FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY
(BFC32501)
OPEN-ENDED LABORATORY PROPOSAL

TITLE: WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)

GROUP MEMBERS: 1. DARSSHAN RAU SUBBRAMANIAM (CF210363)

2. ABILASHINI VESPANATHAN(CF210153)
3. KAVILASSHINI AJUNAN (CF210130)
4. NUR SYAFIQALIANA BINTI ABDULLAH SANI
(AF200087)
5. NUR DANIA AQILAH BINTI MOHD
SHAIR (AF200112)

GROUP 4

SECTION 7

LECTURER: PROF. MADYA TS. CHM. DR. RADIN MAYA SAPHIRA BINTI RADIN
MOHAMED
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 .....................................................................................................................................
PROJECT OVERVIEW...................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background of Study.........................................................................................................3
1.2 Problem Statement............................................................................................................ 4
1.3 Objective........................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 .....................................................................................................................................
LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................5
2.1 Water Quality Index (WQI)...............................................................................................5
2.2 Formula and Calculation................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Parameters......................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)............................................................................8
2.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)....................................................................... 8
2.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)............................................................................................ 9
2.3.4 Acidic and Alkaline (pH)...........................................................................................9
2.3.5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS)................................................................................... 10
2.3.6 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N).............................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................
12
3.1 Location...........................................................................................................................12
3.3 Sampling Plan................................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Analytical Method...........................................................................................................13
3.4.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)..........................................................................13
3.4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)..................................................................... 14
3.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO).......................................................................................... 15
3.4.4 Acidic and Alkaline (pH).........................................................................................15
3.4.5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS)................................................................................... 15
3.4.6 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N).............................................................................. 16
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................
 CHAPTER 1

PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.1 Background of Study

Water is one of the most important natural resources, but it is not always available,
available or of good quality. Inadequate disposal of stormwater chemical waste, outdated septic
systems and numerous past land disturbances exacerbate current issues with the quality and
availability of our water supply. The field of hydrology was developed to understand Earth's
complex water system and to address questions about water quantity and quality. Surface water
quality has a significant impact on urban and suburban settlement development. Urban
communities always grow near clusters of surface waterways and geographic structures. Water
provides many benefits, including drinking water, water for irrigation of farmland, food for
survival, and a pleasant environment for sports and entertainment.

It is difficult to understand the combined influence of the many different components that
determine water quality, and it is difficult to categorize the important measures used in
quantitative assessment of the state of water resources. Therefore, the Water Quality Index (WQI)
was designed as a mathematical tool that can greatly reduce complex water quality data sets and
provide a single categorical value that describes the degree of pollution or the water quality status
of a body of water. In addition, the WQI is a simple, dimensionless number that provides a
summary picture of the overall water quality status by averaging the observed values of several
selected parameters such as pH, nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and heavy metals (Abbassi, 2012)
1.2 Problem Statement

The lake is one of the most productive, diverse and interconnected aquatic ecosystems in the
world. They are important freshwater resources that contain many aquatic species of plants and
animals that are threatened or endangered. Several factors influence the types of life these water
resources can support, including the water quality of these resources (Qureshimatva et al., 2015).
Municipal and industrial waste discharges, agricultural runoff, rock weathering, soil leaching,
and mining are common sources of surface water pollutants (Bhat et al., 2014). In addition to
endangering aquatic life, deteriorating surface water quality can affect groundwater quality,
which in turn affects human health (Watts et al., 2019). Therefore, it is essential to periodically
monitor the health of these valuable natural resources by assessing their physical, chemical and
biological properties.

The health of the environment and people's way of life depend on monitoring water quality. In
this study, the lake in front of the UTHM FKEE building was chosen because it is easily
accessible and is one of the lakes where students prefer to do activities at UTHM. The WQI in
this study will use six parameters, namely BOD, DO, COD, Ph and NH3-N.

1.3 Objectives

i. To evaluate the FKEE lake's water quality in UTHM.

ii. To determine if the water in the FKEE UTHM lake, as measured by the Water
Quality Index, is appropriate for the ecosystem in the area (WQI).
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Water Quality Index

The Water Quality Index, or WQI provides a numerical representation of the overall quality of
water for any purpose. It is characterized as a score that reflects the combined impact of several
water quality criteria that were taken into account while calculating the Water Quality Index
(WQI). The indices are among the best tools for informing the public, policymakers, and those in
charge of managing water quality. The intended use of water determines the relative relevance of
several factors in the construction of the water determines the relative relevance of the several
factors in the construction of the water quality index. The main consideration is if it is fit for
human consumption.
The classification of rivers into Classes I, IIA, IIB, III, IV, or V based on the WQI was
done using data on water quality to establish if the water was clean, slightly polluted, or
polluted (Bao,2010).

2.2 Formula and Calculation

Class
Parameter Unit I IIA IIB III IV V
Ammoniacal mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 >2.7
Nitrogen
Biochemical Oxygen mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 >12

Chemical Oxygen mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 >100

Demand

Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 7 5-7 5-7 3-5 <3 <1

PH 6.5-8.5 6-9 6-9 5-9 5-9 -

Total Suspended mg/l 25 50 50 150 300 300
Solid
 Table 2 : Water classes and uses (DOE,2022)
Class Uses
I Conversation of natural environment.
Water supply I – Practically no treatment necessary.
Fishery I – Very sensitive aquatic species.
IIA Water supply II – Conventional treatment required.
Fishery II – Sensitive aquatic species.
IIB Recreational use with body contact
III Water Supply III-Extensive treatment required
Fishery III- Common, of economic value and tolerant species; livestock
drinking
IV Irrigation
V None of above

DOE Water Quality Classification Based On Water Quality Index

Subindex and Water Quality Index Index range

Clean Slightly polluted Polluted

BOD 91-100 80-90 0-79

NH3-N 92-100 71-91 0-70

TSS 76-100 .70-75 0-69

WQI 81-100 60-80 0-59

The water quality index was calculated by entering the lab data intoWQI equation as equation (1)
to calculate Water Quality Index.
𝑊𝑄𝐼 = 0.22𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑂 + 0.19𝑆𝐼𝐵𝑂𝐷 + 0.161𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑂𝐷 + 0.15𝑆𝐼𝐴𝑁 + 0.16𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑆
+ 0.12𝑆𝐼𝑝𝐻 … … … (1)

where :
SIDO = Subindex DO (% saturation)
SIBOD = Subindex BOD
SICOD = Subindex COD
SIAN = Subindex NH3-N
SISS = Subindex SS
SIpH = Subindex pH

Equations in table below is used to determine the subindex (SI) where there are specific subindex
for each parameter with a corresponding range of allowed values.

Table 4: Best-fit equation for estimating the values of each subindex.

2.3 Parameters
Generally, the six parameters which are used to analyse the Water Quality Index (WQI) are
chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO),
pH and total suspended solids (TSS) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N).
2.3.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The capacity of water to consume oxygen during the breakdown of organic materials in the water
is measured by the term "chemical oxygen demand," or COD. To put it another way, it's the
quantity of oxygen required to oxidise the organic material contained in a given volume of water.
Indirect measurement of contaminants (organics) in a water sample is done using COD analysis.
It is a crucial factor in determining the quality of water, lowering the danger to both humans and
the environment. A sealed bottle containing a nutrient solution and microorganisms is added to
for the test, which subsequently calls for incubation the container at a specified temperature for a
predetermined period of time. At the conclusion of the incubation time, the bacteria' oxygen
consumption is measured and utilised to determine the BOD value. Compared to the BOD test,
which takes 5 days, the COD test may be completed in 3 hours. The COD test is easier, faster,
and more accurate to perform since microorganisms oxidise the substrate just as fully as a
chemical oxidizer does. Hence, the value of COD is higher than the value of BOD.

2.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The BOD is an empirical test to estimate the amount of oxygen consumed during an incubation
period (typically five days) for the oxidation of inorganic matter and the biochemical breakdown
of organic matter (carbonaceous demand) (e.g., sulphides and ferrous iron). BOD, also known as
biochemical oxygen demand, is another widely used indicator of the water quality that measures
the total quantity of organic compounds by measuring how those components affect the
respiration of a microbial biomass. The so-called BOD-5 (or BOD5) method, which dates back
to 1908, analyses the oxygen consumption of a sample at 20 °C over 5 days in the dark by
aerobic bacteria that are purposefully added to the water sample in a closed container. Nowadays,
an oxygen sensor implanted in the headspace measures the rate of oxygen absorption. Although
the BOD-5 levels for the various waters may be precisely tested to meet legal requirements, the
index is useless for early warning of environmental damage.

A BOD level of 12 mg/L is considered to be excellent. The water supply contains less organic
waste. BOD levels of 35 mg/L or less are considered to be relatively clean and suitable for
aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen is the unit of measurement for oxygen (DO). Dissolved oxygen
levels drop when more oxygen is used than is created, which can cause some sensitive animals to
seek shelter, get weak, or even perish.
2.3.3. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the quantity of oxygen that is dissolved in the water, or the amount of
oxygen that is accessible to live aquatic creatures. Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important
indicators of water quality. We can learn a lot about the water quality of a stream or lake by
measuring the quantity of dissolved oxygen present. Although oxygen is present in water
molecules, aquatic species that live in natural waterways do not require this oxygen. Water really
has some oxygen dissolved in it, up to 10 molecules of oxygen per million of water.

In locations where groundwater discharge into streams makes up a significant component of

streamflow, oxygen reaches streams primarily through groundwater discharge. Fish and
zooplankton both breathe this dissolved oxygen, which is essential for their survival. Dissolved
oxygen is important to most aquatic organisms need oxygen to survive and to grow. Some
species requires high DO such as trout and stoneflies and also other species like catfish, worms
and dragonflies do not require high dissolved oxygen. In case if there is not enough oxygen in
water, there will be some disadvantages happen such as reduction in growth. Failure of eggs or
larvae to survive is also one of the disadvantages. These change in species present.

2.3.4 ACIDIC AND ALKALINE (pH)

Similar to temperature, pH is an established value based on a specified scale. pH stands for

power of hydrogen. This means that the pH of water cannot be measured physically as a
concentration or a quantity. Instead, it is a number between 0 and 14 that indicates, on a
logarithmic scale, how acidic or basic a body of water is 1. The more acidic the water is, the
lower the value. The more fundamental it is, the higher the number. Seven is regarded as the
neutral pH. Because of the logarithmic scale, any number below 7 is 10 times more acidic than
the one before it. Similar to how each number above seven is ten times more fundamental than
the one before it.

An acid is a chemical that, when introduced to pure water, will cause the pH to fall. A base is a
material that will similarly raise the pH of water. As an acid or base dissolves in water, a
hydrogen ion (H+) is released, and a hydroxyl ion (OH-) is released when a base dissolves in
water. The definitions of "alkaline" and "basic" are similar. A basic substance is any compound
that raises the pH of water while lowering the hydrogen ion concentration. pH values are
reported as a number between 0 and 14 as a standard pH unit. Aquatic creatures will perish if the
pH of the water is either too high or too low. The solubility and toxicity of chemicals and heavy
metals in water can also be impacted by pH 12. While certain aquatic organisms may survive in
water with pH values outside of this range, most prefer a pH range of 6.5 to 9.0. Apart from this
range, either upwards or below, pH levels can stress animal systems and lower hatching and
survival rates. The death rates increase with increasing distance from the ideal pH range.
Changes in pH have a greater
impact on species that are more sensitive to them.

2.3.5 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS)

Total suspended solids also stands as TSS. Sand, silt, and plankton are all examples of TSS since
they are all floating or "suspended" in water. The organic particles discharged into the water
when some water sources are polluted by dead plants or animals are often suspended solids.
Although some silt will sink to the bottom of a body of water, other TSS may float to the top or
hang suspended somewhere in the middle.

The turbidity or cloudiness of water is frequently linked to total suspended solids values. Light
from the sun will not easily pass through the water if the TSS is high and the water is murky,
making it difficult for plants and algae to grow. As a result, oxygen production and productivity
will affect the number of plants and animals a lake or river.

The Total Suspended Solid in wastewater can be accurately calculated by using a TSS sensor or
monitor. Because the sample must be filtered, TSS are typically measured in the laboratory from
a water sample. In wastewater or drinking water, high total suspended solids can have an impact
on human health as well as the environment.

When it comes to the quality of the water, high TSS may lead to an increase in water temperature
and a decrease in the natural levels of dissolved oxygen in the water. Depending on the situation,
total suspended solids in drinking water may also have an impact on human health. Algae and
bacteria, for instance, may irritate the gastrointestinal tract, while metals and other pollutants
may cause serious health effects or even death. Sand and silt, two common TSS, may not be
harmful to health but may cause problems with the plumbing, fittings, and water-based
appliances in the home.

2.3.6 AMMONIACAL NITROGEN (NH3-N)

Ammonia is one of many nitrogen compounds found in aquatic environments. Ammonia, on the
other hand, has direct and harmful effects on aquatic life, unlike other forms of nitrogen, which,
when present in high concentrations, can result in nutrient over-enrichment of a water body and
adverse effects on aquatic life. Ammonia is the preferred nutrient for plant growth that contains
nitrogen. Bacteria can turn ammonia into nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3), which plants use.
Nitrate and alkali are the most widely recognized types of nitrogen in sea-going frameworks. In
unpolluted waters, nitrate dominates. When other nutrients, such as phosphate, are abundant,
nitrogen may play a significant role in regulating algal growth. Phosphate may inhibit algal
growth rather than nitrogen if it is scarce. Animals excrete ammonia during plant and animal
decomposition, which returns nitrogen to the aquatic system. Ammonia is one of the most
significant pollutants due to its toxic nature, which can result in decreased growth and
reproduction or even death. Fish and other aquatic creatures are extremely toxic to the neutral,
unionized form.

Ammonia is analyzed by chemical titration. The method used in most test kits is called the
salicylate method. The total ammonia nitrogen concentrations in ponds fluctuate gradually. They
tend to rise as feeding rates and culture periods progress. Non ionized smelling salts change day
to day as pH and water temperature increment and abatement in light of contributions of sun
oriented radiation. Non-ionized ammonia and ammonium are not distinguished by the majority
of ammonia nitrogen analytical techniques. A table that shows how much non-ionized ammonia
is present in relation to temperature and pH is needed to estimate the non-ionized ammonia
concentration. Books on aquaculture water quality typically include such tables.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 LOCATION
The water sample was collected at University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), which is
known as the lake that served as the catchment area and is connected to the neighboring blocks
drainage of the commonly used by people in this area.

Figure 1: The location of water sample at FKEE Lake UTHM

3.2 SAMPLING PLAN

After choosing the site of the FKEE Lake, water samples will be taken from the lake to
determine the quality of the water and stream in the lake as well as pertinent information on
environmental factors. BOD, COD, DO, pH, TSS, and NH3-N are the six factors that must be
tested for and data from which must be gathered in order to finish this study. Water sampling
analysis can be done using APHA 1060 standard techniques. (Gandaseca et al., 2016).
There is a few equipment that requires to use when sampling:
• Sampling bottle

• Gloves

• Marker pen

• Masking tape

• Face mask

The tools were ready in accordance with the inventory above. The PTFE container was
then filled with 100 mL of water after being rinsed three times with distilled water while wearing
 mitts to avoid any deadly accidents from occurring during the laboratory procedure. Masking
tape was used to mark the place, date, and time.
The facility must conduct compliance testing and have sufficient paperwork to back this
assertion, and sample water must be evaluated within 15 minutes of collection so that it can be
stored properly. Depending on the ingredients, matrix, and sort of sample being evaluated, the
water sample is kept, and each measure will require a different method of observation.

3.3 ANALYTICAL METHOD

The microbiological assessment of freshwater focuses on determining the water's

hygienic status, and the variables used to identify water quality include pH, Total Suspended
Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Ammonia Nitrogen. (AN). These metrics are found using a variety
of techniques, such as laboratory research and monitoring

3.3.1 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

(COD) APPARATUS:
Tube rack, culture tube with cap, reflux apparatus which is Erlenmeyer flask, condenser and hot
plate, magnetic stirrer, burette, burette stand and white porcelain evaporating dish.

REAGENTS:
Standard potassium dichromate solution (K₂Cr₂O₇), sulfuric acid reagent (H₂SO₄), ferroin
indicator solution, standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) and mercuric sulfate (HgSO₄).

PROCEDURE:
For reactor digestion procedure

1. The COD Digester at 150 ° was preheated.

2. The sample and blank vial was prepared. The cap was removed from a vial. Hold the vial at an angle of 45
degrees. A clean pipet is used to add 2.00 mL of sample to the vial. For 250–15,000 mg/L vials: A
TenSette Pipet is used to add 0.20 mL of sample to the vial.
3. The vials were closed tightly and were held by the cap. Invert gently several times to mix.
4. The vials were put in the preheated DRB200 reactor. Close the lid. Press start, and heat for 2 hours.
3.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) APPARATUS
DO meter, 300 mL BOD bottles, Incubator that capable of maintaining 20 +/- 1°C, 250 ml
graduated cylinders, 100 ml graduated cylinders, 25 ml measuring pipettes, 10 ml measuring
pipettes, 100 ml beaker, 1000 ml beaker, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, burette graduated to 0.1 ml,
dilution water bottle, pipette bulb equipment for pH measurements and magnetic stirrer.

PROCEDURE
The sample water is filled 300mL in BOD bottles to be tested or dilution (distilled or deionized
water) and various amounts of the wastewater sample are added to reflect different dilutions. One
of the bottles will be filled only with dilution water as a control of DO meter, which use to
measure the initial dissolved oxygen concentration in each bottle. This concentration is at least
8.0 mg/L. Each bottle is placed into a dark incubator at 20°C for five days. Final dissolved
oxygen concentration is measured after five days by using the DO meter, which ideally will be a
reduction of at least 4.0 mg/L. The final DO read then subtract from the initial DO reading and
the result is the BOD concentration. The BOD concentration reading is multiplied by the dilution
factor, if the wastewater sample required dilution.
3.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
APPARATUS
Dissolved oxygen probe meter, distilled water, 250 ml beaker and water sample.
PROCEDURE
The experiment's equipment is ready, and the dissolve oxygen probe metre is turned on. The
probe is gently blotted dry after being rinsed with distilled water. The probe tip will insert into
the water sample after enough water sample had been added to the beaker, but it is not
completely submerged. The probe then gently move in the water sample to ensure a steady flow
of water through the membrane and to obtain a consistent result on the metre. Then, the
temperature and metre readings are noted.

3.3.4 Acidic and Alkaline

(pH) APPARATUS
pH meter, pH electrodes, distilled water, 250 ml beaker and water sample
PROCEDURE
The reference electrode's side hole is made visible by sliding up the rubber sleeve after the
protective rubber cap has been removed. Both electrodes are cleaned with distilled water and
dried with absorbent paper. The sample is poured into the tiny beaker and the electrode tips are
immersed in the sample to a depth of 2 cm. The walls and base of the beaker are at least 1 cm
away from the electrodes. The temperature of the water sample is determined, and the dial is
adjusted to reflect that temperature. The pH metre is turned on and the measurement is obtained
since it was time to check the pH of the water. The pH reading will be taken once the needle has
stopped moving. The electrodes are then taken out of the sample and the pH metre is stopped. In
this instance, the sample is removed and discarded. We will clean the electrodes and the beaker
with distilled water and then dry them with a clean cloth. Use a fresh sample and a different
metre while repeating the same procedures.

3.3.5 Total Suspended Solid

(TSS) APPARATUS
Evaporating dishes, desiccator, drying oven, filter paper, vacuum pump, analytical balance,
suction flask, forceps, graduated cylinder.
PROCEDURE
For 15 minutes, the filter paper is heated to dry it out. The filter paper is placed in a desiccator to
cool after being dried in the oven. The filter paper from the desiccator will be taken out. The
evaporation dish is accurately weighed and labelled. In this instance, the filter was positioned
above the base and then clamped onto the funnel. Vacuum is utilise as often as is required. The
filter is sealed to the base with one or two drops of distilled water. After thoroughly shaking the
sample, 10 ml will be applied to the filter using a volumetric pipette. We are just left with the
base after carefully disassembling the disc filter. The filter paper is dried for a minimum of an
hour at 103 to 105 degrees Celsius. The filter paper will be taken out and put into a desiccator to
cool. We
wait until the sample had cooled to the proper temperature before weighing it. Each bit of
information is carefully recorded.

3.3.6 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)

APPARATUS

1 mixing cylinder, 1 ml pipette, deionized water and sample cells

REAGENT
Nessler reagent, mineral stabilizer and polyvinyl alcohol dispersing agent
PROCEDURE
Fill the mixing cylinder with sample until it is 25 ml full. One more mixing cylinder, this one
with deionized water up to the 25 ml mark. Each mixing cylinder should have three drops of the
mineral stabiliser in it. Place the plug inside the mixing cylinder and repeatedly flip it upside
down. Three drops of polyvinyl alcohol dispersion agent are required for each mixing cylinder.
On the cylinders you'll be mixing with, fix the plug. Shake the cylinders a few times after turning
them over. Each mixing cylinder requires 1 ml of Nessler reagent, which should be added with a
pipette. Place the stopper back on the mixing cylinders. Turn the cylinders over down and shake
them around a few times. Set the timer for one minute. The empty cylinder should be used to
transfer ten millilitres into a sample well. Replace the empty sample cell in the holder at the
conclusion of the allocated time. The NH3-N concentration is shown on the screen as 0.000
mg/L when you input a value of
0. 10 ml of the sample fluid from the sample cylinder should be added to another sample
cell. Place the sample cell in the holder once it has been cleaned. The quantity of NH3-N in
milligrammes per millilitre is shown when the read button is pressed. Make sure that everything
is written down.

For colorimetric procedure

1. First, the blank sample cell needs to be cleaned. Then, the blank was inserted into the cell
holder.
2. Press ZERO, the display shows 0 or 0.0mg/L COD. Then, clean the prepared sample cell.
3. Lastly, the prepared sample was inserted into the cell holder and press READ and write
down the results in mg/L COD. If using High Range Plus COD digestion reagent vials,
multiply the result by 10. For the most accurate results with samples near 1500 or 15,000
mg/L COD, repeat the analysis with a diluted sample.
 REFERENCES

Abbasi, T.; Abbasi, S.A. Water Quality Indices; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands,

2012.Qureshimatva UM, Maurya RR, Gamit SB, Solanki HA (2015)

Studieson the physico-chemical parameters and correlation coefficient
ofsarkhej roza lake, DistrictAhmedabad, Gujarat. India J Environ Anal
Toxicol 5(284):2161–2525.
https://sarasota.wateratlas.usf.edu/library/learn-
more/learnmore.aspx?toolsection=lm_dissolvedox#:~:text=Dissolved%2
0oxygen%20(DO)%20is%20one,byproduct%20of%20aquatic%20plant
%20photosynthesis.
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt
/guidance/3110en.pdf
https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-
measurements/parameters/water-quality/ph/#p1
https://www.wwdmag.com/instrumentation/suspended-solids-
monitors/article/10939708/what-is-total-suspended-solids-tss
https://datastream.org/en/guide/total-suspended-solids-and-total-
dissolved-solids#content
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt
/guidance/3310en.pdf
https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/water-quality-standards-total-
ammonia-nitrogen/
Ariff, M. M. (2011) Malaysians paying the cost for polluted water
(Bernama News, 18 January). Available at:
http://envdevmalaysia.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/malaysians-paying-
the-cost-for-polluted-water/ (accessed 2 April 2023)
Biswas, A. K. & Tortajada, C. (2011) Water quality management: an
introductory framework, Water Resources Development
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS

Parameter Units Concentration

Chemical mg/L
Oxygen Demand
(COD)

Biochemical mg/L 100 150 200 Blank Avg

Oxygen Demand ml ml ml
(BOD)

Before 8.09 7.85 7.66 8.30 7.96

After 5 6.64 6.76 6.37 8.11 6.97

days

1.45 1.09 1.29 0.19 0.99

Dissolved mg/L
Oxygen (DO)

Acidic and -
Alkaline (pH)

Total Suspended mg/L Sample 1 2 3 4 Avg

Solid (TSS)
7 7 10 8

Ammoniacal mg/L
Nitrogen
(NH3-N)
 CHAPTER 5
CALCULATION

Sample size : 200mL

Bod of river : 150mg/L

BOD Bottle Sample Dilution Water DO initial (mg/L) DO 5 (mg/L)

Sample 100 100 8.09 6.64

Sample 150 50 7.85 6.76

Sample 200 100 7.66 6.37

Blank 0 200 8.30 8.11

BOD (mg/L): (𝐷𝑖 − 𝐷𝑓)/𝑃

Where
Di= initial DO(mg/L)
Df=final DO(mg/L)
P= vol of sample used/total vol

Sample DO-1 : BOD (mg/L)= (8. 09 − 6. 64)/(100/200)=2.9

Sample BOD

1 2.9

2 1.45

3 1.29

4 0.19
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

7 mg/l 7 mg/l 10 mg/l 8 mg/l

TSS = 8 mg/L
−0.00676𝑥
SSIS = 97. 5 × 𝑒 + 0. 05𝑥
−0.00676(8)
= 97. 5 × 𝑒 + 0. 05(8)

= 92.77 mg/L

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is to measure the quantity of oxygen used by

microorganisms in the oxidation of organic matter. In this experiment, the water sample used was
a river. The measured pH value was more than 7 and Hydrogen (H) was used to
increase the pH reading. The standard BOD measurement is at 20 ° C for 5 days and is called
BOD5. BOD takes five days to incubate because it eliminates oxygen demand and because bacteria
grow slowly after five days. The BOD of river obtained for this experiment is 150 mg/L which is
river in moderately polluted condition. River pollution may be due to river areas close to residential
areas. So, the resulting pollution like domestic waste stems from housing activities. The result
obtained for BOD5 was mg/L. Lower BOD occurs because of the possible occurrence of
oxygen producing reactions during the incubation period. In this experiment, dissolved oxygen
(DO) obtained is 6.48 mg/L and BOD is 14 mg/L so the pollution level is low. Some of the factors
that influence BOD are temperature, pH value of water or the amount and type of organic matter
in the water. Errors in the experiment occurred due to non -parallel eyes during the readings on the
9 41 graduated cylinder, the apparatus was not cleaned with distilled water before use and the dilution
water filled in the bottle was not fully filled
5.4 Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

Total suspended solids (TSS) or known as colloidal particles are the micro size particle that suspend in
water. These suspended particles are form because it not settles out by gravity. TSS is measured on a sample of
water (which has been settled) and are those particles which will not pass through a very fine filter. The TSS
value must be established since it impacts physical and chemical factors such as turbidity and dissolved oxygen
(DO). According to the DOE Water Quality Index Classification, our TSS class for the water sample is 3, which
is considered low. The obtained subindex value of 92.77 is within the range of clean water.