Transformer
Rated Line Voltage (V) 230V
Rated Line Current (A) 4.34A
Rated Apparent Power 1kVA

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III. Procedure
Open-circuit/No-Load Test:
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram for OC test, with 1:1 turns
ratio.
• Slowly vary the autotransformer/variac until the rated voltage is applied.
• Note down the readings of the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter.
• Reduce the output voltage of the variac to zero and switch-off the supply.

Short-circuit Test:
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram for SC test, with 1:1 turns
ratio. It is extremely important to note that a low voltage is to be applied
to the primary winding.
• Slowly vary the autotransformer/variac until the rated current flows through
the windings.
• Note down the readings of the wattmeter, voltmeter (applied voltage) and
ammeter.

• Reduce the output voltage of the variac to zero and switch-off the supply.

Precautions
• Always wear shoes while carrying-out the experiment.
• Do not make zig-zag connections and avoid loose connections. Do not lean
on the test benches.
• Avoid placing water bottles and lab reports on the test-benches while
carrying-out the experiment.

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Figure 1:

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Figure 2: Calculations

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Figure 3: Calculations

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Figure 4: Calculations

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Figure 5: Calculations

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Figure 6: Calculations

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Figure 7: Calculations

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Figure 8: Calculations

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Figure 9: Calculations

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Figure 10: Calculations

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Figure 11: Calculations

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Figure 12: Graphs

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IV. Detailed Observations
• In this experiment (OC Test) by applying rated voltage to the primary
(LV) side and open circuiting the secondary(HV) side, reading of watt-
meter will give the core-loss and (In SC Test), by applying the rated
current to the primary side(HV) side and short-circuiting the other side
reading of the watt-meter will give the copper-loss.

• Performing this experiment Coreloss=21.6W and Copper-loss=110W

• We are using LPF wattmeter in OC test as more of magnetising current
is drawn at low power factor as the current lags more so pf will be less
and In SC test, UPF Wattmeter is used as net angle between voltage and
current is less so pf will be high.

• We have plotted the graph of Efficiency vs Load for different power factors
and in the graph there is a point of maximum efficiency there

Pi = x2 · Pcu

V. Conclusions
• Hence, we conclude that we can find the lumped parameters of the trans-
formers equivalent circuit and from that we can evaluate efficiency, Voltage
Regulation etc parameter of transformer at different conditions.
• Through this experiment we are able to measure the core-loss and copper
loss of a single phase transformer.
• Open Circuit Test is used for measuring the core-losses and Short circuit
test is used to measure the copper losses.

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