SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

GROUP 6
9th April 2024

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

WAKAMERI BENJAMIN 23/U/BET/13345/PE
NASASIRA AMON 23/U/ETE/10767/PE
MULUMBA ABBEY 23/U/BEL/204/GV
BWAMBALE MARTIN 23/U/BEL/14710/PD
NKABAGURUKA GRACE 22/U/BET/3918/PE
MUGUMYA ISRAEL 23/U/BEL/2176/PD
MUTYABA JOB PAUL 23/U/BET/14785/PE
PEPE KALE JOSHUA 23/U/BEL/14874/PD
RWOTHOMIO OWEN RAPHA 23/U/ETE/12430/PE
NKURUNUNGI RONALD 23/U/BET/2363/PE

Table 1: Table with 10 Rows and 2 Columns

Question 1.
From the data sheet;
For IC = 10mA hF E = 75

VCC − VCE
R3 =
IC
For Q1 in saturation, VCE = 0.2V

1
 12 − 0.2
R3 =
10 m

11.8
R3 =
10 m

R3 = 1180 Ω

R3 = 1.18 KΩ
R3 ≈ 1.2 KΩ

Question 2.
IC
IB =
hF E
10 m
=
75
IB = 0.1333 mA

Question 3.
VCC − VCE
R3 =
IC
Assuming at saturation!;
Value of R1 :

Vin − VBE
R1 =
IB
12 − 0.7
=
0.1333 m
= 84, 771.1928 Ω

2
 R1 ≈ 85 KΩ
To ensure Saturation, let’s take the value of R1 to
be less than that to ensure we get more than the minimum
current required for saturation;

T heref ore we take R1 = 50 KΩ

R2 should be arbitrarily high f or example
R2 = 1.0 M Ω

Question 4.
For saturation;
Assuming VCE ≈ 0.2V

VCC − VCE
IC =
R
12 − 0.2
=
620
IC = 19.03 mA
But;
IC
IB =
hF E
19.03m
=
75
IB = O.253733333 mA
Vin − VBE
T heref ore R4 =
IB
12 − 0.7
=
0.253733333 m
R4 = 44.53494482KΩ
R4 ≈ 45KΩ
To ensure that the current drawn is more than the minimum amount of
current required for saturation we consider a less resistance value that is ;
R4 = 25 KΩ

3
 Question 5.

Figure 1: with zone switch open

when the zone switch is OPEN, transistor

Q1 is OF F. And the voltage VCE measured f rom the digital multimeter is 0.125V
which is nearly zero thus transistor Q2 is in the saturation region.

4
 Question 6.

Figure 2: with zone switch closed

when the zone switch is CLOSED, transistor

Q1 is ON. And the voltage VCE measured f rom the digital multimeter is 11.999V
which is nearly equal to the source voltage thus transistor
Q2 is in the cutof f region.

5
 Question 7.

Figure 3: Bread board that is not powered(with a LED to

show whether the transistor Q2 iseither ON or OF F )

6
Figure 4: Bread board that is powered with zone switch
closed(with a LED to show whether the transistor Q2 is either
ON or OF F ).T he LED doesn′ t not light which means
the transistor Q2 is OF F when Q1 is ON VCE = 0.04V

7
Figure 5: Bread board that is powered with
zone switch open(with a LED to show whether the transistor
Q2 is either ON or OF F ).T heLEDlights which means the transistor Q2 is ON when
Q1 is OF F VCE = 11.95V

8
 Question 8.
1. Additional Input Sensors:
Introduce two more sets of sensors for the new zones. Ensure they are
compatible with the current system and can be integrated without
interference.
2. Expansion of Switching Circuits:
Each zone requires a transistor switching circuit. Therefore, add two more
switching circuits, which will include transistors, base resistors, and
collector resistors, similar to the existing ones.
3. Power Supply Upgrade:
Assess the power requirements of the additional circuits. The power supply
should be upgraded if necessary to handle the extra load without voltage
drops or instability.
4. Output Integration:
The outputs from the new switching circuits must be integrated with the
existing alarm and dialer circuits. This may require additional logic or
relays to manage multiple inputs.
5. Circuit Protection:
With the addition of more components, it’s crucial to implement circuit
protection measures such as fuses or polyfuses to prevent damage from
overcurrent conditions.
6. Circuit Board Redesign:
If you’re using a printed circuit board (PCB), it will need to be redesigned
to accommodate the additional components and ensure proper trace
routing to prevent cross-talk or short circuits.
7. Testing and Validation:
After the expansion, thoroughly test the entire system to ensure that all
zones are monitored correctly and that the alarm and dialer circuits are
triggered as expected.
8. Documentation:
Update all documentation, including schematics and user manuals, to
reflect the changes made to the system.
9. Compliance and Standards:
Verify that the expanded system complies with relevant safety and security
standards.
REPORT ON THE USE OF BI POLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTORS AS SWITCHES IN AN ALARM SYSTEM

9
 DETECTING FORCED ENTRY INTO A BUILDING

Objectives
The primary objective of this practical experiment is to understand the
operation Bi polar junction transistors as switches(mechanical) of a security
alarm system . We also look ate the characteristics of the bjts in both
saturation and cutoff regions of operation.

Apparatus
The apparatus used in this experiment includes:
• Breadboard
• 2N2222A transistors(2)
• Resistors of various values

R1 = 50KΩ
R2 = 1.0M Ω
R3 = 1.2KΩ
R4 = 25KΩ

• DC power supply (12V)

• DC voltmeter
• Connecting wires

Theory
The theory behind the practical involves understanding transistor operation
in a security alarm system. Transistors act as switches that can be
saturated (fully on) or cut-off (fully off) to trigger an alarm when a zone is
breached.

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The voltage VCE ≈ VCC when the transistor
is off(in cut off region)
The voltage VCE ≈ 0.2V − 0.3V

Test Results
Question 1.
From the data sheet;
For IC = 10mA hF E = 75

VCC − VCE
R3 =
IC
For Q1 in saturation, VCE = 0.2V

12 − 0.2
R3 =
10 m

11.8
R3 =
10 m

R3 = 1180 Ω
R3 = 1.18 KΩ
R3 ≈ 1.2 KΩ

Question 2.
IC
IB =
hF E
10 m
=
75
IB = 0.1333 mA

11
 Question 3.
VCC − VCE
R3 =
IC
Assuming at saturation!;
Value of R1 :

Vin − VBE
R1 =
IB
12 − 0.7
=
0.1333 m
= 84, 771.1928 Ω
R1 ≈ 85 KΩ
To ensure Saturation, let’s take the value of
R1 to be less than that
to ensure we get more than the
minimum current required for saturation;

T heref ore we take R1 = 50 KΩ

R2 should be arbitrarily high f or example

R2 = 1.0 M Ω

Question 4.
For saturation;
Assuming VCE ≈ 0.2V

VCC − VCE
IC =
R
12 − 0.2
=
620
IC = 19.03 mA

12
 But;
IC
IB =
hF E
19.03m
=
75
IB = O.253733333 mA
Vin − VBE
T heref ore R4 =
IB
12 − 0.7
=
0.253733333 m
R4 = 44.53494482KΩ
R4 ≈ 45KΩ
To ensure that the current drawn is more than the minimum amount of
current required for saturation we consider a less resistance value that is ;

R4 = 25 KΩ

13
 Question 5

Figure 6: with zone switch open

when the zone switch is OPEN, transistor

Q1 is OF F. And the voltage VCE measured f rom the digital multimeter is 0.125V
which is nearly zero thus transistor Q2 is in the saturation region.

14
 Question 6

Figure 7: with zone switch closed

when the zone switch is CLOSED, transistor

Q1 is ON. And the voltage VCE measured f rom the digital multimeter is 11.999V
which is nearly equal to the source voltage thus transistor
Q2 is in the cutof f region.

Question 7
The LED was removed and the voltage
VCE was measured; W ith the zone switch open VCE = 11.95V
With the zone switch closed VCE = 0.04V
Measurements matched closely with simulation results, validating the
circuit design.

Question 8
To expand the system to six zones, two additional sensor circuits were
added. The power supply was upgraded to handle the extra load.
1. Additional Input Sensors:
Introduce two more sets of sensors for the new zones. Ensure they are
compatible with the current system and can be integrated without

15
 interference.
2. Expansion of Switching Circuits:
Each zone requires a transistor switching circuit. Therefore, add two more
switching circuits, which will include transistors, base resistors, and
collector resistors, similar to the existing ones.
3. Power Supply Upgrade:
Assess the power requirements of the additional circuits. The power supply
should be upgraded if necessary to handle the extra load without voltage
drops or instability.
4. Output Integration:
The outputs from the new switching circuits must be integrated with the
existing alarm and dialer circuits. This may require additional logic or
relays to manage multiple inputs.
5. Circuit Protection:
With the addition of more components, it’s crucial to implement circuit
protection measures such as fuses or polyfuses to prevent damage from
overcurrent conditions.
6. Circuit Board Redesign:
If you’re using a printed circuit board (PCB), it will need to be redesigned
to accommodate the additional components and ensure proper trace
routing to prevent cross-talk or short circuits.
7. Testing and Validation:
After the expansion, thoroughly test the entire system to ensure that all
zones are monitored correctly and that the alarm and dialer circuits are
triggered as expected.
8. Documentation:
Update all documentation, including schematics and user manuals, to
reflect the changes made to the system.
9. Compliance and Standards:
Verify that the expanded system complies with relevant safety and security
standards.

Conclusion
The experiment successfully demonstrated the functionality Bi polar
transistors as switches(mechanical) in a security alarm system and its
potential for expansion. The theoretical understanding was confirmed by

16
practical measurements, and the system’s scalability was established.

17