UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA

PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE B.COM HONOURS IN
ACCOUNTING & FINANCE UNDER THE UNIVERSITY OF
CALCUTTA
TITLE OF THE PROJECT
STUDY OF COMMON PLANTS
(SUBMITTED BY..)
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE : KORADA
YERRANITISH
KIRTANRAO
KUMAR

REGISTRATION NO : 611-1111-0416-21
611-1111-0545-21
ROLL NO : 211611-21-0035
211-6111-2117
COLLEGE ROLL NO : 1207868
NAME OF COLLEGE : BIDHAN
Bidhan ChandraCOLLEGE
CHANDRA College
E-MAIL ID : koradanitishrao@gmail.com
kirtankumar047@gmail.com
PH NO : 9330775220
7439189541
SUPERVISED BY
Prof. Dr. Abdul
NAME OF THE SUPERVISOR : PROF.DR.ABDUL Khaleque
KHALEQUE

NAME OF THE COLLEGE : BIDHAN

BidhanCHANDRA
ChandraCOLLEGE,
CollegeRISHRA

MONTH AND YEAR OF SUBMISSION: JUNE,June,

2022 2022

1
 INDEX
SL.NO TOPIC PAGE
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

2 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE 4

3 STUDENT DECLARATION 5

4 INTRODUCTION 6

5 HOW TO GROW GUAVA INDOORS 7

6 HOW TO GROW ROSE BUSHES 8-9

7 HOW TO GROW DAHLIAS 9-10

8 HOW TO GROW BLUEBERRYS 11-12

9 HOW TO GROW FOUR O’CLOCK PLANT 12-13

10 HOW TO GROW HEBISCUS 14-15

11 HOW TO GROW SUNFLOWER PLANT 15-16

12 HOW TO GROW WOOD GRASS 17-18

13 HOW TO GROW BALL CACTUS 19-20

14 HOW TO GROW BAMBOO PALMS 21-22

15 HOW TO GROW MARIGOLDS 23-24

16 HOW TO GROW MASHROOM PLANT 25-26

17 HOW TO GROW GOOSEBERRY PLANT 26-27

18 HOW TO GROW COCONUT PALM PLANTS 28-29

19 HOW TO GROW BLACKBERRY PLANT 29-30

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost i would like to extend my deepest gratitude and thanks to
BIDHAN CHANDRA COLLEGE,RISHRA for providing me with an opportunity to explore into
such an upgraded project LIST OF COMMON PLANTS

Secondly i express my sincere thanks to my project guide Prof. Dr. Abdul Khaleque
For this steady guidance and ever so encouraging advice. His endless encouragement
motivated me to perform to the best of my ability. Moreover he was ready to provide me
with feedback which helped me to a great extent In the betterment of my work and making
it comprehensive

Also I would like to convey my gratitude and thanks to our vice principal Mr. Ramesh
kar for providing me with such a golden opportunity which will help me with such a golden
opportunity which will help Me in future for sure. The college library has also been an
excellent source of relevance material information . I am also thankful to my family and
friends whose constant support and motivation was there for me providing me with the
strength in completion of this project.

3
 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

This is so certify that Prof. Dr. Abdul Khaleque a student of B.com.HONOURS IN

ACCOUNTING & FINANCE of Bidhan Chandra College under the University Of Calcutta

has Worked under my supervision of guidance for his project and project Report with the title

the project report, which he is submitting , In his genuine& original work the best key of my

knowledge.

PLACE:

DATE:

PROFESSOR NAME: Prof. Dr. Abdul Khalique

DESIGNATION: Associate Professor

NAME OF THE COLLEGE: Bidhan College Rishra

4
 Student’s Declaration
I hereby informed that the project work with the title STUDY OF COMMON PLANTS

Submitted by me for the partial fulfilment of the degree of b.com general under the
University Of Calcutta is my original work& has not been submitted earlier to any other

University/ Institution for fulfilment of the requirement of any course of study.I also declare
that no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part has been Incorporated in this report
from any earlier work done by others or by me.However , extracts of any literature which has
been used for this report has been duly acknowledge providing details of such literature in the
references.

PLACE:
DATE:
SIGNATURE
NAME: KORADA NITISH RAO
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 611-1111-0416-21
ROLL NUMBER: 211611-21-0035

5
 INTRODUCTION
Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms with the ability to produce their own food by

the process of photosynthesis. (They are autotrophs.) Algae have historically been included

with the plants, but they are now classified with the protists. The modern definition of plants

includes organisms that live primarily on land (and sometimes in water), excluding algae that

live primarily in water.

Another distinguishing characteristic of plants is their type of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is

used to absorb energy from the sun during the process of photosynthesis. Plants have

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, while many species of algae do not have

chlorophyll b. Many evolutionary biologists believe that the green algae gave rise to the land

plants.

Plants occur in two major groups: nonvascular plants and vascular plants. Nonvascular

plants do not have specialized tissues to transport fluids, while vascular plants do have

specialized tissues. The bryophytes (the mosses and liverworts) are the only major group of

nonvascular plants. There are three large groups of vascular plants: the seedless vascular

plants (for example, ferns), the vascular plants with unprotected seeds (for example,

pines), and the vascular plants with protected seeds (for example, flowering plants). While

animals are classified in phyla, plants are classified in divisions.

6
 How to Grow Guava Indoors

The exotically sweet guava fruits sold in larger grocery stores and fruit vendors comes from a
tropical evergreen shrub or small tree that can be grown as an unusual potted plant. And it
many regions, that's the only way to grow it, as this plant is very sensitive to cold and will
succumb to the smallest hint of frost, especially when the plants are young.

Guava is a shrub or small tree with a single or multi-stemmed trunk. It has mottled green bark
and long, 3- to 7-inch serrated leaves that sit atop a wide, short canopy. The white flowers
produce oval or pear-shaped fruits 2 to 5 inches in size. The taste and color of the fruit differ
based on the variety.

In the landscape, these plants can grow to 20 feet or more in height, but as an indoor container
plant, it is kept much smaller. Getting indoor guava plants to flower and produce fruit is a hit-
or-miss proposition, at best, so the plants are generally grown as novelty specimens, much the
way an indoor orange or fig tree is grown.

Botanical Name Psidium guajava

Common Name Guava

Plant Type Broadleaf evergreen shrub or tree

Mature Size 4–20 feet (indoor plants will be smaller)
Sun Exposure Full sun
Soil Type Rich, well-draining soil
Soil pH 4.5 to 7.0 (acidic to neutral)
Bloom Time Usually spring
Flower Color White
Hardiness Zones 9–11 (USDA)
Native Area Caribbean, Central and South America

7
 How to Grow Rose Bushes

Rose bushes (Rosa spp.) have a reputation for being finicky plants, but some of this may stem
from rose lovers' obsession with perfection—producing the ultimate blooms each season. In
reality, roses are pretty tough survivors and will thrive with little to no care. But it certainly is
true that roses like a little pampering and will reward your extra efforts with vigorous growth
and spectacular flowers. Well-maintained plants also tend to have fewer of the common rose
problems, such as mildew or winter damage. For most roses, spring is the most important time
for tending to roses, getting them in ship shape for the growing—and blooming—season.

Botanical Name Rosa spp.

Common Name Rose
Plant Type Deciduous shrub
Mature Size 6 inches to 20 feet in height and width
Sun Exposure Full sun
Soil Type Loamy, well drained
Soil pH Slightly acidic to neutral (6.5 to 6.8)
Bloom Time Spring, summer, fall
Flower Colour White, red, pink, yellow, orange
Hardiness Zones 2 to 11, depending on type; USDA
Native Area Europe, Asia, North America
Light

While roses like six hours of sun per day, it does matter what part of the day those six hours
come from. Six hours of morning sun is preferable to six hours of afternoon sun, for two
reasons. First of all, rose foliage prefers to be dry. The quicker the dampness from the night is
burned off the foliage, the less likely disease is to become a factor. Second, afternoon sun is
often excessively hot. Roses profit from some afternoon shade.

Soil

Roses grow best in loamy, well drained soil with a pH ranging from 6.5 to 6.8. When
improving the soil through the use of soil amendments, do not forget to promote drainage by

8
incorporating peat moss. Regardless of the season of the year, apply 2 or 3 inches
of mulch over the soil around rose bushes.

Water

Roses need a lot of water, but how much is a lot will vary. Typically, it is best to water roses
twice a week—and to water them thoroughly. It's better to water deeply twice per week than
to water less deeply more often.

Avoid late-evening watering, which can foster powdery mildew, a very common disease
among rose plants. By watering at the end of the day, you are not giving the sunlight a chance
to dry things out before night falls. The result is that moisture hangs around all night, creating
optimal conditions for powdery mildew.

For the same reason, avoid watering roses from above. Getting the leaves wet will only invite
an infestation of powdery mildew. Instead, apply the water at ground level.

How to Grow and Care for Dahlias

Dahlias are late-season bloomers. They bloom from mid-summer through the first frost and are
available in a vast array of colors, patterns, sizes, and flower forms. Plant size ranges from
compact border varieties to species that have plate-sized blossoms atop 6-foot plants. Despite
this diversity, most dahlias grow on long, erect stems that give the blooms room to show off.
Native to Mexico and Central America, dahlias boast over 20,000 cultivars and 30 species and
are the prized darlings of plant breeders and florists alike. However, pet lovers beware, as this
species of flower is toxic to both dogs and cats.

This plant is a native perennial only in tropical climates and is considered an annual in zones
lower than 8. For this reason, Dahlias can be temperamental and fussy about their growing
conditions, yet many of the newer cultivars are more reliable and easy-growing.

9
 Common Name Dahlia
Botanical Name Dahlia spp.
Family Asteraceae
Plant Type Perennial
Mature Size 1-6 ft. tall, and 1-3 ft. wide
Sun Exposure Full
Soil Type Loamy, well-drained
Soil pH Neutral, acidic
Bloom Time Summer, fall
Flower Color Red, pink, orange, yellow, purple, white
Hardiness Zones 8-10 (USDA)
Native Area North America, Central America
Toxicity Toxic to dogs and cats2
Light

In order to produce abundant blooms, dahlias require full sun, preferably at least 6 to 8 hours
a day. In climates more similar to their native growing zone (USDA zones 8 and up) this
plant will benefit from shade midafternoon, when the sun is especially hot.

Soil

Dahlias prefer rich, loamy soil that contains plenty of organic matter and drains well. If your
backyard soil tends towards a denser clay, add in sand, peat moss, or manure to loosen the
soil texture for better drainage. Dahlias thrive in a neutral soil pH of around 6.5

Water

Plant dahlia tubers in the spring, and then let nature take its course until sprouting occurs. Do
not water dahlia tubers until green growth shows above the surface. They will not need water
before their root system develops.

Once sprouted, water your dahlias once or twice a week. Make sure to water deeply, as large
tubers may be planted six inches deep. If summer days are especially hot and dry, you may
need to water more frequently and never let the soil dry out.

10
 How to Grow Blueberries

Blueberries include several species of flowering, fruiting shrubs within the Vaccinium genus,
all native to North America. Relatives within the Vaccinium genus include the bilberry,
cranberry, huckleberry, and lingonberry.

Blueberry bushes have pointed, oblong leaves that are leathery to the touch and turn a
brilliant red color in the fall. The flowers appear in clusters of small, white, bell-shaped
blooms in the late spring, leading to deliciously edible berries that ripen from green to a deep
purple-blue.

When to Plant
When selecting blueberry bushes, the best choice is bare-root plants that are two to three
years old. Older plants suffer more transplant shock and will take a few years to begin
producing large harvests. Blueberry bushes are generally planted in the early to mid-spring.
In USDA Hardiness Zones 6 and higher, they also can be planted in the late fall.

Light

Blueberry plants need full sun to grow and fruit well. This means at least six to eight hours of
direct sunlight on most days.

Soil

Blueberries must be grown in very acidic soil with a soil pH in the range of 4.0 to 5.2.1 They
also grow best in soil that's rich in organic matter. If your garden has heavy clay soil,
blueberries will fare better in raised beds where you can control the soil composition and pH.
Sandy soil is preferable to dense clay.

Water

Be sure the plants get a deep watering at least once per week. Blueberries are shallow-rooted
and need at least a couple of inches of water each week (more during dry spells). You can
also utilize an automatic irrigation system to ensure consistent water for your plants.

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 Common Name Blueberry
Botanical Name Vaccinium spp.
Family Ericaceae
Plant Type Fruit, perennial
Size One to eight feet tall, two to ten feet wide
(varies by species)
Sun Exposure Full sun
Soil Type Sandy, well-drained
Soil pH Acidic (4.0 to 5.2)
Bloom Time Spring
Hardiness Zones 3–9 (USDA) (varies by species)
Native Area North America

How to Grow and Care for Four O’clock Plants

Four o'clock plants (Mirabilis jalapa) are bushy blooming perennials. These tuberous-rooted
plants produce slightly pointed oval leaves on branching stems. They get their common name
because of the way they bloom. The flowers open in the late afternoon, typically around 4 p.m.
or so, and then remain open until the next morning. The approximately 2-inch-long blooms are
trumpet-shaped with five petals, and they come in several colors, often shades of pink and red.
Some four o’clock plants produce flowers in multiple colors, sometimes with marbling or other
markings. This is a fast-growing plant that often sprawls in the garden. It’s best planted in the
spring.

Light

Four o'clocks thrive in full sun, meaning approximately six hours of direct sunlight on most
days. They will tolerate partial shade, though the plants might become somewhat leggy and
not bloom as profusely in locations that are too shady.

12
Soil

These plants can grow in a variety of soil types. But rich, loamy, well-drained soil is ideal.
And a neutral to slightly acidic soil pH is best.

Water

Do not let these plants dry out; water whenever the top 1 to 2 inches of soil becomes dry. But
avoid overwatering, as soggy soil can cause root rot. Mulching around the plants can help to
keep the soil sufficiently moist. Plants grown in containers will generally need more regular
watering than those in the ground.

Fertilizer

Apply a balanced fertilizer in the spring, and continue to feed monthly until fall. However, if
you already have rich soil, you might only need to give your plants the one spring feeding.

Common Name Four o'clock plant, marvel of Peru, garden

jalap

Botanical Name Mirabilis jalapa (synonym: Mirabilis

lindheimeri)

Family Nyctaginaceae

Plant Type Herbaceous, perennial

Mature Size 2–3 ft. tall and wide

Sun Exposure Full, partial

Soil Type Moist, well-drained

Soil pH Acidic, neutral

Bloom Time Summer, fall

Flower Color Pink, red, yellow, white

Hardiness Zones 9–11, USA

Native Area South America

Toxicity Toxic to people, toxic to pets

13
 How to Grow and Care for Hibiscus

Tropical hibiscus varieties (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) are perfect if you live in a warm climate or
want an impressive houseplant. For those living in cooler parts of North America, opting for
a hardy variety or the shrubby rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), which are both easier to
grow and can withstand colder winter temperatures, will be the better choice. Regardless of
variety, hibiscus flowers are very attractive to butterflies and hummingbirds.

Hibiscus Care

The care you provide your hibiscus will vary depending on whether it is a hardy or tropical
variety and whether it is grown indoors or outdoors.

Light

Hibiscus love bright conditions. In northern climes, full sun is often best, but in the intense,
dry heat of the south, filtered sunlight is better. If you find that your plant isn't producing
many blooms, move the plant to a sunnier location.

Soil

All hibiscus do best in well-drained, fertile, moist, loamy soil. The hardy varieties are
wetland natives and are a good choice for sites that are too wet for other plants.

Water

All hibiscus are thirsty plants that need to be kept moist. Indoor tropical hibiscus benefit from
regular watering from spring to early autumn during the growing season. Significantly reduce
watering during dormant periods. For container-grown plants, ensure the top inch or so of
potting mix dries out fully before watering—saturated soil is also problematic, and make sure
containers have adequate drainage holes.

Fertilizer

To encourage abundant, healthy blooms with good color, feed plants with a high potassium
and high nitrogen fertilizer. Fish emulsion and seaweed extract are organic fertilizers.

14
 Common Name Hibiscus

Botanical Name Hibiscus spp.

Plant Type Annual and perennial herbaceous plants

Mature Size 3-10 ft. tall and 2-8 ft. wide

Sun Exposure Full sun, partial shade

Soil Type Moist, well-drained

Soil pH Acidic, Neutral

Bloom Time Summer, fall, and year-round in tropical

climes

Flower Color Various, including white, red, pink, yellow,

orange

Hardiness Zones 5-11 (USDA)

Native Area Asia, North America

False Sunflower Plant Profile

Heliopsis helianthoides is a mouthful, but it basically means sunflower-like. (Helios was the
Greek sun god.) And that's what these plants are. Although similar in looks, Heliopsis
helianthoides is not the same as the perennial sunflower in the genus, and consequently it's
been given the common name of false sunflower.
How to Grow False Sunflowers
You can start false sunflowers by seed in either the spring or fall. For spring, start seeds
indoors four to six weeks before your last frost date. In the fall, you can start seeds in flats or
direct sow in mid- to late August. As perennials, they tend to begin blooming in their second

15
year, so a spring seedling might not flower the year it's planted. However, seeds started in the
fall should provide blooms the following summer.
Light
These plants prefer full sun to grow and bloom their best. They can tolerate light shade,
though blooming might not be as vigorous and the stems might be floppy and require support.
Plus, they can get leggy if they don't get at least four to five hours of sun per day.
Soil
False sunflowers can thrive in a variety of soil types. They can even tolerate dry, poor, rocky,
sandy, and clay soils. However, they prefer average, well-draining soil with a neutral soil
pH for optimal growth.
Water
Although false sunflowers can tolerate drought, they do best with regular watering to keep
the soil moderately moist. So if you've had a stretch without rainfall and the soil is dry, be
sure to water your plants.
Fertilizer
You likely won't have to fertilize your plants unless you have very poor soil. Rich soil can
cause a lot of leggy stem growth on false sunflowers. So go easy on the organic matter and
fertilizer.
Botanical Name Heliopsis helianthoides
Common Name False sunflower, oxeye sunflower
Plant Type Herbaceous perennial
Mature Size
3 to 6 feet tall and 2 to 3 feet widI
Sun Exposure Full sun
Soil Type Average, dry to medium moisture, well-
draining
Soil pH 6 to 8
Bloom Time June to August
Flower Color Yellow-orange
Hardiness Zones 3 to 9
Native Area North America

Common Pests and Diseases

In general, false sunflowers don't have any serious pest or disease issues. But aphids can be a
problem for the plants, as can powdery mildew. With aphids, you might notice crumpled or
otherwise damaged foliage. And with powdery mildew, you’ll see splotches of white or gray
on the leaves and stems. Providing good air circulation for your plants can help to prevent
and mitigate both of these issues before you turn to insecticides or fungicides.

16
 How to Grow and Care for Wood Grass

Native to the prairies of North America, wood grass (Sorghastrum nutans) is a tall, bunching,
warm-season grass that is also used as feed for livestock. A popular ornamental grass, it works
well as an upright backdrop in garden borders, or as the main mass feature when creating a
natural meadow or wildlife garden. The fast-growing grass grows to be up to 6-feet tall when in
bloom, and the seed-heads add a splash of yellow-to-orange color from late summer to early
fall.

Light

The one thing that wood grass really does need to thrive is a sunny position. Without full sun
for much of the day, it won't perform to its best potential. Ideally, the grass should be
exposed to around six hours of direct sun every day.

Soil

This ornamental grass isn't particular about the type of soil it's planted in. Heavy clay and
dry, infertile soils all still usually result in a good performance if the plant has access to the
sun.

Water

Don't be tempted to water your wood grass too frequently. This can result in sprawling stems
that aren't as strong. Once established, this plant is fairly drought tolerant and copes well in
dry to medium conditions.

Temperature and Humidity

Warm-season grasses prefer a drier environment and mild temperatures. Optimum

temperatures are around 85 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit, but anything over 60 degrees
Fahrenheit usually produces decent results.
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Fertilizer

Wood grass doesn't need fertilizer to thrive. In fact, it's best avoided as it can result in the
roots becoming weak and overly long. The only time you might want to consider light
fertilization is when you're trying to get very young grass established.

Wood Grass Care

Providing wood grass gets plenty of full sun, this could be an easy to grow, relatively low-
maintenance addition to your garden. It adapts well to a variety of soils, and it can cope with
dry conditions and even occasional flooding. This plant reseeds easily and needs minimal
attention once established.

Botanical Name Sorghastrum nutans

Common Name Wood grass, Indian grass

Family Poaceae

Plant Type Perennial

Mature Size Up to 6 ft. tall

Sun Exposure Full

Soil Type Sandy, loamy, clay, well-drained

Soil pH Acidic, neutral, alkaline

Bloom Time Summer, fall

Flower Color Yellow, orange

Hardiness Zones 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Native Area North America

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 How to Grow and Care for Ball Cactus

The Parodia magnifica genus includes a multitude of showy and easy-to-grow small ball cacti.
Their round appearance is to credit for their shapely name, and they can grow in pots in clusters
up to over a foot wide. Ball cacti are moderate growers, adding about 4 inches to their height
each year. Older plants will frequently produce flowers in beautiful shades of yellow, red,
orange, or pink, and all varietals feature ridges of spikes that start white and grow to a yellow-
brown with age.

Ball Cactus Care

While they prefer a warm and dry climate, they are more adaptable than some of their cacti
cousins, able to withstand temperatures that hover around freezing as long as they're kept dry.

Light

Ball cacti like lots of light—just not too much of it. Don't let that confuse you, though—it's
actually simpler than it seems. Essentially they can take direct sunlight in the softer hours of
the mornings and afternoons but should be kept in partial shade throughout the hottest hours
of the day.

Soil

Like many cacti, the ball cactus prefers a mix of airy, dry soil. Drainage is especially
important as well, so if you're opting for a store-bought blend (cacti or succulent-specific mix
is your best bet), consider adding coarse sand, perlite, or pumice to the mixture to help aerate
the soil.

Water

Ball cacti are drought tolerant but they do like water during their growing season. Provide
regular water during the spring and summer months, but only when the soil is dry to the
touch, thoroughly soaking the soil through when you do water.

19
Fertilizer

Though not necessary, the ball cactus will respond well to fertilizer. During the growing
season fertilize with a cacti fertilizer mix and suspend feeding during the dormant winter
period.

Common Name Ball cactus, balloon cactus, silver ball

cactus, blue ball cactus, rounded ball cactus

Botanical Name Parodia magnifica

Family Cactaceae

Plant Type Cactus

Mature Size 3–12 in. tall, 3–18 in. wide

Sun Exposure Full sun, partial shade

Soil Type Sandy, well-drained

Soil pH Acidic

Bloom Time Summer

Flower Color Yellow, pink, red, orange

Hardiness Zones 9–12 (USA)

Native Area South America

20
 How to Grow and Care for Bamboo Palms

Despite its name, bamboo palms (Chamaedorea seifrizii) are not bamboo at all but are a type
of palm in the Araceae family. These tropical plants are native to Mexico and Central America
and grow naturally as forest understory plants. They are ideal houseplants that can add a
tropical feel to any room. Plus, they are listed on NASA's clean air varieties list

Light

Bamboo palms are the perfect tropical plant for medium to low-light conditions. Unlike other
palms, they do not require bright light in order to thrive. They do well in a variety of light
conditions ranging from low light to bright light, and can even tolerate being placed in north-
facing windows. Avoid hot, direct sunlight as it will burn their delicate leaves.

Soil

Moist but well-draining soil is best for bamboo palms. Soil that is porous but humus-rich is
ideal. Amending standard potting soil with peat moss, orchid bark, and perlite is a great DIY
soil mix for bamboo palms.

Water

The soil of bamboo palms should be kept evenly moist, but never waterlogged. Bamboo
palms are sensitive to both overwatering and under-watering, but it is always best to under-
water rather than overwater. Allow the top of the soil to dry slightly between waterings.

Fertilizer

Bamboo palms should be fertilized during the growing season to help encourage healthy
growth. Granular, time-release fertilizers work best. Spread the fertilizer on top of the potting
medium and ensure that you water it in. Avoid fertilizing during the fall and winter when the
plant is in dormancy.

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Pruning Bamboo Palms

These palms are low-maintenance and rarely need pruning. Consistently tidying up any dried,
brown leaves or leaf tips will help keep the plant looking healthy and attractive.

Bamboo Palm Care

Bamboo palms are popular houseplants because they are low-maintenance and they do well
in a variety of lighting conditions. They do require consistent moisture, so if you tend to
under-water your plants you may want to skip this palm.

Botanical Name Chamaedorea seifrizii

Common Name Bamboo palm
Plant Type Perennial, clustered parlour palm, reed
palm, cane palm
Mature Size 4-12 ft. tall, 3-5 ft. wide
Sun Exposure Partial, shade

Moist but well-drained

Soil Type
Soil pH Acidic, neutral

Bloom Time Spring, summer

Flower Color Yellow, orange

Hardiness Zones 10-11, USA

Native Area Central America

22
 How to Grow and Care for Marigolds

Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) are among the most common and reliable of all bedding flowers.
These cheerful flowers with warm colors and fern-like foliage are true annuals, completing
their life cycles in a single growing season. The size and construction of the blooms can vary
considerably, from tiny single-petal flowers of the signet marigolds to the large 4-inch double-
petal blossoms of the African marigolds, but all show their membership in the aster family with
flowers demonstrating the characteristic daisy-like appearance.

Light

For the most flowers and the healthiest plants, plant your marigolds in full sun. Shady
conditions will cause the plants to become leggy and to flower less profusely.

Soil

Marigolds are not fussy. Any good garden soil (and a little water during dry spells) should
keep them happy, as long as the soil is not too acidic. Keep the soil pH roughly neutral, from
6.0 to 7.0 . They also don't need a soil that is particularly rich in organic matter and seem to
grow better in a leaner soil.

Water

When you first plant your marigold seeds or plants, make sure they get regular water. Don't
leave them in dry soil for more than a couple of days. If it is particularly hot and sunny, water
new plants every day. Once they have had a few weeks to establish a good root system, they
will be more drought-tolerant, but they will still bloom best if given weekly water.

Fertilizer

Your marigolds won't need any supplemental fertilizer unless your soil is extremely poor.
The best thing you can do to keep them in flower is to deadhead regularly.

23
 Common Name Marigold

Botanical Name Tagetes spp.

Family Asteraceae

Plant Type Herbaceous, annual

Mature Size 4–48 in. tall, 6–24 in. wide

Sun Exposure FULL

Soil Type Evenly moist, well-drained

Soil pH Slightly acidic to neutral (6.0 to 7.0)

Bloom Time Summer

Flower Color Yellow, orange, white, red, gold, bicolor

Hardiness Zones 2-11 (USDA); annual in all zones

Native Area Southern North America (Mexico)

Marigold Care

Marigolds are very low-maintenance once established, and they are notably pest-free. In fact,
they are sometimes planted as a deterrent to pests that attack other plants. Marigolds can
bloom almost non-stop and will keep going all summer, until frost. To achieve that non-stop
flowering, keep your marigolds deadheaded.

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 Morel Mushrooms Plant Profile

Wild morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) are a favorite among chefs and dining connoisseurs
who crave the delicious meaty flavor. There are as many as 70 species in the genus, but the
ones more commonly gathered in the wild are the black morel (Morchella elata), the common
morel (Morchella esculenta), and the late morel (Morchella deliciosa).

Light

Morels grow in the filtered light of forests. They grow under and around deciduous trees such
as elm, ash, alder, apple, and oak, frequently appearing before these trees have leafed out.
Unlike plants, fungi species such as morel mushrooms do not make chlorophyll. The sun's
light plays a role in warming the soil, rather than helping the mushrooms grow.

Soil

It's no coincidence that groups of morel mushrooms grow around dead, decaying, and burned
trees. The nutrients released by dying trees and the leaf litter of the forest create the loamy soil
that morel mushrooms thrive in. Wood chips, wood ash, peat moss, and sand are also desirable
soil additives for growing morels. Many homeowners have success in growing morels in the
location where a tree stump is located. Or, you can mix in plenty of decaying wood chips from
an ash, elm, or oak tree to prepare the soil to nourish the mushrooms.

Water

Regular moisture is very important to a morel mushroom's growth. Your morel growing area
should be about as moist as a wrung-out sponge. Watering with captured rainwater is
preferred to chlorinated tap water.

Fertilizer

Good soil is all the fertilizer morel mushrooms need. Compost, leaf mold, wood ash,
and composted manure are all appropriate enrichments for morel mushroom beds.

Temperature and Humidity

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Morel mushrooms grow best in cool, moist weather. The quintessential spring weather of
mild days with temperatures of 60 degrees to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and cool evenings in the
40s with scattered rain and cloudy days will extend the morel growing and harvesting season.
Conversely, when the season is dry and hot, morels quickly wither away.

Harvesting

Morel mushrooms don't need to reach a certain size to achieve ripeness. Older mushrooms
are just as tasty as young specimens, but the longer they grow, the greater the chance that
weather or animal damage will occur. Harvest morels by cutting or pinching them off at
ground level. This will reduce the amount of dirt in your harvest. Store up to one week in the
refrigerator between moist paper towels.

Botanical Name Morchella spp.

Common Name Morel mushrooms
Plant Type Sac fungi (mushroom)
Size 2 to 12 inches
Sun Exposure Shade
Soil Type Well-draining loam
Soil pH Slightly acidic to neutral (6.8 to 7.0)
Hardiness Zones 4–9

Native Area Forested areas throughout the Northern

hemisphere

How to Grow a Gooseberry Plant

Gooseberries, which make delectable pies, jams, and jellies, are seldomly available fresh. If
you like the tart berries, you might want to consider growing your own. Because gooseberries
are self-fertile, you only need one plant. The short, tough, thorny shrubs are long-lived so you
will have gooseberries for years to come.

The two main species of gooseberries are European gooseberries and American gooseberries
and there are several cultivars of each. All varieties ripen between late June and mid-July.

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Light

Gooseberries can be grown in full sun as well as partial shade. In warmer climates. they need
protection from the hot midday or afternoon sun. A location that is shaded by a building,
fence, or tree is ideal.

Soil

Gooseberries can grow in a wide range of soils but well-drained sandy loam rich in organic
matter is best. Sandy soil that gets hot and dry from the summer sun and heavy clay soil with
poor drainage are not suitable. Add a 2 to 3 inch layer of mulch in a 3 foot diameter around
the base of the plant to keep the soil cool and moist.

Water

Once established, the plants only need to be watered in the absence of weekly rainfall. Water
the plants slowly and deeply.

Fertilizer

In early spring, before the growing season starts, spread one quarter to half a pound of
a balanced fertilizer such as 10-10-10 in a circle around each plant and lightly work it into the
soil. Gooseberries are also high nitrogen feeders so adding composted manure in addition to
synthetic fertilizer is beneficial.

Common name Gooseberry

Botanical Name Ribes uva-crispa (European

gooseberry), Ribes hirtellum (American
gooseberry)
Family Grossulariaceae
Plant Type Fruit
Mature Size 3-4 ft. tall, 3-4 ft. wide
Sun Exposure Full sun, partial shade

Soil Type Loamy, sandy, well-drained

Soil pH Neutral to Acidic (6.0 to 7.0)
Bloom Time Spring
Flower Color Pink, yellow, greenish-white
Hardiness Zones 4-6, USA
Native Area Europe, North America

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 How to Grow and Care for Coconut Palm Indoors

The coconut palm plant (Cocos nucifera) is characterized by a tall, gray-brown, slightly curved
single trunk, sprawling green palm fronds, and, of course, coconuts. It also loves lots of
warmth, sun, and humidity. This can be difficult but not impossible to replicate for an indoor
palm.

The palm has a moderate growth rate. Outdoors it will mature and reach its full coconut
production in around 15 to 20 years, and it can live for decades beyond that. Indoors these
palms are generally short-lived, they remain small, and they often don’t produce fruit. They can
be planted at any time of year.

Sunlight

Coconut palms thrive in full sun, meaning at least six hours of direct sunlight on most days.
Even palms found in nature can struggle in the shade, so it's extremely important that any
indoor coconut palm receives ample sunshine. Depending on its placement in your home,
consider moving your plant's location throughout the day to "chase" the sun and ensure
proper exposure.

Watering

Like many plants that love warmth and humidity, the coconut palm is a thirsty tree. Keep the
soil consistently moist but not soggy by saturating it with warm water once or twice a week.
Make sure the container does not become waterlogged, as this can result in root rot.

Fertilizer

Feed your palm year-round with a liquid fertilizer. Coconut palms are known to have several
nutrient deficiencies, including a lack of phosphorus, nitrogen, manganese, and boron. So
seek out a fertilizer blend specifically made for palm trees to supplement these losses, and
follow label instructions for the amount and frequency of fertilization.

Pruning and Maintenance

Pruning of your coconut palm is only necessary when there are decaying or dead leaves.
Gently cut these from the tree with a sharp knife or a pair of pruning shears.

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 Common Name Coconut palm

Botanical Name Cocos nucifera

Plant Type Perennial

Blackberry Plant Profile

Blackberries are sold as dormant bare roots or as potted plants. They are best planted when the
canes are dormant—generally in early spring. If you have the patience to grow blackberries
from seed, plant them in the ground in the fall. Planted from seeds, blackberry canes generally
will begin producing meaningful quantities of fruit in their second full year of growth.

Light

Sites with full sun are best for productive blackberry bushes. Some afternoon shade is
tolerated, especially in areas with hot summers.

Soil

Careful site selection will ensure a long life for your blackberries, which usually live for
about a decade with proper care. The ideal soil is slightly acidic with good drainage; these
plants do not do well in clay soil. An elevated site or raised beds will not only help drainage
but will also prevent late spring frosts from damaging flower buds. Remove all weeds that
might draw nutrients or water away from your blackberries, as their shallow roots are
susceptible to this competition.

Water

Blackberries need moderate amounts of water, around 1 inch per week provided either by
rainfall or from ground-level irrigation. Blackberries do not fare well in wet soils.

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Fertilizer

Fertilize your blackberries in the spring when plants are emerging from dormancy, using a
balanced 10-10-10 formula. Fertilize plants again in the fall with an application of manure
and compost, which will also suppress weeds and improve soil tilth.

Botanical Name Rubus Fruticosus

Common Name Blackberry

Plant Type Perennial

Size 3–5 feet

Sun Exposure Full sun

Soil Type Rich, well-drained loam

Soil pH Slightly acidic to neutral (5.5 to 7.0)

Hardiness Zones 5–8

Native Area North America, especially the Pacific

Northwest

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