Effects of Fertilizers, Manure and polythene on

the rate of elongation of the Hypocotyl.

(A Project Report)

Submitted by
AKSHITHA AJAYKUMAR

In partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the AISSCE of Class XII

2022-2023

SRI VIJAY VIDYASHRAM

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
[Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi]

Dharmapuri – 636701
Tamil Nadu.
 SRI VIJAY VIDYASHRAM SR.SEC. SCHOOL
VIJAY NAGAR, DHARMAPURI – 636701
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, Affiliation Code – 1930307)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

BIOLOGY PROJECT

Certified project work done by Akshitha Ajaykumar of class XII in Sri Vijay

Vidyashram Sr. Sec. School 2022 – 2031.

Submitted for Central Board of Senior Secondary Education examination held

in Biology Laboratory in Sri Vijay Vidyashram Sr. Sec. School, Dharmapuri.

Registration No :

Held on :

Center Code :

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Dean Mam Mrs.
Kowsalya, Principal Mam Mrs. Yashoda, Vice Principal mam Mrs. Mahalakshmi,
Coordinator mam Mrs. Tamilselvi of Sri Vijay Vidyashram Senior Secondary School,
Dharmapuri for their encouragement and for all the facilities that they provided for
this project work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into his fold
for which I shall remain indebted to them.

I extend my hearty thanks to Biology sir Mr. Pamarti Shoban Babu PGT in Biology
and Biology mam Mrs. Koteeswaramma, who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for his invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive
comments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation, which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project work.

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates and parents who helped
me to carry out this project work successfully and for their valuable advice and
support, which I received from them time to time.

AKSHITHA AJAYKUMAR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.ABSTRACT

2.MAIN OBJECTIVE

3.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

4.BASIC QUESTIONS AND ITS ANSWERS

5.INTODUCTION ABOUT THE PLANT SPECIES

6.ROLE OF THE PLANT SPECIES IN THE EXPERIMENT

7.EXPERIMENT

a) Materials required

b) Methodology

c) Observation and Table

d) Graph

8.DATA ANALYSIS

9.CONCLUSION

10.RECOMMENDATION

11.REFERENCE
Abstract
The given topic was selected by me as I found this to be a challenging
task to complete and also very important knowledge to gain from it. It is
nowadays noticed that in the pollution is increasing in our environment,
and it is extremely important for all of us to know its effects on ourselves
and the natural surroundings. Plants are the only source to purify our
atmosphere and provide food to this world. Even the carnivorous
animals are indirectly dependent on plants for their food.

It is very important for us to know the best way of living in this universe
without harming it and ultimately living peacefully. Therefore, I have
selected this topic as my project as it gives the answers to my questions.

Main Objective: -
To study the effect of fertilizers, manure and polythene on the growth of
the hypocotyl of a seed.

Specific Objective: -
Through continuous observation of the growth of plants in fertilizers,
manure and polythene the most suitable soil conditions for a typical
plant can be observed. By observing such soil conditions, the productivity
and growth of plants can be checked.
Basic questions and its answers:
1.What hypocotyl means?
The part of the axis of a plant embryo or seedling below the cotyledon
see seedling illustration.

2.What is hypocotyl elongation?

Hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis is the result of regulated cell
expansion that is under both environmental and hormonal controls. In
the absence of light, seedlings undergo Skot morphogenic
development. The cotyledons remain closed, an apical hook is formed,
and the hypocotyl becomes greatly elongated.

3.Is the hypocotyl the stem?

The hypocotyl (short for hypocotyledonous stem, meaning below seed
leaf) is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons
(seed leaves) and above the radicle (root).

4.What is the effect of rapid elongation of the hypocotyl

during seed germination?
After a seed germinates in the soil, in the absence of light, the seedling
undergoes etiolated growth, known as Skot morphogenesis, which is
characterized by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl topped by a hook
with underdeveloped cotyledons. When the etiolated seedling
perceives the light, it begins photomorphogenesis.

5.What is Epicotyl and hypocotyl germination?

Epicotyl is the first part of the plant that emerge after the germination,
where as it is important in the beginning stage of the plant life, whereas
hypocotyl is the structure that can be observed in the seedling after the
germination.

6.What is the purpose of a hypocotyl?

The part of a plant embryo or seedling that lies between the radicle and
the cotyledons. Upon germination, the hypocotyl pushes the
cotyledons above the ground to develop. It eventually becomes part of
the plant stem. Most seed-bearing plants have hypocotyls, but the
grasses have different, specialized structures.

7.What is hypocotyl and radicle?

The radicle and hypocotyl (region between the cotyledon and radicle)
give rise to the roots. … All nutrients are stored in the enlarged
cotyledons. The radicle gives rise to the roots, the hypocotyl to the
lower stem, and the epicotyl to the leaves and upper stem.

8.What is difference between hypocotyl and radicle?

Hypocotyl is the part of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed
leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root while radicle is the
embryonic root. Hypocotyl develops into the first part of the stem from
which the root will develop while radicle grow downward in the soil to
form root.

9.What is the function of epicotyl and hypocotyl?

Nutrients are stored in the cotyledon and endosperm tissue. The radicle
and hypocotyl (region between the cotyledon and radicle) give rise to
the roots. The epicotyl (region above the cotyledon) gives rise to the
stem and leaves and is covered by a protective sheath (coleoptile).
Introduction about the plant species:

GREEN GRAM CLASSIFICATION:

ROLE OF THE PLANT SPECIES IN THE EXPERIMENT:

Three anthocyanins were found in Vignaradiata (green gram) accessions

with black seed coat, but were absent in cultivars having green seed coat.
Vigna mungo (black gram) had only one of them. The same 3
anthocyanins were found in cultivars with purple red hypocotyl of
Vignaradiata accessions but were absent in the ones with green
hypocotyls. Vigna mungo with purple red hypocotyls showed the
presence of two anthocyanins.

One common to both was identified as delphinidin-3-glucoside and the

other is probably cyanidin-3-glucoside. Among the two accessions of
Vignaradiatavarsublobata examined, one was similar to Vignaradiata
accessions with black seed coat having delphinidin-3-glucoside and two
other anthocyanins, while the other resembled Vigna mungo having only
delphinidin-3-glucoside in seed coat and both delphinidin and cyanidin-
3-glucosides in hypocotyl.

Chlorophyll content of the seed coats was in the following decreasing

order: green, black, brown and yellow. Browning of the seed coat of cv
TAP-7 after storage over a year was associated with reduction in
chlorophyll content.
EXPERIMENT:

Materials required:
1) Pots- 3

2) Gram seeds – 10-12

3) Fertilizer

4) Manure

5) Polythene

6) Beaker

7) Soil

Methodology
During the Making of this project, the following steps were followed: -

• Pots, gram seeds, along with fertilizer, manure and polythene and
other materials were brought and the pots were prepared to be sown.

• Seeds were planted and watered. Fertilizer was added to the first pot,
named as ‘Pot A’. Observations were recorded for that day.

• Manure was added to the second pot, named as ‘Pot B’ the next day.

• Polythene was added to the third pot, named as ‘Pot C’ the following
day, and regular observations were made.
• Watering and regular observation was being taken for 27 days.

• After the observation of plants and their growth, observation was

compiled and data analysis was made.

• Conclusion was drawn from the data analysis for the three cases of
planted gram seeds

Observation:
Observations were recorded regularly for 27 days and the following data
was gathered: -

Number of seeds planted in

1) Pot A- 4

2) Pot B- 5

3) Pot C- 3
Observation table:
GRAPH:
Data Analysis:

According to the above observations, the following

analysis was made: -

• Due to excess of fertilizer, some plants in Pot A died.

• Due to lack of water for some continued days, some plants had dried.

• Seeds germinated in Pot C died soon because of polythene present in

the pot, which hampered their proper absorption of nutrients.

• Plants in Pot B were best grown in height and persisted for a long
time.

• Growth of plants planted in Pot A was medium all over and can be
considered as average.

• Water consumption by the gram seeds was considerably low.

Conclusion:

From the above data analysis, following conclusions can

be drawn: -

• Excess of fertilizer can be harmful for germinating seeds. However, if

used in an appropriate amount, fertilizers can be beneficial for plants.

• Growth of plants can be observed best in manure, as it is a natural

extract, and can supply better quality of nutrients to the plants.

• Presence of polythene is harmful for plants, and it hampers the

pathway for the plants’ absorption of nutrients. Therefore, it can be
concluded that pollution can be very harmful to the natural
environment and, ultimately it affects the humans.

• Lack of water is extremely undesirable when plants or trees are

growing, water and sunlight are essential parts of their nutrition and
are important in the developmental process.
Recommendation:
Through the observations recorded and conclusion drawn from the
collected data, it is clear that, planters should use manure the most in
amount for the proper growth of plants. Fertilizers are also extremely
useful for the growth of plants, but, if used in excess amount, then it
can be harmful for the plants. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer used
should be checked.
Also, pollutants, such as polythene, should be removed from the
planting area, as these pollutants are harmful for the growth of plants
and hampers their proper elongation. Also, regular watering is an
essential criterion for growing plants, because this provides them with
necessary elements and compounds for photosynthesis. At the same
time, excess of water should not be provided to the plants, because of
the probability of contamination.

Reference:

• Biology textbook, NCERT

• www.wikipedia.com

• www.google/images.com

• www.NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute).com

• www.canva.com