RMT 2023 Republic Act No.

5527 Philippine Medical LEC

2020-2021
1ST SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Technology Act of 1969 MTLB

Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics 1 211

Transcribers: HI
 Council
Outline  The council of Medical Technology Education established
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: under this act
 R.A 5527 is  Consist of 32 sections  Board
summarized into three  The Board of Examiners for Medical Technology under this
parts act

-
 Training: 3,4,5,6 and
13 Section 3: Council of Medical Technology
 Practice: 7 to 12, 20 to
26 and 28 to 29  Chairman
 Examination: 15 to 19  Secretary of Education or Director of Private Education
and 27  Vice Chairman
 Director of Bureau of Research and Laboratories of the DOH
 Members
 1 Chairman and Two members of the Board of Medical

&
Section 1: Title Technology
 Dean of the Institute of Health of UP
 “Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969”  A representative of the deans or heads of the Private schools
 An act requiring the registration of Medical Technologists, of medical technology
defining their practice, and other purposes  President of PAMET (Philippine Association of Medical
 Approved:- June 21, 1969 Technologists)
 Signed by: Former President Ferdinand E. Marcos (August  President of PSP (Philippine Society of Pathologists)
- - -

14, 1969)
Section 4: Compensation and Travelling Expenses of Council


- Section 2: Definition of Terms

Medical Technology

Members

The chairman and members of the council shall be entitled to

 An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with
the examinations by various chemical, microscopic,
bacteriologic and other medical laboratory procedure or
techniques which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study
and treatment of the diseases and in the promotion of health
in general
 Pathologist
 A duly registered physician who is specially trained in
methods of laboratory medicine, or the gross and
microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretion and
excretions of the human body and its functions in order to
diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effect of
treatment, ascertain cause of death and advance medicine
by means of research
 Medical Technologist
 A person who engages in the work of medical technology
under the supervision of a Pathologist or licensed physician
authorized by the DOH in places where there is no
pathologist and who having passed the prescribed course
(BSMT/BSH) of training and examination is registered under
the provision of this act
 Medical Technician
 A person who not being a graduate of Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology/ Bachelor of Science in Hygiene but
having passed the corresponding civil service examination,
performs the work of medical technology under the
supervision of a registered medical technologist and/or
qualified pathologist
 Accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratory
 A clinical laboratory, office, agency, clinic, hospital or
sanitarium duly approved by the DOH or its authorized
agency
 Recognized School of Medical Technology
 Any school, college or university which offers a course in
Medical Technology approved by Department of Education in
accordance with the requirements under this act, upon
recommendation of the council of Medical Technology
Education
a twenty-five pesos per diem for every meeting actually
attended
 Officials receiving regular salaries from the government shall
not receive per diem
 Chairman and members shall be entitled to traveling
expenses in connection to duties and responsibilities
Section 5: Functions of the Council of Medical Technology
Education
 To recommend minimum required curriculum
 To determine and prescribe the number of students, account
the student-instructor ratio, and the availability of facilities for
instruction
 To approve medical technology school meeting the
requirements and recommended closure to those who found
to be substandard
 To require all medical technology schools to submit an
annual report, including the total number of students and
instructors, a list of facilities available for instruction, a list of
their recent graduates and new admissions, on or before the
month of June
 To inspect and determine whether a high standard of
education is maintained
 To certify for admission into an undergraduate internship
students who have satisfactorily completed three years of the
medical technology course or its equivalent and to collect
from said students the amount of five pesos each which
money accrue to the operating fund of the council
 Formulate and recommend approval of refresher course for
applicants who shall have failed the board examination for
the third time
 To promulgate and prescribe rules and regulation of
foregoing functions

Page 1 of 4
[MTLB211] 1.01 Republic Act No. 5527, Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 6: Minimum Required Course
 At least 4 years Medical Technology Course
 12 months satisfactory internship
 Includes the following subjects:
 English
 Spanish
 Social science
 General zoology
 Botany
 Mathematics
 College physics
 General chemistry
 Qualitative chemistry
 Quantitative chemistry
 Biochemistry
 Gross anatomy
 Histology
 Physiology
 Clinical parasitology
 General pathology
 Microbiology
 Biostatistics
 Clinical laboratory methods (including hematology,
serology, blood banking, clinical microscopy, applied
microbiology, and parasitology, histopathologic
techniques, and cyto-technology)
Section 7: Board of Examiners of Medical Technology
 The board of Medical Technology is composed of:
 Pathologist appointed by the President of the Philippines
 (2) two members who are registered medical
technologists appointed by the President of the
Philippines
 The chairman shall serve for three years, one member for
two years and the third member for one year
 No member shall be allowed more than (1) one
reappointment
 The President of the Philippines shall fill the vacancy may
occur, but appointee shall serve only the unexpired term of
the incapacitated member
 Current Board of Medical Technology
 Chairman Marilyn A. Cabal-Barza
 Member Marilyn R. Atienza
 Member Marian M. Tantingco
Section 8: Qualifications of Examiners
 To be a member of Board of Examiners he/she
 Is a Filipino citizen
 Is of good moral character
 Is a qualified pathologist, or duly registered medical
technologists with a degree in BSMT/BSH
 Has been in the practice of laboratory medicine or medical
technology for at least (10) ten years prior to his appointment
 Is not a member of the faculty of any medical technology
school or have any pecuniary interest, director indirect, in
such institution
Section 9: Executive Officer of the Board
 The Commissioner of Civil Service shall be the executive
officer of the board and shall conduct the examinations given
by it. The secretary of the board examiners appointed in
accordance with section ten of Act numbered four thousand
seven, as amended, shall also be the secretary of the board.
He shall keep a register of all persons to whom certificates of
registration have been granted
Page 2 of 4
Section 10: Compensation of Members of the Board of
Examiners for Medical Technology
 Each member of the Board shall receive as
 10 pesos for each applicant examined
 5 pesos for each applicant granted a certificate of registration
without examination
Section 11: Functions and Duties of the Board
 Administer the provision of this act
 Administer oaths in connection with the administration of this
act
 Issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration
 Look into conditions affecting the practice of medical
technology in the Philippines and, whenever necessary,
adopt such measures as many be deemed proper for the
maintenance of good ethics and standards in the practice of
medical technology
 Investigation such violations of this act or of the rules and
regulations; issued subpoena and subpoena duces tecum
 Draft such rules and regulations as may be necessary to
carry out the provision of this act
Section 12: Removal of the Board
 Any member of the board may be removed by the president of the
Philippines for the following reasons:
 Neglect of duty
 Incompetency
 Malpractice or unprofessional
 Unethical
 Immoral or dishonorable conduct
 Opportunity to defend himself
 The president shall have the power to suspend and appoint a
temporary member of the place
Section 13: Accreditation of Schools of Medical Technology
and of Training Laboratories
 Department of Education shall approve schools of medical
technology in accordance with the provisions of this act.
 The Department of Health or its authorized agency shall upon
recommendation of the council of medical technology education
approve laboratories for accreditation as training laboratories for
medical technology students or postgraduate trainees. Required
fields for accreditation:
 Bacteriology
 Serology
 Parasitology
 Hematology
 Biochemistry
 Scope of activities of said laboratory offers sufficient training
in laboratory procedures
Section 14: Inhibition Against the Practice of Medical
Technology
 No person shall practice or offer to practice medical technology
without previously obtaining a valid certificate of registration from
the Board that registration shall not required of the following:
 Duly registered physicians
 Medical technologist from other countries call in consultation
or visiting or exchange professors to colleges or universities:
provided, that they are only practicing the said function
 Medical technologist in the service of the United States
Armed Forces stationed in the Philippines rendering services
as such for members of the said forces only
[MTLB211] 1.01 Republic Act No. 5527, Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 15: Examination
 Written examination shall be given by the Board in the following
location:
 Greater Manila area
 Cebu
 Davao
 Examination is given during the month of August and September
 Written notices of such examination shall be published in at least
(3) three newspaper of national circulation by the secretary of the
board at least (30) days prior to the date of examination
 Provided, that the candidate has not failed in at least sixty
percent of the subjects computed according to their relative
weights
 Failing the board exam for three times = 12 months refresher
course in an accredited medical technology school or 12-
month postgraduate training in an accredited laboratory
 Universities offering refresher course
 Centro Escolar University – Professional and Continuing
Education
 Trinity University of Asia
Section 20: Oath Taking

Section 16: Qualification of Examiners  All successful examinees shall be required to take a
professional oath before the board or before any person
 Every applicant for examination under this act, shall prior to the authorized to administer oaths prior to entering upon the
date thereof, furnish the board satisfactory proof that he or she: practice of medical technology in the Philippines
 Is in good health and is of good moral character
 Has completed a course of at least (4) four years leading to Section 21: Issuance of Certificate of Registration
the degrees of BSMT/BSH
 Persons having graduated from other paramedical  Every applicant who has satisfactorily passed the required
professions who are performing medical technology for the examination for medical technologist shall be issued to any
last five years prior to enactment of this act provided they successful applicant who has attained the age of twenty-one
meet the minimum requirements exceeding (1) one-year (21) years old
undergraduate internship or practical training  All certificates must be signed by the members of the board
and attested by its secretary
Section 17: Scope of Examination  The certificates must be displayed in the workplace of the
medical technologist
 The examination questions shall cover the following subjects with
their respective relative weights: Section 22: Fees
 Clinical Chemistry (20%)
 Microbiology and Parasitology (20%)  The board shall charge each applicant for examination and
 Hematology (20%) registration the sum of fifty (50) pesos
 Blood Banking (20%)  Twenty-five (25) pesos for each certificate of registration
 Clinical Microscopy or Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids (10%) issued without prior examination
 Histopathologic Techniques, Cytotechnology, Medical
 Ten pesos (10) for issuance of a new certificate to replace
Technology Laws, Related Laws and its implementing rules,
and the code of ethics (10%)
certificate lost, destroyed or mutilated
 The board shall charge the sum of all such fees shall be paid
Compute for the general average of the Board Exam results: to the disbursing officer of the civil service commission who
shall pay from the receipts thereof, all authorized expenses
Subject Score Weight of the board including the compensation of each member
Clinical Chemistry 78 x.20 15.6
Microbiology and Parasitology 89 x.20 17.8 Section 23: Refusal to Issue Certificate
Hematology 67 x.20 13.4
Blood Banking and Serology 96 x.20 19.2  The board shall refuse to issue a certificate of registration to any
Clinical Microscopy 76 x.10 7.6 person with the following reasons:
Histopathologic Techniques and MTL 80 x.10 8.00  Convicted by the court of competent jurisdiction of any guilty
TOTAL: 81.6% or immoral or dishonorable conduct
**No less than 50% in the correct answers in major subjects  Incurable communicable diseases
 Unsound mind
Section 17: Scope of Examination
Section 24: Administrative Investigation
 The board shall prepare the schedule of subjects for examination
and to submit the same to the Commissioner of Civil Service for  Revocation or suspension of certificates shall be conducted
publication at least four (4) months before the date of examination under administrative investigation by at least two members of
the board and one legal officer during the said investigation
Section 18: Reporting of Rating  Revocation – unanimous vote of all the three members
 Reprimand or Suspension – majority vote of the board (but
 Within 120 days after the completion of the examination, not exceeding two years of suspension)
report the result thereof to the commissioner of civil service,  If revocation or suspension is imposed by the board, the
who shall submit the result to the President of the Philippines medical technologists is required to surrender his license and
for approval certificate of registration within 30 days after the decision
becomes final
Section 19: Rating in the Examination  The suspension shall run from the date of such surrender

 In order to pass the examination, a candidate must obtain a

general average of at least (75) seventy-five percent in the
written test, with no rating below fifty percent in any major
subjects

Page 3 of 4
[MTLB211] 1.01 Republic Act No. 5527, Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 25: Appeal
 The revocation or suspension of a certificate made by the
board shall be subject to appeal to the civil service
commissioner whose decision shall become final thirty (30)
days after its promulgation, unless the respondent within the
same period has appealed to the office of the President of
the Philippines
convey the impression that he is a medical technologist
without holding a valid certificate of registration
 Any person who shall violate any provision of this act; or
 Any person or corporate body who shall violate the rules and
regulations of Board or orders promulgated by it after having
been duly approved and issued by the president of the
Philippines upon recommendation of the Commissioner of
Civil Service for the purpose of carrying out the provision of
this act

Section 26: Reinstatement, Reissue or Replacement of Section 30: Separability Clause

Certificates
 If any provision of this act or the application of such provision
to any person or circumstance is declared invalid by a court
 The board may, upon application and for reason deemed
of competent jurisdiction, the remainder of this act o of the
proper and sufficient, reissue any revoked registration
application of such provision to other persons or
certificate
circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration
 The suspension of a certificate of registration shall be
automatically lifted upon the expiration of the period of
suspension and said certificate shall be re-issued to the Section 31: Repealing Clause
medical technologist concerned upon request
 All acts, executive orders, rules and regulations, or parts
Section 27: Foreign Reciprocity thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby
repealed: Provided, However, that nothing in this act shall be
construed as repealing or amending any portion of the
 No foreigner shall be admitted to examination, or be given a
Medical Act of 1959 (R.A. 2382, as amended by R.A. 4224),
certificate of registration or be entitled to any rights and
the Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966 (R.A. 4688), and the
privileges under this act, unless the country or state which he
Blood Banking Law o 1956 (R.A. 1517)
is a subject or citizen permits Filipino Medical Technologist to
practice within its territorial limits on the same as the subject
citizen of said country or state Section 32: Effectivity

Section 28: Roster of Medical Technologist  This act shall take effect upon its approval

 A roster of medical technologists shall be prepared annually

by the secretary of the board
 The roster shall contain the name, address and citizenship of
each registered medical technologist, date of registration or
issuance of certificate, and other data which in the opinion of
the board are pertinent

Section 29: Penal Revisions

 Without prejudice to the provision of the Medical Act of 1959

as amended, pertaining to illegal practice of Medicine, the
following shall be punished by a fine of not less than two
thousand (2000) pesos nor more than five thousand (5000)
pesos, or imprisonment for not less than six (6) months nor
more than two (2) years, or both, in the discretion of the court
 Any person who shall practice medical technology in the
Philippines without being registered or exempted from
registration in accordance with the provisions of the act;
 Any medical technologist, even if duly registered, who shall
practice medical technology in the Philippines without the
necessary supervision of a qualified pathologist or physician
authorized by the Department of Health;
 Any medical technologist who shall knowingly made a
fraudulent laboratory report
 Any duly registered medical technologist who shall refuse or
fail, after due warning by the board to display his certificate
of registration in the place where he works
 Any person presenting or attempting to use as his own, the
certificate of registration of another
 Any person who shall give any false or fraudulent device of
any kind to the board of any member thereof obtaining a
certificate of registration as medical technologist
 Any person who shall impersonate any registrant of a fake or
the same name;
 Any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended
certificate of registration
 Any person who shall in connection with his name otherwise,
assume, use or advertise any title or description tending to

Page 4 of 4
RMT 2023 Republic Act No. 5527 and Its Amendments
OLFU MEDTECH Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics
Transcribers: HI
Outline
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn:
 Three amendments to  Presidential Decree
R.A 5527 1534 of June 11, 1978
 R.A 6138 of August (5 amendments);
31, 1970 (3 Sections 3, 8, 11, 13
amendments) and 31
Sections 16,21 and 22
 Presidential Decree
498 of June 28, 1974
(12 amendments);
Sections 2, 3, 4, 7, 8,
11, 13, 16, 17, 21, 29,
and 31
Republic Act No. 6138: An Act to Amend Certain Sections of
R.A 5527 also known as the Philippine Medical Technology
Act of 1969
Section 16 (Qualification of Examination)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ Has completed a course of at least four years leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
Bachelor of Science in Hygiene
➢ Graduated from other paramedical profession who are
actually performing medical technology for the last five (5)
years prior to the enactment of this act provided they meet
the minimum requirements mentioned in Section 6 exceeding
1-year undergraduate internship or practical training
❖ R.A 6138
➢ Has completed a course of at least four years leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
Bachelor of Science in Hygiene
➢ Graduated from some other paramedical profession has
been actually performing medical technology for the last 5-
years prior to the date of the examination, if such
performance began prior to the enactment of this act
Section 21 (Issuance of Certificate of Registration)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ Certificate of registration without examination to persons:
➢ Graduated with a BSMT/BSH in duly recognized schools of
medical technology in the Philippines or foreign countries
who have been in the practice of medical technology for at
least 3-years at the time of the passage of this act.
➢ Other paramedical professions who are already civil service
eligible by authority of the other Boards of profession and
who are actually performing medical technology practice for
the last 5-years prior to the enactment of this act.
❖ R.A. 6138
➢ Certificate of registration without examination to persons:
➢ Graduated with a BSMT/BSH in duly recognized schools of
medical technology in the Philippines of foreign countries
who have been in the practice of medical technology, for at
least 3-years prior to the filing of the application
➢ Other persons who having graduated from other paramedical
professions are already civil service eligible by authority of
the other Boards of profession and who have been actually
performing medical technology practice for the last 5-years
prior to the filing of the application
Page 1 of 4
LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
MTLB
2 211
Section 22 (Fees)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ The board shall charge each applicant for examination and
registration the sum of 50-pesos
➢ 25-pesos: certificate of registration issued without prior
examination
➢ 10-pesos: to replace certificate lost, destroyed or mutilated
❖ R.A. 6138
➢ Examination and registration – the board shall charge each
applicant for examination and registration the sum of 50-
pesos
➢ 10-pesos allocated for registration
Presidential Decree No. 498: Amending Sections 2, 3, 4, 7, 8,
11, 13, 16, 17, 21, 29 of R.A 5527, also known as Philippine
Medical Technology Act of 1969
❖ PD 498
➢ Section 2 (Definition of Terms)
a. Practice of Medical technology
b. Medical laboratory technician
Definition of Terms
(a) Practice of Medical Technology. A person shall be deemed
to be in the practice of medical technology within the meaning
of this act, who shall for a fee, salary or other compensation
or reward paid or given directly or indirectly through another,
renders any of the following professional services for the
purpose of aiding the physician in the diagnosis, study and
treatment of diseases and in the promotion of health in
general:
1. Examination of tissues, secretions and excretions of the
human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical,
microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic,
immunologic, nuclear, and other laboratory procedures and
techniques either manual or automated
2. Blood banking procedures and techniques
3. Parasitologic, mycologic and microbiologic procedures and
techniques
4. Histopathologic and cytotechnology: provided that nothing in
this paragraph shall inhibit a duly registered medical
laboratory technician from performing histopathologic
techniques and procedures
5. Clinical research involving patients or human beings
requiring the use of and/or application of medical technology
knowledge and procedures
6. Preparations and standardization of reagents, standards,
stains and others, provided such reagents, standards, stains
and others are exclusively for the use of their laboratory
7. Clinical laboratory quality control
8. Collection and preservation of specimens
(d) Medical Laboratory Technicians. A person certified and
registered with the board as qualified to assist a medical
technologist and/or qualified pathologist in the practice of
medical technology as defined in this act.
[MTLB211] 1.02 Republic Act No. 5527 and its Amendments I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 3 (Council of Medical Technology Education)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ Chairman: Secretary and two members of the Board of
Medical Technology
➢ Vice-Chairman: Director of Bureau of Research and
Laboratories of the DOH
➢ Members:
▪ 1 chairman and 2 members of the Board of Medical
Technology
▪ Dean of the Institute of Health of UP
▪ A representative of the deans or heads of the private
schools of medical technology
▪ President of PAMET
▪ President of PSP
❖ PD 498
➢ Chairman: Commissioner of the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC)
➢ Vice-Chairman: Chairman of the Board of Medical
Technology
➢ Members:
▪ 2 members of the Board of Medical Technology
▪ Director of private education or its duly authorized
representative
▪ Director of Bureau of Research and Laboratories of the
DOH
▪ A representative of the deans or heads of the private
schools of medical technology
Section 4 (Compensation and Traveling Expenses of Council of
Members)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ The chairman and members of the council shall be entitled to
a 25-pesos per diem for every meeting actually attended
➢ Officials receiving salaries from the government shall not
receive per diem
❖ PD 498
➢ Chairman: 50.00
➢ Members: 25.00
➢ Regardless they receive regular salaries or not
Section 7 (Medical Technology Board)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ Pathologist and two members who are registered medical
technologists are appointed by the president of the
Philippines
➢ The chairman shall serve for three years, one member for
two years and the third member for one year
➢ No member shall be allowed more than one reappointment
➢ The president of the Philippines shall fill the vacancy may
occur, but appointee shall serve only the unexpired term of
the incapacitated member
❖ PD 498
➢ Medical Technology board under Professional regulation
commission (PRC)
➢ Recommendation coming from PRC and appointed by the
president
➢ Each member will serve 3 years after appointment or until
their successors shall have been appointed and duly
qualifiers
Page 2 of 4
Section 8 (Qualification of Examiners)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ To be a member of Board of Examiners he/she:
▪ Is a Filipino citizen
▪ Is of good moral character
▪ Is a qualified pathologist, or duly registered medical
technologists with a degree in BSMT/BSH
▪ Has been in the practice of laboratory medicine or
medical technology for at least (10) ten years prior to his
appointment
▪ Is not a member of the faculty of any medical technology
school or have any pecuniary interest, director indirect,
in such institution
❖ PD 498
➢ xxx
➢ xxx
➢ is a duly registered medical technologist of the Philippines
with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology/ Bachelor of Science in Hygiene or Public Health
➢ xxx
➢ is not a member of the faculty of any medical technology
school for at least two years prior to appointment or having
any pecuniary interest direct or indirect in such institution
Section 11 (Functions and Duties of the Board)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ (c) issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for
the practice of medical technology
❖ PD 498
➢ Subsection (c) of section 11 of the same act is hereby
amended and subparagraphs (g), (h) and (i) are hereby
added
➢ (c) issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for
the practice of medical technology and medical laboratory
technician
➢ (g) to determine the adequacy of the technical staff of all
clinical laboratories and blood banks before they could be
licensed with the Department of Health in accordance with
R.A. No. 4655 and 1517
➢ (h) to prescribe the qualification and training of medical
technologist as to special fields of the profession and
supervise their specialty examination conducted by the
professional organization of medical technologists accredited
by the Professional Regulation Commission
➢ (i) to classify and prescribe the qualification and training of
the technical staff of clinical laboratories as to: Chief Medical
Technologist; Senior Medical Technologist; Medical
Technologist and Medical Laboratory Technician
Section 13 (Accreditation of Schools of Medical Technology and
of Training Laboratory)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ Department of Education shall approve schools of medical
technology in accordance with the provisions of this act
➢ The Department of Health or its authorized agency shall upon
recommendation of the council of medical technology
education approve laboratories for accreditation as training
laboratories for medical technology students or postgraduate
trainees
➢ Recommendation: Council of Medical Technology Education
❖ PD 498
➢ Department of Education and Culture shall approve schools
of medical technology
➢ The Professional Regulation Commission shall approve
laboratories for accreditations as training laboratories for
medical technology students or post graduate trainees
➢ Recommendation: Board of Medical Technology
[MTLB211] 1.02 Republic Act No. 5527 and its Amendments I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 16 (Qualifications of Examiners)
❖ R.A. 6138
➢ Has completed a course of at least four years leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
Bachelor of Science in Hygiene
➢ Graduated from some other paramedical profession has
been actually performing medical technology for the last five
years prior to the date of the examination, if such
performance began prior to the enactment of this act
❖ PD 498
➢ Has completed a course of at least four years leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
Bachelor of Science in Public Health
➢ Graduated from some other profession and has been actually
performing medical technology for the last five years prior to
the date of the examinations, if such performance began prior
to June 21, 1969
Section 17 (Scope of Examination)
❖ R.A. 5527
➢ The board shall prepare the schedule of subjects for
examination and to submit the same to the Commissioner of
Civil Service for publication at least four (4) months before
the date of examination
➢ Board may change, add to or remove from the list of subjects
or weights above, as progress in the science of medical
technology may require, subject to the prior approval of the
council
❖ PD 498
➢ The Board shall prepare the schedule of subjects for
examination and to submit the same to the Commissioner of
the Professional Regulation Commission for publication at
least thirty days before the date of examination
➢ Board may change, add to or remove from the list of subjects
or weights above as progress in the science of Medical
Technology may require, subject to the prior approval of the
Professional Regulation Commission, and publication of the
change or amendment at least three months prior to the date
of examinations in which the same is to take effect
Section 21 (Issuance of Certificate of Registration)
❖ R.A. 6138
➢ Certificate of registration without examination to persons;
➢ Graduated with a BSMT/BSH in duly recognized schools of
medical technology in the Philippines or foreign countries
who have been in the practice of medical technology, for at
least three years prior to the filling of the application
➢ Other persons who having graduated from other paramedical
professions are already civil service eligible by authority of
the other Boards of profession and who have been actually
performing medical technology practice for the last five years
prior to the filing of the application
❖ PD 498
➢ All certificate shall be signed by the members of the Board
and by the Commissioner of the Professional Regulation
Commission
➢ Upon application filed and the payment of the required fee of
115.00 the board shall issue a certificate of registration as
medical technologist without examination to persons
➢ Graduated with Bachelor of BSMT/BSPH in duly recognized
schools of medical technology in the Philippines or in any
foreign country (standard of medical technology education is
substantially the same as ours, and in addition shall have
been in the practice of medical technology for at least 3 years
prior to the filing of the application)
➢ Graduated from other professions have been actually
performing medical technology practice for the last 8 years
Page 3 of 4
prior to filing of the application, provided, that such
performance began prior to June 21, 1969
➢ Issue a certificate of registration as medical laboratory
technician without examination to any person who upon
application and payment of the required fee of 50.00
➢ Passed the civil service examination for medical technician
on March 21, 1964
➢ Has finished a 2-year college course and has 1 year of
experience as medical laboratory technician, provided, that
for every year of deficiency in college attainment 2 years of
experience may be substituted
➢ Who has at least 10-years experience as medical laboratory
technician as of the date of approval of this Decree
regardless of his academic attainment may qualify for
registration without examination
➢ Has failed to pass the board examination for medical
technology but had obtained a general rating of at least 70%
➢ Registered medical laboratory technician when employed in
the government shall have the equivalent civil service
eligibility not lower than second grade
Section 29 (Penal Provision)
❖ Subparagraph (j) of the same act is hereby amended to read as
follows:
➢ (j) any person or corporate body who shall allow anyone in
his employ who is not a registered medical technologist/
medical laboratory technician to engage in the practice of
medical technology or recommend for appointment anyone
to the position of medical technologist/ medical laboratory
technician knowing that he is no registered as such
Section 31 (Repealing Clause)
➢ All laws, executive order, decrees, rules and regulations or
parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this decree
are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly
Further Amending Republic Act No. 5527 as Amended by
Presidential Decree No. 498 Otherwise Known as the
Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969
Section 3 (Council of Medical Technology Education)
❖ PD 498
➢ Chairman: Commissioner of the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC)
➢ Vice-Chairman: Chairman of the Board of Medical
Technology
➢ Members:
▪ 2 members of the Board of Medical Technology
▪ Director of private education or its duly authorized
representative
▪ Director of Bureau of Research and Laboratories of the
DOH
▪ A representative of the deans or heads of the private
schools of medical technology
❖ PD 1534
➢ Chairman: Director of Higher Education
➢ Vice-Chairman: Chairman Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC)
➢ Members:
▪ Chairman and 2 members of the Board of Medical
Technology
▪ Director of Bureau of Research and Laboratories of the
DOH
▪ A representative of the deans or heads of the Private
schools of Medical Technology and Public Health
▪ President of PAMET
▪ President of PSP
[MTLB211] 1.02 Republic Act No. 5527 and its Amendments I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT

Section 8 (Qualification of Examiners)

❖ PD 498
➢ xxx
➢ xxx
➢ is a duly registered medical technologist of the Philippines
with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology/ Bachelor of Science in Hygiene or Public Health
➢ xxx
➢ is not a member of the faculty of any medical technology
school for at least two years prior to appointment or having
any pecuniary interest direct or indirect in such institution
❖ PD 1538
➢ No person shall be appointed as a member of the Medical
Technology Board unless he or she:
➢ … is a qualified pathologists, or a duly registered medical
technologist, of the Philippines with the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Medical Technology/ Bachelor of Science in
Hygiene/ Public Health…”

Section 11 (Functions and Duties of the Board)

❖ PD 1538
➢ Subparagraphs (g) and (i) of section 11 of Republic Act No.
5527 as amended are hereby repealed
➢ (g) to determine the adequacy of the technical staff of all
clinical laboratories and blood banks before they could be
licensed
➢ (i) to classify and prescribe the qualification and training of
the technical staff of clinical laboratories

Section 13 (Accreditation of Schools of Medical Technology and

of Training Laboratory)

❖ PD 498
➢ Department of Education and Culture shall approve schools
of medical technology
➢ The Professional Regulation Commission shall approve
laboratories for accreditations as training laboratories for
medical technology students or post graduate trainees
➢ Recommendation: Board of Medical Technology

❖ PD 1534
➢ The Department of Education and Culture shall approve
schools of Medical technology in accordance with the
provisions of this act, as amended, in conjunction with the
board of medical technology
➢ The Department of Health through the Bureau of Research
and Laboratories shall approve laboratories for accreditation
as training laboratories for medical technology students or
post-graduate trainees in conjunction with the Board of
Medical Technology

Repealing Clause

❖ PD 498
➢ All laws, executive orders, decrees, rules and regulations or
parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this decree
are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly
❖ PD 1534
➢ All those executive order, decrees, rules and regulations, or
parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this decree
are herby repealed, amended or modified accordingly:
Provided, however, that nothing in this decree shall be
construed as repealing or amending any portion of the
following:
➢ Medical Act of 1959
➢ Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966
➢ Blood Banking Law of 1956

Page 4 of 4
 RMT 2023 CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series of 2017 LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics MTLB
Transcribers: HI 3 211

➢ HEIs can use the CHED Implementation Handbook for

Outline Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) and Institutional
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: Sustainability Assessment (ISA) as a guide
• Article I: Introduction • Article VI: Required ➢ PSG is based on the K-12 basic education system and on the
• Article II: Authority to Resources new GE program
Operate • Article VII:
• Article III: General Compliance of HEI’s Article IV: Program Specifications
Provisions • Article VIII: Transitory,
• Article IV: Program Repealing and Section 5: Program Description
Specifications Effectivity Provisions
• Article V: Curriculum ❖ 5.1. Degree Name
➢ The degree program described shall called “Bachelor of
Science in Medical Technology/ Bachelor of Science in
Subject Medical Laboratory Science”
❖ 5.2. Nature of the Field Study
❖ Policies, standards and guidelines (PSG) for the Bachelor of ➢ The BSMT/BSMLS is a four-year program consisting of
Science in Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science general education and professional courses
(BSMT/BSMLS) Program ➢ 4th year level is the internship program of one (1) year in a
❖ It was adopted and promulgated by the Commission on Higher CHED-accredited training laboratory
Education in accordance with R.A 7722 otherwise known as ❖ Rotational sections for the internship Program:
“Higher Education Act of 1994” in pursuance to the outcome- ➢ Clinical Chemistry
based quality assurance system. ➢ Hematology
➢ Microbiology
➢ Immunohematology (Blood Banking)
Article I: Introduction
➢ Immunology and Serology
➢ Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Clinical Microscopy)
➢ Parasitology
Section 1: Rationale ➢ Histopathologic/Cytologic Techniques and other emergent
technologies
➢ Implementation of the “shift to learning competency-based ❖ 5.3 Program Goals:
standards/outcomes-based education” ➢ For the Graduates to:
➢ Specifies the core competencies expected of BSMT/BSMLS ▪ Develop the knowledge, skills, professional attitude and
graduates values in the performance of clinical laboratory
➢ In recognition of the spirit of OBE, the PSG allow the HEI to procedures needed to help the physician in the proper
initiate curricular innovations in line with the assessment of diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of
how best to achieve learning outcomes in their particular diseases
contexts and their respective missions ▪ Acquire critical thinking skills in medical
technology/medical laboratory science
Article II: Authority to Operate ▪ Engage in research and community-related activities
▪ Participate in activities related to promoting the
profession and actively engage in lifelong learning
Section 2: Government Recognition undertakings
▪ Develop collaborative and leadership qualities
➢ Private higher education institutions (PHEIs), state ❖ 5.3 Specific professions/careers/opportunities for Graduates
universities and colleges (SUCs) and local universities and ➢ Licensed Medical Technologists/ Medical Laboratory
colleges (LUCs): Scientists
▪ Must secure proper authority from the Commission in ➢ Diagnostic Molecular Scientists
accordance with the rules and regulations; policies and ➢ Research Scientists
standards ➢ Educators
▪ All PHEIs with an existing BSMT/BSMLS program are ➢ Diagnostic Product Specialists
required to shift to an outcomes-based approach based ➢ Public Health Practitioners
on PSG ➢ Healthcare Leaders
❖ 5.3 Allied Medical Fields: A MT/MLS graduate may practice in
the following fields:
Article III: General Provision
➢ Public Health/ Epidemiology
➢ Veterinary Laboratory Science
Section 3 ➢ Molecular Biology/ Biology
➢ Nuclear Science
➢ Follow minimum standards and other requirements and ➢ Forensic Science
prescriptions for BSMT/ BSMLS ➢ Health Administration/Management Food and Industrial
Microbiology
Section 4

➢ HEIs are allowed to design curricula suited to their own

contexts mission provided that they can demonstrate that the
same leads to the attainment of the required minimum set of
outcomes

Page 1 of 5
[MTLB211] 1.03 CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series of 2017 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 6: Program Outcomes
➢ Common to all programs in all type of Schools
➢ Common to Health Sciences
➢ Specific to BSMT/BSMLS
➢ Common to a horizontal type as defined in CMO no. 46 s.
2012
❖ 6.3. Specific to Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/
Medical Laboratory Science
➢ The graduates have the ability to:
▪ Demonstrate technical competence in the performance
of clinical laboratory tests in aid of diagnosis, treatment
and management of diseases vis-à-vis biosafety and
waste management
▪ Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking skills in the
workplace
▪ Engage in the collection, analysis, and projection of
health information for improving the health care
management system
▪ Demonstrate inter-personal skills, leadership qualities
and ethical practice of the profession
▪ Apply research skills in relevant areas of Medical
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science practice
▪ Participate in community-oriented activities
▪ Engage in life-long learning activities
▪ Demonstrate effective teaching and communication
skills
Section 7: Performance Indicators
➢ Demonstrate technical competence in the performance of
clinical laboratory tests in the aid of diagnosis, treatment, and
management of disease biosafety and waste management
➢ Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking skills in the
workplace
➢ Engage in the collection, analysis and projection of health
information for improving the health care management
system
➢ Demonstrate inter-personal skills, leadership qualities, and
ethical practice of the profession
➢ Apply research skills in relevant areas of Medical
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science practice
➢ Participate in community-oriented activities
➢ Engage in life-long learning activities
➢ Demonstrate effective teaching and communication skills
A. Demonstrate technical competence in the performance of
clinical laboratory tests in aid of diagnosis, treatment and
management of diseases vis-à-vis biosafety and waste
management
❖ Performance Indicators:
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Collect, handle and process biological specimens
properly and safely
▪ Perform laboratory testing accurately through the use of
appropriate techniques, skills and technology
▪ Analyze and interpret laboratory test data
▪ Monitor testing procedures, equipment and
professional/ technical competency using quality
assurance methodologies
▪ Operate instruments properly and perform appropriate
preventive and corrective maintenance
▪ Adhere to all laboratory safety rules and regulations
▪ Use computers and laboratory software competently
▪ Discuss appropriate and novel technology for Medical
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science application
▪ Carry out the evaluation of new procedures and
instruments
▪ Apply principles of educational methodology and
laboratory management
Page 2 of 5
B. Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking skills in the
workplace
❖ Performance Indicators:
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Demonstrate skills in quality assurance and continuous
quality improvement
▪ Evaluate the validity of the generated data and assure
its reliability before reporting
▪ Recognize errors/ problems and perform root cause
analysis to establish a course of action
▪ Apply the principles of educational methodology and
resource management
C. Engage in the collection, analysis and projection of health
information for improving the health care management
system
❖ Performance Indicators:
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Collect health information for health care management
▪ Analyze health information data
▪ Interpret health information data
▪ Contribute in designing and planning a course of action
to address health concerns and issues
D. Demonstrate inter-personal skills, leadership, qualities and
ethical practice of the profession
❖ Performance Indicators:
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Work effectively with peers, with multi-disciplinary, and
multi-cultural teams
▪ Demonstrate good inter-personal skills with patients and
co-workers
▪ Plan and organize activities
▪ Practice professionalism
▪ Practice the principles of data security and patient’s
confidentiality
▪ Exhibit ethical behavior
E. Apply research skills in relevant areas of Medical
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science practice
❖ Performance Indicators:
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Identify research topic relevant to Medical Technology/
Medical Laboratory Science
▪ Use appropriate research methods
▪ Perform the research according to plan
▪ Analyze and interpret research data
▪ Disseminate research results
F. Participate in community-oriented activities
❖ Performance Indicators
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Engage in community-oriented activities
▪ Plan and organize medical technology-related activities
in the community
▪ Apply the principles of good practice in community
service and social responsibility
▪ Implement, monitor and evaluate activities in the
community
G. Engage in life-long learning activities
❖ Performance Indicators
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Discuss trends/ developments in Medical Technology/
Medical Laboratory Science practice
▪ Participate in professional organizations
▪ Engage in continuing professional development
activities
H. Demonstrate effective teaching and communication skills
❖ Performance Indicators
➢ The graduates shall be able to:
▪ Provide proper information and instruction to patients
▪ Implement proper classroom management and
instruction
▪ Follow oral and written instructions
[MTLB211] 1.03 CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series of 2017 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
▪ Prepare correct communication materials
▪ Communicate effectively across multiple platforms 9.1.8 Research Courses (5 units)
➢ Intro to Med Lab Science Research 2 units
Section 8. Curriculum Description ➢ Research Paper Writing and Presentation 3 units
9.1.9 Clinical Internship Courses (28 units)
➢ HEIs offering Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory ➢ Clinical Internship 1 12 units
Science education may exercise flexibility in their curricula ➢ Clinical Internship 2 12 units
offering ➢ Medical Technology Assessment Program 1 2 units
➢ Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science courses as ➢ Medical Technology Assessment Program 2 2 units
prescribed in the sample program of the study shall be
implemented ❖ Summary of Units
➢ General Education Core Courses 24 units
Section 9. Minimum Curriculum ➢ General Education Elective Courses 9 units
➢ General Education Mandated Courses 3 units
9.1 Components ➢ Physical Education Course 8 units
9.1.1 General Education Core Courses (24 units) ➢ NSTP Course 6 units
➢ Understanding the self 3 units ➢ Core Course 25 units
➢ Readings in the Philippine History 3 units ➢ Professional Courses 65 units
➢ The Contemporary World 3 units ➢ Research Courses 5 units
➢ Mathematics in the Modern World 3 units ➢ Clinical Internship Courses 28 units
➢ Purposive Communication 3 units
➢ Art Appreciation 3 units At the end of the BS Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science
➢ Science, Technology and Society 3 units program, the total number of exposure/ contact hours in 1 year
➢ Ethics 3 units (internship) in the laboratory is as follows:
9.1.2 General Education Elective Courses (9 units)
➢ GE Elective 1 3 units Clinical Chemistry 300 hours
➢ GE Elective 2 3 units Analysis of Urine and Body 200 hours
➢ GE Elective 3 3 units Fluids (Clinical Microslcopy) and
9.1.3 General Education Mandated Course (3 units) Parasitology
➢ The Life and Works of Jose Rizal 3 units Microbiology 250 hours
9.1.4 Physical Education Courses (8 units) Hematology 300 hours
➢ Physical Education 1 2 units Blood Banking 200 hours
➢ Physical Education 2 2 units Histopathologic Technique and 100 hours
➢ Physical Education 3 2 units Cytology
➢ Physical Education 4 2 units Immunology and Serology 220 hours
9.1.5 NSTP Courses (6 units) Laboratory Management 40 hours
➢ NSTP 1 3 units (Collection, Handling, Transport
➢ NSTP 2 3 units and receiving of specimen,
9.1.6 Core Courses (25 units) quality assurance, safety and
➢ Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 4 units waste management)
➢ Analytical Chemistry 4 units Phlebotomy 54 hours
➢ Biochemistry for Med Lab Science 5 units Total 1664 hours
➢ Human Anatomy and Physiology with 4 units
Pathophysiology The intern should render 32 internship duty hours per week completing
➢ PSTM 2 units a total of 1664 hours for the whole year which can be broken down as
➢ Biostatistics and Epidemiology 3 units follows:
➢ Health Information System for Med 3 units
Lab Science Two 8-hour regular duty per week = 16 hours
9.1.7 Professional Courses (65 units) One 16-hour duty per week = 16 hours
➢ MLSP 1 3 units
➢ MLSP 2 3 units
➢ Community and Public Health for 4 units 32 hours x 52 weeks/year = 1664 hours
Med Lab Science OR four 8-hour duty per week = 32 hours/week x 52 weeks =
➢ Human Histology 2 units 1664 hours
➢ Molecular Biology and Diagnostics 3 units The intern shall not be assigned on a 24-hour duty
➢ Medtech Laws and Bioethics 3 units The intern shall be allowed one day off per week and one more day for
➢ Cytogenetics 2 units Medical Technology Assessment Program and Seminar in their
➢ Clinical Chemistry 1 5 units respective HEI
➢ Clinical Bacteriology 5 units No MT/MTLS student shall be allowed to graduate unless he or she
➢ Clinical Parasitology 3 units has completed all the academic and internship requirements
➢ Hematology 1 4 units
➢ Histopathologic and Cytologic Tech. 3 units
➢ Laboratory Management 2 units Article VI: Required Resources
➢ Clinical Chemistry 2 5 units
➢ Hematology 2 3 units Section 10: Sample Curriculum Map
➢ Immunology and Serology 4 units
➢ Immunohematology 4 units ❖ I – Introduction: basic concepts are merely introduced
➢ Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids 3 units ❖ P – Practice: the concepts and principles are presented with
➢ Mycology and Virology 2 units applications
➢ Seminar 1 1 unit ❖ D – Demonstrate: I + P + skills acquisition
➢ Seminar 2 1 unit

Page 3 of 5
[MTLB211] 1.03 CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series of 2017 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Section 15: Library
Section 13: Administration
➢ Separate CHED Issuance
❖ HEI offering BSMT/BSMLS program shall be administered by a ➢ Adequate library recourses, sufficient quantity which shall
full-time dean/head with the following qualifications: serve the needs of the students
➢ Filipino citizen
➢ Must be of good moral character Section 16: Laboratory and Facilities
➢ Registered Medical Technologist in the Philippines with
updated PRC license ❖ Lecture classroom requirements:
➢ with graduate degree ➢ There shall be a maximum of 1:40 faculty/Student Ratio
▪ Master’s degree in Medical Technology ➢ A Classroom shall have an entrance and an exit door (swing-
▪ Public Health out type)
▪ Education Administration ❖ Laboratory room requirements:
▪ MT/MLS related programs ➢ There shall be a maximum of 1:20 faculty/student ratio
▪ Doctor or Medicine with Masters in Medical Technology, ➢ Fully-equipped laboratory facilities for adequate instruction
Public Health, Education Administration (Educational ➢ Shall have entrance and exit door (swing -type) and a
Management, Administration and Leadership) minimum floor space of one square meter for every 1-2
▪ Other MT/MLS related programs students and a locker for every 1-5 students
➢ Has at least 5 years of very satisfactory teaching experience ➢ Rooms shall be well-lighted and well-ventilated
(MT/MLS Professional Courses) ➢ Each laboratory room shall have:
➢ Has at least 2 years managerial/supervisory competence and ▪ Continuous and adequate supply of water, gas and
technical expertise in school management electricity
➢ Must be an active member of good standing in the following: ▪ Readily accessible safety and first aid devices:
▪ PRC-Accredited Professional Organizational for • Fire extinguishers
Medical Technologist • Emergency Shower
▪ Association of Medical Technology • First aid kit/cabinet
➢ Has no teaching assignment/administrative function in other • Safety posters
HEIs
• Exhaust systems and/or fume hood
❖ General functions and responsibilities of the Dean/ Head of
• Acid resistant laboratory tabletops
Medical Technology:
➢ Administers general policies of the college/university • Eye wash
➢ Exercises educational leadership among faculty, as stated in • Sand box
Manual of Regulations for Private Schools 8 th Edition 1992, ❖ Institution shall provide the requirements for the following
Art. VIII, Sec. 41 on the Qualifications and Functions of the laboratories:
Dean ➢ Chemistry (Inorganic and Organic Chem., Analytical Chem.
& Biochemistry)
Section 14: Faculty ➢ Anatomy and Physiology
➢ Clinical Chemistry
➢ Immunology and Serology
❖ For those teaching non-licensure MT/MLS courses
➢ Blood banking
➢ Has an appropriate Masteral/ Doctoral degree in related
➢ Hematology
fields
➢ Microbiology
❖ For those teaching courses included in the licensure examination,
➢ Clinical Microscopy
the following qualifications are required:
➢ Parasitology
➢ Registered MT with current and valid PRC license
➢ Histopathology
➢ Holder of Master’s degree in MT, Public Health and other
➢ Toxicology
MT/MLS related fields
➢ Molecular Biology and Diagnostics
➢ Must have at least one year (1) clinical experience
➢ A full-time faculty member shall have a regular teaching load
regardless of lecture or laboratory classes with no more than
❖ Institution may combine the laboratories
three (3) preparations in any one semester
such as:
➢ A faculty member shall have a full-time status in only one (1)
➢ Professional Laboratories:
HEI
▪ Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Blood Banking and
➢ Must be an active member of good standing in the following:
ImmunoSerology
▪ PRC-Accredited Professional Organizational for
▪ Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Microscopy and
Medical Technologist
Histopathology
▪ Association of Medical Technology
❖ Simulated Clinical Laboratory is highly recommended
➢ In case of vacancy, substitute or replacement must be with
❖ Appropriate and safe waste disposal system
similar or higher qualifications shall be employed
➢ Employment shall be in accordance with the institutional
policy Article VII: Compliance of HEIs
➢ Probationary period according to Provision of the Labor Law
Code ❖ Using the CHED Implementation Handbook for OBE and ISA, and
➢ Every college/university shall have a Faculty manual HEI shall develop the following items which will be submitted to
➢ Pursue continuing professional development CHED when they apply for a permit for a new program:
➢ Involve in research activities ➢ SECTION 17: Complete Set of program Outcomes
➢ At least 60% of every college/university faculty shall be in full- ➢ SECTION 18: Proposed curriculum including curriculum map
time status ➢ SECTION 19: Proposed performance indicators
➢ The required number of faculty members in teaching force ➢ SECTION 20: Proposed outcomes-based learning plan
should be at least 2 full-time faculty for every 50 students (syllabus) for each course
➢ SECTION 21: Proposed system of program assessment and
evaluation
➢ SECTION 22: Proposed system of program Continuous
Quality Improvement (QCI)
Page 4 of 5
[MTLB211] 1.03 CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series of 2017 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT

Article VIII: Transitory, Repealing and Effectivity Provisions Non-Compliance with Areas of Action/s
Evaluation in PSG
Section 23: Transitory Provision 1 area Warning
Joint CHED-PRC monitoring
➢ Private higher education institutions (PHEIs), state visit yearly
universities and colleges (SUCs) and local universities and Phase-out if non-compliant after
colleges (LUCs) with existing authorization to operate are the third visit
hereby given a period of three (3) years from the effectivity 2 areas Probation
thereof to fully comply with all the requirements in this CMO Revisit every 6 months
➢ Prescribed minimum curricular requirements in this CMO Phase-out if non-compliant on
shall be implemented starting Academic Year 2018-2019 the second visit
More than 2 areas Phase out of program
Section 24: Sanctions Stop admissions with gradual
phase out
➢ Non-compliance with the provisions after due process shall
cause the Commission to impose sanctions
➢ Sanctions for MT/MLS schools shall be based on the 3-year Section 25: Repealing Clause
consolidated Medical technology Licensure examination
institutional performance and the outcome of the monitoring ➢ Supersedes all previous issuance concerning MT/MLS
visits education which may be inconsistent or contradictory with
➢ Performance of their graduates in the Medical Technology any of the provisions
Examination (MTLE)
➢ The institutional passing average or performance of the Section 26: Effectivity Clause
graduates of MT/MLS schools in the MTLE for the past three
(3) years shall be based on the data provided by the ➢ Shall take effect beginning of school year 2018 – 2019
Professional Regulatory Board of Medical Technology ➢ May 08, 2017 Quezon City, Philippines
❖ Outcome/result of the Joint CHED-PRC monitoring and evaluation ➢ Signed by: Patricia B. Licuanan, PhD (chairman)
activities of the following areas:
➢ Dean/Administration
➢ Faculty
➢ Curriculum and Instruction
➢ Students (Admission, Promotion, and Retention)
➢ Laboratory and Learning Facilities
➢ Research and Publications
➢ Clinical Internship Training Program

Effective Academic Year 2018 – 2019 and yearly thereafter, higher

education institutions offering MT/MLS program whose average
passing percentage in the MTLE is 30% and below for the past 3
consecutive years (2015, 2016, 2017) shall be accorded sanctions
based on the following:

Overall MTLE Performance Action/s

(Passing Grade)
30% Warning
Join CHED-PRC Monitoring visit
in 1 year
29% - 21% Probation
Join CHED-PRC Monitoring visit
in 6 months
20% and below Phase out of Program
Stop admissions with gradual
phase out

*Based on the total number of passers divided by the total number of

takers (first time takers only)

YEAR MARCH SEPTEMBER

2015 71.31% 89.02%
2016 93.57% 83.21%
2017 86.18% 90.34%
2018 86.50% 94.70%
2019 92.77% 95.77%

Effective Academic Year 2018 – 2019 and yearly thereafter, higher

education institutions offering MT/MLS program subjected to joint
CHED-PRC monitoring and evaluation shall be accorded sanctions
based on the following:

Page 5 of 5
RMT 2023 Republic Act No. 8981 “Creating the Professional LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Regulation Commission and Prescribing its MTLB

Powers and Functions”

4 211

Transcribers: Riyoma Surell

Section 3: Professional Regulation Commission

Outline
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: ➢ 3-man commission attached to the office of the President for
• Section 1: Title • general direction and coordination
• Section 2: Statement • Section 11: Person to
of Policy Teach Subjects for Section 4: Composition
• Section 3: Licensure
Professional Examination on all
➢ 1 full-time Chairperson
Regulation Professions
➢ 2 full-time Commissioners
Commission • Section 12:
➢ Appointed by the President for a term of seven (7) years
• Section 4: Assistance of Law
without reappointment to start from the time they assume
Composition Enforcement Agency
office
• Section 5: Exercise of • Section 13: ➢ At the expiration of the Chairperson, most senior
Powers and Functions Appropriations Commissioners shall temporarily assume and perform the
of the Commission • Section 14: Authority duties and functions of the Chairperson until a permanent
• Section 6: to use Income Chairperson is appointed
Compensation and • Section 15: Penalties ❖ Qualifications:
other Benefits for Manipulation and ➢ At least 40 years of age
• Section 7: Powers, other Corrupt ➢ With a valid certificate of registration/professional license
Functions and Practices ➢ Valid professional ID/certificate of competency issued by the
Responsibilities of the • Section 16: Penalties Commission or a valid professional license issued by any
Commission for Violation of Section government agency
• Section 8: Regional 7 ➢ Familiar with the principles and methods of professional
offices • Section 17: regulation and/or licensing
• Section 9: Powers, Implementing Rules ➢ has had at least five (5) years of executive or management
Functions and and Regulations experience
Responsibilities of the • Section 18: Transitory ➢ Provided, 1 Commissioner must be a past
various Professional Provisions Chairperson/member of a Professional Regulatory Board
regulatory boards • Section 19:
• Section 10: Separability Clause Section 5: Exercise of Powers and Functions of the
Compensation of the • Section 20: Repealing Commission
Members of the Clause
Professional • Section 21: Effectivity ❖ THE COMMISSION SHALL:
Regulatory Boards
➢ Sit and act as a body to exercise general administrative,
executive and policy-making functions
➢ Establish and maintain a high standard of admission to
Section 1: Title practice to all professions
➢ Ensure and safeguard the integrity of all licensure
➢ “PRC MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2000” examinations
➢ An act modernizing the Professional Regulation ❖ Functions of the Chairperson:
Commission, repealing for the purpose Presidential Decree ➢ Presiding officer: preside over the meetings of the
numbered 223, entitled “Creating the Professional commission
Regulation Commission and Prescribing its Powers and ➢ Chief executive officer: responsible for the implementation of
Functions,” and for other purposes policies and programs
❖ PD 223
➢ “Creating the Professional Regulation Commission and Section 6: Compensation and other Benefits
Prescribing its Powers and Functions
➢ June 22, 1973
➢ The Chairperson shall receive compensation and allowances
➢ Ferdinand E. Marcos
equivalent to that of a Department Secretary
➢ Commissioners shall receive compensation and allowances
Section 2: Statement of Policy equivalent to that of an Undersecretary
➢ Entitled to retirement benefits provided under RA 1568 as
➢ recognizes the important role of professionals in nation- amended by RA 3595
building ❖ Chairperson, Salary Grade 31: 262, 965/ month
➢ promotes the sustained development of a reservoir of ❖ Commissioners, Salary Grade 30: 178, 688/month
professionals
➢ competence has been determined by honest and credible Section 7: Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of the
licensure examinations Commission
➢ standards of professional service and practice are
internationally recognized and considered world-class
a. Administration, implementation and enforcement of
➢ regulatory measures, programs and activities that foster
regulatory policies; enhancement and maintenance of
professional growth and advancement
professional and occupational standards and ethics
b. Performance of any and all acts, enter into contracts, make
rules and regulations, issue orders and other administrative
issuance

Page 1 of 4
[MTLB211] 1.04 “Republic Act No. 8981 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
c. Review, revise, and approve resolutions, embodying policies
d. Administration and conduction licensure examinations of the
various regulatory boards:
▪ Determine and fix the places and dates of examinations
▪ Use publicly or privately owned buildings and facilities
for examination purposes
▪ Conduct more than 1 licensure examination: Provided,
that, when there are 2 or more examinations given in a
year, at least 1 examination shall be held on weekdays
(Monday to Friday): if only 1 examination is given in a
year, this shall be held on weekdays
▪ Commission is authorized to require refresher course
where the examinee has failed to pass three (3) times
▪ Approval of the results of examination; adopt measures
to preserve the integrity and inviolability of licensure
examinations
▪ Approve the results of examinations and the release of
the same
▪ Appoint supervisors and room watchers from among the
employees of the government and/or private individuals
with baccalaureate degrees (trained by the Commission
for the purpose, entitled to a reasonable daily allowance
for every examination day actually attended)
▪ Publish the list of successful examinees
▪ Provide schools, colleges and universities, public and
private, offering courses for licensure examinations, with
copies of sample test questions on examinations
recently conducted by the Commission and copies of the
syllabi or terms of specifications of subjects for licensure
examinations
▪ Impose the penalty of suspension or prohibition from
taking licensure
▪ examinations to any examinee charged and found guilty
of violating the rules and regulations
e. Admission of successful examinees to the practice of the
profession or occupation; cause the entry of their names on
its registry book and computerized database; issue
certificates of registration/professional license, bearing the
registrant’s name, picture, and registration number, signed
by all the members of the Board concerned and the
Chairperson, with the official seal of the Board and the
Commission affixed thereto which certificate shall be the
authority to practice
f. Having the custody of all the records of the various Boards
(exams, deliberation, records, investigations and results)
g. Determination and fixation of the amounts of fees to be
charged and collected for examination, registration,
registration without examination, professional identification
card, certification, docket, appeal, replacement, accreditation
h. Appointment subject to the Civil Service laws, rules, and
regulations, officials and employees of the Commission
necessary for the effective performance of its functions and
responsibilities, prescribe their duties and fix their
compensation and allowances including other fringe benefits;
and to assign and/or reassign personnel, to organize or
reorganize the structure of the Commission; and create or
abolish positions or change the designation of existing
positions
i. Submission and recommendation to the President of the
Philippines the names of licensed/registered professionals
for appointment as members of various Professional
Regulatory Boards
j. Approval and issuance of COR/license and ID with or without
examination to a foreigner whose certificate of registration
issued therein has not been suspended or revoked upon the
recommendation of the Professional Regulatory Board
▪ Requirements for the registration or licensing in said
foreign state or country: reciprocity, foreign state or
country allow the citizens of the Philippines to practice
the profession on the same basis and grant the same
privileges as those enjoyed by the subjects or citizens of
such foreign state or country
Page 2 of 4
k. Authorization of any officer of the Commission to administer
oaths
l. Supervision of foreign nations who are authorized to practice
their professions in the Philippines
▪ Temporary special permit from the concerned Board
subject to approval by the Commission file a criminal
complaint against the head of the government agency or
officers of the said private entity/ institution when the
professional was hired and allowed to practice his/her
profession without permit: request for deportation with
the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID)
▪ Special permit to professionals who were former citizens
of the Philippines and who had been registered and
issued a certification of registration and a professional
identification card prior to their naturalization as foreign
citizens, payment of the permit and annual registration
fees
m. Monitoring the performance of schools in examinations and
publishing the results in newspaper of national circulation
n. Adopt and institute a comprehensive rating system for
universities, colleges, and training institutes based on the
passing ratio and overall performance of students in board
examinations
o. Administrative supervision over the boards and its members
p. Adopt and promulgate rules and regulations
q. Full computerization of all licensure examinations and
registration not later than the year 2003
r. Investigation and decision of administrative matters under
the jurisdiction of Commission
s. Investigation of motu proprio to any member of the
Professional Regulatory Boards for neglect of duty,
incompetence, unprofessional, unethical, immoral or
dishonorable conduct, commission of irregularities in the
licensure examinations which taint or impugn the integrity
and authenticity of the results of the said examinations
▪ Motu Proprio: latin of one’s own initiative, own motion,
on his own impulse, official act taken without a formal
request from another party
t. Issuance of summons, subpoena and subpoena duces
tecum
u. Holding in contempt in erring party or person only upon
application with a court of competent jurisdiction
v. Call upon request for assistance, cooperation and
coordination to implement the policies, program and activity
w. Initiation of investigation upon complaint; to forward the
records of the case to the office of the city or provincial
prosecutor for the filing of the corresponding information in
court by the lawyers of the legal services of the Commission
x. Preparation of annual report of accomplishments on
programs, projects and activities of the Commission during
the year for submission to Congress after the close of its
calendar year
y. Other functions and duties to carry out the provisions of this
Act
Section 8: Regional Offices
➢ authorized to create regional offices as may be necessary to
carry out their functions
Section 9: Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of the
Various Professional Regulatory Boards
a. To regulate practice of the professions
b. To monitor the conditions affecting the practice of the
profession or occupation, ocular inspection in industrial,
mechanical, electrical or chemical plants or establishments,
hospitals, clinics, laboratories, testing facilities, mines and
quarries, other engineering facilities and in the case of
schools, in coordination with the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED)
[MTLB211] 1.04 “Republic Act No. 8981 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
c. To hear and investigate cases arising from violations of their computerization of the operations of the Commission, subject
respective laws (may issue subpoena, subpoena duces to the usual accounting and auditing requirements
tecum); the decision of the Professional Regulatory Board
shall, unless appealed to the Commission, become final and Section 15: Penalties for Manipulation and other Corrupt
executory after fifteen (15) days from receipt of notice of Practices in the Conduct of Professional Examinations
judgment or decision
d. To delegate the hearing or investigation of administrative
Imprisonment Fine
cases filed (except in cases where the issue or question
❖ Manipulates or rigs Not less than Fifty thousand
involved strictly concerns the practice of the profession or
licensure examination six (6) pesos
occupation, in which case, the hearing shall be presided over
results years and one (P50,000.00) to not
by at least one (1) member of the Board concerned assisted
❖ secretly informs or (1) day to more than One
by a Legal or Hearing Officer of the Commission)
makes known not more than hundred
e. To conduct, through the Legal Officers of the Commission,
licensure examination twelve thousand pesos
summary proceedings on violations
questions prior to the (12) years (P100,000.00)
f. Subject to final approval by the Commission, to recommend
conduct of the
registration without examination, issuance of COR and
examination
professional ID
❖ tampers with the
g. After due process; suspension, revocation and reinstation of
grades in professional
COR and ID
licensure
h. To prepare, adopt and issue the syllabi or tables of
examinations
specifications of the subjects for examinations in consultation
with the academe (submission of results in all subjects within
10 days from the last day of exam unless extended by the ❖ Accomplices Four (4) years Twenty thousand
Commission), determine the appropriate passing general and one pesos
average rating in an examination if not provided for in the law (1) day to six (P20,000.00) to not
regulating the profession (6) years more than Forty-
i. To prepare an annual report of accomplishments on nine
programs, projects and activities of the Board. ❖ Accessories Two (2) years thousand pesos
and one (P49,000.00)
(1) day to four Five thousand
(4) years pesos
(P5,000.00) to not
Section 10: Compensation of the Members of the more
Professional Regulatory Boards Than (P19,000.00)

➢ Members of the Board: equivalent to at least, two (2) salary ❖ In case the offender is an officer of employee of the Commission
grades lower than the Commissioner or a member of the regulatory board, he/she shall be removed
➢ Chairperson of the Board: monthly compensation of 2 steps from office and shall suffer the penalty of perpetual absolute
higher than the salary grade of the members of the Board disqualification from public office to addition to the penalties
➢ They shall be entitled to other allowances and benefits
provided under existing laws Section 16: Penalties for Violation of Section 7 Subparagraph
❖ Chairperson, Salary Grade 30: 178, 688/ month
(1) by Heads of Government Agencies or Officers of Private
❖ Member, Salary Grade 28: 139, 939/ month
Entities/ Institutions
Section 11: Person to Teach Subjects for Licensure
Imprisonment Fine
Examination on All Professions
❖ Any head of a Not less than Not less than fifty
government agency six (6) months thousand pesos
➢ holders of valid certificates of registration and valid or officer(s) of a and one (1) day (50,000.00) to not
professional licenses of the profession private firm/ to not more more than five
➢ who comply with the other requirements of the CHED institution who than six (6) hundred thousand
violates Section 7- years pesos (500,000.00)
Section 12: Assistance of Law Enforcement Agency subpar. (1)

➢ Any law enforcement agency shall render assistance in
enforcing the regulatory law of the profession
Section 13: Appropriations
➢ Amount necessary to carry out the initial implementation of
this Act shall be charged against the current year’s
appropriations of the, thereafter, such sums as may be
necessary for the continued implementation of this Act shall
be included in the succeeding General Appropriations Act
▪ Appropriations: setting aside money for specific
purpose, cash for the necessities of operation
Section 14: Authority to use Income
➢ (a) To administer, implement and enforce the regulatory
policies of the national government with respect to the
regulation and licensing of the various professions and
occupations under its jurisdiction including the enhancement
and maintenance of professional and occupational standards
and ethics and the enforcement of the rules and regulations
relative thereto
Section 17: Implementing Rules and Regulations
➢ Within 90 days after the approval of this Act; Commission,
Board, accredited Professional Organizations, DBM, CHED
shall prepare and promulgate the necessary rules and
regulations needed to implement the provisions of this Act

➢ Commission is hereby authorized to use its income not

exceeding the amount of Forty-five million pesos
(P45,000,000.00) a year for a period of five (5) years after the
effectivity of this Act to implement the program for full
Page 3 of 4
[MTLB211] 1.04 “Republic Act No. 8981 I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT

Section 18: Transitory Provisions

➢ Incumbent Commissioner: Chairperson

➢ Two (2) incumbent Associate Commissioners:
Commissioners
➢ Incumbent Executive Director: Assistant Commissioner
without need of new appointment

Section 19: Separability Clause

Section 20: Repealing Clause

➢ insofar as it requires completion of the requirements of the

Continuing Professional Education (CPE) as a condition for
the renewal of the license are hereby repealed

Section 21: Effectivity

➢ Approved: December 5, 2000

➢ Signed By: President Joseph Ejercito Estrada

Professional Regulation Commission Officials

❖ Hon. Teofilo S. Pilando, Jr. (Chairman)

❖ Hon. Yolanda D. Reyes (Commissioner)
❖ Hon. Jose Y. Cueto, Jr. (Commissioner)

Current Board of Medical Technology

❖ Marilyn A. Cabal-barza (Chairman)

❖ Marilyn R. Atienza (Member)
❖ Marian M. Tantingco (Member)

Page 4 of 4
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND BIOETHICS
OLFU – CMLS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10912: CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10912
“CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT
OF 2016”
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ Continuing – without break in continuity
➢ Professional – person’s work requiring special
training
➢ Development – process of growing or changing
and becoming more advanced.
➢ Process of honing the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes of a professional.
“EDUCATION IS NOT THE LEARNING OF FACTS, BUT THE
TRAINING OF THE MIND TO THINK.”
REPUBLIC ACT 10912
• Otherwise knowns as the “Continuing
Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016”,
is an act which requires CPD as the mandatory
requirement for the renewal of Professional
Identification Card.
• Fusion of Senate Bill No. 2581 and House Bill
No. 6423 = CPD Law of 2016
• Senate Bill No. 2581. which was approved by
the Senate on August 3, 2015, was adopted as
an amendment to House Bill No. 6423 by the
House of Representatives on May 23, 2016.
• The CPD Act Lapsed into Law on July 21, 2016
and it took effect on August 16, 2016.
• Approved: July 21, 2016 by President Benigno
S. Aquino III.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
❖ AIPO/APO refers to the Accredited Integrated
Professional Organization or the Accredited
Professional Organization in a given profession.
❖ ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework
(AQRF) refers to the device that enables
comparisons of qualifications across ASEAN
Member States.
❖ ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangement
(ASEAN MRA) refers to a regional arrangement
entered into by the ASEAN Member States,
predicated on the mutual recognition of
qualifications, requirements met, licenses and
certificates granted, experience gained by
professionals, in order to enhance mobility of
professional services within the region.
❖ Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF)
refers to the quality assured national system for
the development, recognition and award of
qualifications at defined levels, based on
standards of knowledge, skills and values,
acquired in different ways and methods by
learners and workers.
DECLARATION OF POLICY
• It is hereby declared the policy of the State to
promote and upgrade the practice of
professions in the country. Towards this end,
the State shall institute measures that will
continuously improve the competence of the
professionals in accordance with the
international standards of practice, thereby,
ensuring their contribution in uplifting the
general welfare, economic growth and
development of the nation.
PROFESSIONALS
• Improves the competence of the professionals
in accordance with the international standards
of practice; ensures your capabilities keep pace
with the current standards meaning it ensures
that you and your knowledge stay relevant and
up to date.
• As our skills and knowledge matures (indication
of confidence)
• Opens doors to excellent future employment
opportunities
• Improves productivity with the help of
motivated and skilled employees
• Delivers a deeper understanding of what it
means to be a professional, along with a greater
appreciation of the implications and impacts of
your work.
PROFESSIONALS’S CAREER AND PRACTICE OF
PROFESSIONS
• Ensures that we maintain and enhance the
knowledge and skills we need to deliver a
professional service to your customers, clients
and the community.
1
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND BIOETHICS
OLFU – CMLS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10912: CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016
• Helps professionals continue to make a
meaningful contribution to the society and
nation for economic growth.
• Helps advance the body of knowledge and
technology within the profession.
EMPLOYER
• Endorses a learning culture in the organization
• Enhances the reputation of the company among
prospective employees and clients
• Increases employee retention
PUBLIC AND NATION
• Promotes and upgrades the practice of
professions in the country
• Ensuring their contribution in uplifting the
general welfare, economic growth and
development of the nation.
STRENGHTENING THE CPD PROGRAMS
There shall be formulated and implemented CPD
Programs in each of the regulated professions in order
to:
1. Enhance and upgrade the competencies
and qualifications of professionals for the
practice of their professions pursuant to the
PQF, the AQRF and the ASEAN MRAs;
2. Ensure national and international alignment
of competencies and qualifications of
professionals through career progression
mechanism leading to specialization/sub-
specialization
3. Ensure the development of quality assured
mechanisms for the validation,
accreditation and recognition of formal,
non-formal and informal learning
outcomes, including professional work
experiences and prior learning
4. Respond to national, regional and
international labor market and industry
needs.
5. Recognize and ensure the contributions of
professionals in uplifting the general
welfare, economic growth and
development of the nation.
NATURE OF CPD PROGRAMS
The CPD Programs consist of activities that range from
structured to non-structured activities, which have
learning processes and outcomes. These include, but
not limited to the following:
1. FORMAL LEARNING
• Offline and online training programs;
• Learning-focused seminars and
conferences;
• Workshops and events;
• Lectures.
2. INFORMAL LEARNING
• Studying publications written by
industry experts;
• Perusing relevant case studies and
articles;
• Listening to industry-specific podcasts
and following industry-specific news;
• Studying and revising for professional
exams.
POWER, FUNCTIONS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PRC AND THE
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD
1. Organize CPD Council for each of the
regulated professions and promulgate
guidelines for their operation
2. Review existing and new CPD Programs for all
the regulated professions
3. Formulate, issue and promulgate guidelines
and procedures for the implementation of
the CPD Programs
4. Coordinate with academe, concerned
government agencies and other stakeholders
in the implementation of the CPD Programs
and other measures
5. Coordinate with concerned government
agencies in the development of mechanisms
and guidelines, in the grant and transfer of
credit units earned from all learning
processes and activities.
CPD COUNCIL
• The chairperson of the CPD Council shall be the
member of the PRB so chosen by the PRB
concerned to sit in the CPD Council.
2
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND BIOETHICS
OLFU – CMLS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10912: CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016
• First member: president or officer of the AIPO/APO
duly authorized by its Board of Governors/Trustees.
o Absence of the AIPO/APO: the PRB concerned
shall submit within ten (10) working days from
notification of such absence, a list of three (3)
recommendees from the national professional
organizations. The PRC shall designate the first
member within thirty (30) days from receipt of
the list.
• Second member: president or officer of the national
organization of deans or department chairpersons
of schools, colleges or universities offering the
course requiring the licensure examination.
o Absence of such organization: the PRB
concerned shall submit, within ten (10) working
days from notification of such absence, a list of
three (3) recommendees from the academe. The
PRC shall designate the second member within
twenty (20) working days from receipt of the list.
• The term of office of the chairperson of the CPD
Council shall be coterminous with his/her
incumbency in the PRB unless sooner replaced by
the PRB concerned through a resolution, subject to
the approval of the PRC.
• The first and second members shall have a term of
office of two (2) years unless sooner replaced
through a resolution by the AIPO/APO concerned or
the organization of deans or heads of departments,
respectively. However, members of the CPD Council
who are appointed by the PRC may be replaced
before the end of the two (2)-year period, upon the
recommendation of the PRB through a resolution.
• Ensure the adequate and appropriate provision
of CPD Programs for their respective profession;
POWER, FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF THE CPD COUNCIL – THE CPD COUNCIL
FOR EACH PROFESSION
• Evaluate and act on applications for
accreditation of CPD Providers and their CPD
Programs;
• Monitor and evaluate the implementation of the
CPD Programs;
• Assess and/or upgrade the criteria for
accreditation of CPD Providers and their CPD
Programs on a regular basis;
• Develop mechanisms for the validation,
accreditation and recognition of self-directed
learning, prior/informal learning, online learning,
and other learning processes through
professional work experience;
• Conduct researches, studies and benchmarking
for international alignment of the CPD Programs;
• Issue operational guidelines, with the approval
of the PRC and the PRB concerned; and
• Perform such other functions related or
incidental to the implementation of the CPD.
CPD PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
• The CPD is hereby made as a mandatory
requirement in the renewal of the PICs of all
registered and licensed professionals under the
regulation of the PRC.
• All duly validated and recognized CPD credit
units earned by a professional shall be
accumulated and transferred in accordance with
the Pathways and Equivalencies of the PQF.
• The PRC and the PRBs, in consultation with the
AIPO/APO, the Civil Service Commission (CSC),
other concerned government agencies and
industry stakeholders, shall formulate and
implement a Career Progression and
Specialization Program for every profession. The
Career Progression and Specialization Program
shall form part of the CPD.
• All concerned government agencies and private
firms and organizations employing professionals
shall include the CPD as part of their human
resource development plan and program.
FINAL PROVISIONS
• The funding requirement herein mentioned shall
be used for the regular operations of the CPD
Councils, including the monitoring of the
conduct of the CPD Programs.
• The PRC shall review and approve the proposed
budget for each CPD Council, taking into
consideration the reasonable expenses that will
be incurred for travel, honorarium/allowances,
and per diems, when attending official CPD
Council meetings or performing other related
functions assigned to them.
3
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND BIOETHICS
OLFU – CMLS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10912: CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016

• The PRC and the PRBs, in consultation with the o Preside the meetings
AIPO/APO and other stakeholders, shall o Direct or supervise the activities
promulgate the implementing rules and o Submit the Council’s annual report to
regulations (IRR) within six (6) months from the the Planning and Monitoring Division
effectivity of this Act. not later than January 15 of the
• Fraudulent acts relating to the implementation succeeding year
and enforcement of this Act shall be punishable o Sign the following:
under the pertinent provisions of the Revised ▪ CoA: Certificate of Accreditation
Penal Code, the New Civil Code and other of qualified CPD providers
applicable laws. ▪ CoAP: Certificate of
• A professional who is adjudged guilty of any
fraudulent act relating to the CPD shall also be
meted with the penalty of suspension or
revocation of his/her PRC Certificate of
Registration and/or Certificate of Specialization.
In case of a government official or employee
who is party to any fraudulent act relating to the
CPD, he/she shall also be subject to the
administrative penalties that may be imposed
under the anti-graft laws, the Administrative
Code and the Code of Conduct of Public Officials
and Employees.
• Separability Clause. If any part or provision of
this Act is declared invalid or unconstitutional, Accreditation of Program
the other provisions not affected thereby shall ▪ CCU: Certificate of Credit Units
remain in full force and effect. for self-directed and/pr lifelong
• Repealing Clause. All laws, decrees, executive learning.
orders and other administrative issuances or
parts thereof, which are inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act, are hereby repealed or
modified accordingly.
• Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15)
days following its complete publication in the
Official Gazette or in two (2) newspapers of
general circulation in the Philippines.

PRC RESOLUTION NO. 1032 SERIES OF 2017

“Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of
Republic Act No. 10912 known as the Continuing
Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016”

CPD COUNCIL
• Every CPD Council shall be composed of
chairperson and two (2) members.
• The Chairperson shall act in the following
functions:
4
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND BIOETHICS
OLFU – CMLS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10912: CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016

• The accreditation of CPD Provider is valid for

three (3) years.
What is the regulatory period for the filing of
application for accreditation of CPD program/s?
• The CPD Program/s shall be applied 45 days
prior to the conduct of the program
How much are the prescribed fees for accreditation of
CPD Providers, CPD Programs, Self-Directed Learning
and/or Lifelong Learning?
• The Prescribed fees for accreditation are as
follows:
• Local CPD provider P 5,000.00
• Foreign CPD provider P 8,000.00
• CPD program per offering P 1,000.00
• Self-directed and/or Lifelong Learning per
program P 500.00
Who are not covered by the CPD Requirement?
• Professionals working overseas. However, they
need to provide proof such as valid Certificate
of Employment or Overseas Employment
Certificate duly approved by POEA.
• Newly licensed professionals for the first
renewal cycle (3 years) after obtaining their
CPD PROVIDERS license.
What activities are covered by CPD?
• Professional track (training offered by
• Local CPD Provider accredited CPD providers, face to face /online)
o Individual/Sole Proprietor • Academic track: Master’s degree/Doctorate
o Firm/Partnership/Corporation degree or equivalent
o Government Institutions/Agencies
• Self-directed (training offered by non-
• Foreign CPD Provider accredited CPD providers, face to face /online):
o Foreign Entity/Firm /Association Technical paper, Pamphlet / Book or
Monograph, Article in magazine / Newspaper,
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Inventions.

Where to get the application forms?

• The Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
forms can be downloaded from PRC website at
www.prc.gov.ph or available at Standards and
Inspection Division office.
How long is the processing of the application for
accreditation as CPD Provider?
• The period for processing the application is 30
days.
What is the validity of accreditation for CPD Provider?

5
 RMT 2023 Republic Act No. 11166 “Philippine HIV and AIDS LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Policy Act” MTLB
Transcriber: Riyoma Surell 6 211

▪ Passed from mother to baby

Outline ▪ Sharing injecting equipment
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: ▪ Contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplants
• Introduction to HIV • Preventive Measures, ➢ You Can’t Get HIV FROM
and AIDS Safe Practices and ▪ Kissing, Hugging, Toilet seats, Bathing, Sweat, Sneezes
• HIV Testing Procedures and cough
• Republic Act No. • Screening Test and ▪ Sharing food, Insect bites
11166 Counseling ❖ Primary Prevention
• General Information • Health and Support ➢ Five ways to Protect yourself
• Definition of Terms Services ▪ Abstinence
• Confidentiality ▪ Monogamous relationship
• The Philippine AIDS
• Discriminatory Acts ▪ Protected sex
Council
and Practices and ▪ Sterile needles
• AIDS Medium Term
Corresponding ▪ New shaving/ cutting blades
Plan
Penalties ➢ You can’t prevent or cure HIV by
• Role of Department of
▪ Washing after sex
Health • Penalties
▪ Sex with a virgin
• Protection of Human • Administrative Order
▪ Pulling out method
Rights 2017-2019
▪ Spells and herbal medicine
• Information, ▪ Using the contraceptive pill
Education and ❖ Safer Sex Practices:
Communication ➢ Choices made and behaviors adopted by a person to reduce
or minimize the risk of HIV transmission, these may include
Introduction to HIV and AIDS postponing sexual debut, non-penetrative sex, correct and
consistent use of male or female condoms and reducing the
❖ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) number of sexual partners
➢ The virus, of the type called retrovirus, which infects cells of
the human immune system, and destroys or impairs the cells HIV Testing
function
➢ Infection with HIV results in the progressive deterioration of ➢ Any laboratory procedure done on any individual to
the immune system leading to immune deficiency determine the presence or absence of HIV infection
➢ A condition in humans which the virus invades the helper T ➢ Window Period
cells (CD4 cells) making infected persons vulnerable to ▪ Refers to the period of time, usually lasting from two
various opportunistic life-threatening infections and cancers weeks to six (6) months during which an infected
to occur due to progressive failure of immune system individual will test “negative” upon HIV testing but can
❖ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – Stage 3 actually transmit the infection
➢ Deficiency of immune system that stems from infection with ➢ Screening Test (HIV-1 and HIV-2)
the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV, making an ▪ ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)
individual susceptible to opportunistic infections ▪ Antibodies + = positive HIV
➢ Predisposes our body to other opportunistic infections and ▪ Antibodies - = negative HIV
malignancies that rarely occur in the absence of sever ➢ Confirmatory Test
immunodeficiency (e.g. pneumocystis pneumonia, CNS ▪ Western blot technique
lymphoma) • Refers to the test performed on samples that have
➢ Persons with HIV positive serology who have ever had a CD4 tested positive reactive to the screening test to find
lymphocyte count below 200 cells/microliter or a CD4 out if the result were true positive or not
lymphocyte percentage below 14% are considered to have ➢ To Confirm HIV positive (+)
AIDS ▪ 2 screening test positive
➢ HIV/AIDS is preventable and manageable but is not curable ▪ 1 confirmatory test positive
CD4 Lymphocyte Blood Detection Tests
CD4 500 (500- CD4 200 CD4 50
1,600
HIV ELISA Screening test for HIV
cells/microliter)
Sensitivity >99.9%
Bacterial infections Pneumocystic Disseminated
Western Blot Confirmatory test
Tuberculosis (TB) carinii Mycobacterium
Specificity >99.9% (when
Herpes Simplex Toxoplasmosis avium complex
combined with ELISA)
Herpes Zoster Cryptococcosis (MAC) infection
Vaginal Coccidiodomycosis Histoplasmosis HIV rapid antibody test Screening test for HIV
Candidiasis Cryptosporiosis CMV retinitis Simple to perform
Hairy leukoplakia Non-Hodgkin’s CNS lymphoma Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count Predictor of HIV progression
Kaposi’s sarcoma lymphoma Progressive Risk of opportunistic infections
multifocal and AIDS when <200 CD4 count
leukoencephalopathy HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute
HIV dementia HIV infection correlates with
*TB: Most common opportunistic infection in HIV disease progression and
response to HAART
❖ Mode of Transmission
➢ You Can Get HIV VIA
▪ Sex without condom
Page 1 of 6
[MTLB211] 2.02 “Republic Act No. 1116, Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Anti-Retroviral Drugs ➢ Policies and practices that discriminate (HIV status, sex,
gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression,
❖ Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Azidothymidine age, economic status, disability, and ethnicity) or hamper the
(Zidovudine) enjoyment of basic human rights and freedoms guaranteed
❖ Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase Inhibitors: Viramune (Nevirapine) in the Constitution and are deemed inimical to national
❖ Protease Inhibitors: Norvir (Ritonavir) interest
➢ Respect, protect, and promote human rights as the
Differences of HIV-1 and HIV-2 cornerstones of an effective response to the country's HIV
and AIDS situation
HIV-1 HIV-2 ➢ HIV and AIDS education and information dissemination
Found around the world West Africa: increasing cases in should form part the right to health
the US ➢ Inclusion and participation of persons directly and indirectly
affected by the HIV and AIDS situation, especially persons
Immunodeficiency is faster Immunodeficiency develops
living with HIV, are crucial in eliminating the virus
more slowly
➢ Confidentiality and non-compulsory nature of HIV testing and
Shorter incubation period Longer incubation period
HIV-related testing shall always be guaranteed and protected
Highly infectious in early Less infectious in early stages, ➢ Ensure the delivery of non-discriminatory HIV and AIDS
stages (increases risk of much infectious as the virus
services
transmission) develops ➢ Develop redress mechanisms for persons living with HIV to
ensure that their civil, political, economic, and social rights
Epidemiology of HIV Worldwide are protected.
❖ Accordingly, the State shall:
❖ Number of People Living with HIV in 2017 (a) Establish policies and programs to prevent the spread of HIV
➢ East and Southern Africa (19.6 million) due to poverty and deliver treatment, care, and support services to Filipinos living
➢ Western and Central Africa (6.1 million) with HIV
➢ Asia and Pacific (5.2 million) (b) Adopt a multi-sectoral approach in responding to the country's
➢ W. and C/ Europe and N. America (2.2 million) HIV and AIDS situation by ensuring that the whole government
➢ Latin America (1.8 million) approach, local communities, civil society organizations (CSOs),
➢ East Europe and Central Asia (1.4 million) and persons living with HIV are at the center of the process
➢ Caribbean (310,000) (c) Ensure access to HIV- and AIDS-related services by
➢ Middle East and North Africa (220,000) eliminating he climate of stigma and discrimination
❖ Worldwide Epidemiology 2017 (d) Positively address and seek to eradicate conditions that
➢ 37.9 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide aggravated the spread of HIV infection (poverty, gender
➢ 770,000 people died of HIV-related illnesses worldwide inequality, marginalization, and ignorance)

Prevalence of HIV according to the Modes of Transmission

➢ Male to Male sex only (1,669 or 58%)
➢ Sex with both males and females, among males (611 or 21%)
➢ Male-female sex (306 or 11%)
➢ Mother to child (187 or 6%)
➢ Sharing of infected (89 or 3%)
➢ Blood transfusion (1 or <1%)
➢ No data (24 or 1%)
Republic Act No. 11166 “Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act”
General Information
❖ RA 8504: “Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of
1998”
➢ Consists of 9 articles
➢ With 52 sections
➢ Approved on February 13, 1998 by President Fidel V. Ramos
❖ RA 11166: "Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act”
➢ The newest law passed by the legislative department to
modify certain provision of the original version to be more
effective in dealing HIV condition in the Philippine setting
➢ An act strengthening the Philippine Comprehensive Policy on
HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, and support, and,
reconstituting the Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC),
repealing for the purpose Republic Act No. 8504
➢ Consists of 8 articles
➢ With 57 sections
➢ Approved on December 20, 2018 by President Rodrigo R.
Duterte
Declaration of Policies
➢ Responding to the country's HIV and AIDS shall be anchored
on the principles of human rights upholding human dignity
Page 2 of 6
Definition of Terms
❖ Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART): treatment that stops or
suppresses viral replication or replications of a retrovirus like HIV,
thereby slowing down the progression of infection;
❖ Bullying: severe or repeated use by one or more persons of a
written, verbal or electronic expression, or a physical act of
gesture, directed at another person in reasonable fear of physical
or emotional harm or damage to one's property; creating a hostile
environment; infringing on the rights; or materially and
substantially disrupting the processes or orderly operation of an
institution or organization;
❖ Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): groups of
nongovernmental and noncommercial individuals or legal entities;
❖ Compulsory HIV Testing: HIV testing imposed upon an
individual characterized by lack of consent, use of force or
intimidation, the use of testing as a prerequisite for employment
or other purposes, and other circumstances when informed choice
is absent;
❖ Discrimination: unfair or unjust treatment that distinguishes,
excludes, restricts, or shows preferences (sex gender, age, sexual
orientation, gender identity and expression, economic status,
disability, ethnicity, and HIV status) which has the purpose or
effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or
exercise by all persons similarly situated, of all their rights and
freedoms;
❖ Gender Expression: the way a person communicates gender
identity to others through behavior, clothing, hairstyles,
communication or speech pattern, or body characteristics;
❖ Gender Identity: personal sense of identity as characterized,
among others, by manner of clothing, inclinations, and behavior in
relation to masculine or feminine conventions. A person may have
a male or female identity with the physiological characteristics of
the opposite sex;
❖ Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO): juridical entities
legally organized to provide or arrange for the provision of pre-
agreed or designated health care services to its enrolled members
for a fixed pre-paid fee for a specified period of time;
[MTLB211] 2.02 “Republic Act No. 1116, Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
❖ High-risk Behavior: person's involvement in certain activities that
increase the risk of transmitting or acquiring HIV;
❖ HIV Counseling: interpersonal and dynamic communication
process between a client and a trained counselor, whose objective
in counseling is to encourage the client to explore important
personal issues, identify ways of coping with anxiety and stress,
and plan for the future (keeping healthy, adhering to treatment,
and preventing transmission); and in the context of a negative HIV
test result, to encourage the client to explore motivations, options,
and skills to stay HIV-negative;
❖ HIV and AIDS Counselor: any individual trained by an institution
or organization accredited by the Department of Health (DOH) to
provide counseling services on HIV and AIDS with emphasis on
behavior modification;
❖ HIV and AIDS Monitoring: documentation and analysis of the
number of HIV and AIDS infections and the pattern of its spread;
❖ HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control: measures aimed at
protecting non-infected persons from contracting HIV and
minimizing the impact of the condition on persons living with HIV;
❖ HIV-Negative: absence of HIV or HIV antibodies upon HIV
testing;
❖ HIV-Positive: refers to the presence of HIV infection as
documented by the presence of HIV and HIV antibodies in the
sample being tested;
❖ HIV Testing: any facility-based, mobile medical procedure, or
community-based screening modalities that are conducted to
determine the presence or absence of HIV in a person's body.
❖ HIV Testing Facility: DOH accredited on-site or mobile testing
center, hospital, clinic, laboratory, and other facility that has the
capacity to conduct voluntary HIV counseling and HIV testing;
❖ Informed Consent: voluntary agreement of a person to undergo
or be subjected to a procedure based on full information, whether
such permission is written or conveyed verbally;
❖ Laboratory: area or place, including community-based settings,
where research studies are being undertaken to develop local
evidence for effective HIV response;
❖ Mature Minor Doctrine: legal principle that recognizes the
capacity of some minors to consent independently to medical
procedures, if they have been assessed by qualified health
professionals to understand the nature of procedures and their
consequences to make a decision on their own;
❖ Medical Confidentiality: core duty of medical practice where the
information provided by the patient to health practitioner and
his/her health status is kept private and is not divulged to third
parties. The patient's health status can however, be shared with:
➢ other medical practitioner involved in the professional care of
the patient
➢ attending physician, consulting medical specialist, nurse and
medical technologist
➢ all other health workers or personnel involved in any
counseling, testing or professional care of the patient
❖ Opportunistic infections: illnesses caused by various organism,
many of which do not cause diseases in persons with healthy
immune system;
❖ Partner Notification: process by which the "index client",
"source", or "patient" who has a sexually transmitted infection
(STI) including HIV, is given support in order to notify and advise
the partners that have been exposed to infection;
❖ Person Living with HIV (PLHIV): any individual diagnosed to be
infected with HIV;
❖ Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: use of prescription drugs as a
strategy for the prevention of HIV infection by people who do not
have the HIV and AIDS. It is an optional treatment, which may be
taken by people who are HIV-negative but who have substantial,
higher-than-average risk of contracting an HIV infection;
❖ Pre-test Counseling: process of providing an individual with
information on the biomedical aspects of HIV AIDS, and emotional
support to any psychological implications of under going HIV
testing and the test result itself before the individual is subjected
to the test;
❖ Post-exposure Prophylaxis: preventive medical treatment
started immediately after exposure to pathogen (HIV) in order to
Page 3 of 6
prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of the
disease;
❖ Post-test Counseling: process of providing risk-reduction
information and emotional support to a person who submitted to
HIV testing at the time the result is released;
❖ Prophylactic refers to any agent or device used to prevent the
transmission of an infection;
❖ Redress: refers to an act of compensation for unfairness,
grievance, and reparation;
❖ Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): infections that are
spread through the transfer of organisms from one person to
another as a result of sexual contact;
❖ Sexual Orientation: direction of emotional, sexual attraction, or
conduct towards people of the same sex (homosexual orientation)
or towards people of both sexes (bisexual orientation) or towards
people of the opposite sex (heterosexual orientation) or to the
absence of sexual attraction (asexual orientation);
❖ Stigma: dynamic devaluation and dehumanization of an
individual in the eyes of others
❖ Treatment hubs: private and public hospitals or medical
establishments accredited by the DOH to have the capacity and
facility to provide treatment and care services to PLHIV;
❖ Voluntary HIV testing: HIV testing done on an individual who,
after having undergone pre-test counseling willingly submits to
such test;
❖ Vulnerable communities: communities and groups suffering
from vulnerabilities such as unequal opportunities, social
exclusion, poverty, unemployment, and other similar social
exclusion, making them more susceptible to HIV infection and to
developing AIDS; and
❖ Workplace: office, premise or work site where workers are
habitually employed and shall include the office or place where
workers regularly report for assignment in the course of their
employment
The Philippine AIDS Council
➢ Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC) was established to
ensure the implementation of the country's response to the
HIV and AIDS situation. It shall be an agency attached to the
DOH.
❖ Functions:
a. Develop the AIDS Medium Term Plan (AMTP) in
collaboration with relevant government agencies, CSOs, the
PLHIV community;
b. Ensure the operationalization and implementation of the
AMTP;
c. Strengthen the collaboration between government agencies
and CSOs;
d. Develop and ensure the implementation of the guidelines and
policies provided in this Act;
e. Monitor the progress of the response to the country's HIV and
AIDS situation;
f. Monitor the implementation of the AMTP
g. Mobilize sources of funds for the AMTP;
h. Mobilize its members to conduct monitoring and evaluation
of HIV- related programs, policies, and services within their
mandate;
i. Coordinate, organize, and work in partnership with foreign
and international organizations (funding, data collection,
research, and prevention and treatment modalities on HIV
and AIDS) and ensure foreign funded programs are aligned
to the national response;
j. Advocate for policy reforms to Congress and other
government agencies;
k. Submit an annual report to the Office of the President,
Congress, and the members of the Council;
l. Identify gaps in the national response on the part of
government agencies and its partners from civil society and
international organizations;
m. Recommend policies and programs.
[MTLB211] 2.02 “Republic Act No. 1116, Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
❖ Memberships and Composition:
1. Department of Health (DOH);
2. Department of Education (DepEd);
3. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);
4. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD);
5. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG);
6. Civil Service Commission (CSC);
7. Commission on Higher Education (CHED);
8. National Youth Commission (NYC);
9. Philippine Information Agency (PIA);
10. Department of Budget and Management;
11. The Chairperson of the Committee on Health and
Demography of the Senate of the Philippines or his
representative;
12. The Chairperson of the Committee on Health of the House of
Representative or his representative;
13-14. Two (2) representatives from organizations of persons
living with HIV and AIDS;
15. One (1) representative from a private organization with
expertise in standard setting and service delivery; and
16-21. Six (6) representatives from NGOs working for the welfare
or identified key populations.
❖ Meeting: at least once every quarter in the presence of the
Chairperson or the Vice Chairperson, and at least ten (10) other
members and/or permanent representatives
❖ The Secretary of Health shall be the permanent Chairperson of
the PNAC
❖ The Vice Chairperson shall be elected from the government
agency members and shall serve for a term of three (3) years.
❖ Members representing CSOs shall serve for a term of three (3)
years renewable upon recommendation of the Council for a
maximum of two (2) consecutive terms.
AIDS Medium Term Plan (AMTP)
❖ Latest: 2017 – 2022
❖ The PNAC shall formulate and periodically update the six (6)-year
AMTP, a national multi-sectoral strategic plan to prevent and
control the spread of HIV and AIDS in the country. The AMTP shall
include the following:
(a) The country's target and strategies in addressing the HIV and
AIDS situation;
(b)The prevention, treatment care and support, and other
components of the country's response;
(c) The operationalization of the program and identification of the
government agencies responsible for implementing, overseeing,
coordinating, facilitating, and monitoring;
(d) The budgetary requirements and identify the sources of funds
for its implementation.
Role of Department of Health (DOH)
❖ The National HIV and AIDS and STI Prevention and Control
Program (NASPCP) of the DOH, which shall be composed of
qualified medical specialist and support personnel shall
coordinate with the PNAC
❖ The Epidemiology Bureau shall maintain a comprehensive HIV
and AIDS monitoring and evaluation program that shall serve the
following purposes:
(a) Determine and monitor the magnitude and progression of HIV
and AIDS in the Philippines
(b) Receive, collate, process, and evaluate all HIV-and-AIDS-
related medical reports from all hospitals, clinics, laboratories and
testing centers (it shall adopt a coding system that ensures
anonymity and confidentiality)
(c) Submit, through its Secretariat, quarterly and annual reports to
the PNAC containing the findings of its monitoring and evaluation
activities in compliance with this mandate
Page 4 of 6
Protection of Human Rights
❖ The country's response to the HIV and AIDS situation shall be
anchored on the principle of human rights and human dignity.
Public health concerns shall be aligned with internationally-
recognized human rights instruments and standards.
❖ Towards this end, the members of the PNAC, in cooperation with
CSOs, and in collaboration with the Department of Justice (DOJ)
and the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), shall
(a) ensure the delivery of non-discriminatory HIV and AIDS
services by government and private HIV and AIDS
(b) take the lead in developing redress mechanisms for PLHIV and
key affected populations to ensure that their civil, political,
economic, and social rights are protected.
Information, Education and Communication
❖ Education in Learning Institutions: DepEd, CHED, and Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
➢ Basic and age-appropriate instruction on the causes, modes
of transmission, and ways of preventing the spread of HIV
and AIDS and other STIs in their respective curricula taught
in public and private learning institutions, including alternative
and indigenous learning systems
❖ Education for Parents and Guardians: DepEd in coordination with
parent-teacher organizations
➢ Conduct awareness-building seminars in order to provide
parents and guardians with a gender-responsive and age-
sensitive HIV and AIDS education
❖ Education as Right to Health and Information: HIV and AIDS
education and information dissemination shall form part of the
constitutional right to health
❖ HIV and AIDS Information as a Health Service: HIV and AIDS
education and information dissemination shall form part of the
delivery of health services by health practitioners, workers, and
personnel
➢ The training of health workers shall include discussions on
HIV-related ethical issues such as confidentiality, informed
consent, and the duty to provide treatment
❖ Education in the Workplace: DOLE for the private sector, Civil
Service Commission for the public sector, and AFP and PNP for
the uniformed service shall implement this provision
➢ Public and private employers and employees, members of
the Armed Forces of the Philippine (AFP) and the Philippine
National Police (PNP) shall be regularly provided with
standardized basic information and instruction of HIV and
AIDS, including topics on confidentiality in the workplace and
reduction or elimination of stigma and discrimination
❖ Education for Filipinos Going Abroad: DOLE, Philippine Overseas
Employment Agency (POEA) and the Overseas Workers Welfare
Administration (OWWA), the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA),
and the Commission on Filipino Overseas (CFO)
➢ Attend a seminar on the causes, manner of prevention, and
impact of HIV and AIDS, before being granted a certification
for overseas assignment:
▪ Information for Tourists and Transients: Philippine
Information Agency, Department of Tourism (DOT) and
Department of Transportation (DOTr)
• Educational materials shall be adequately provided
at all international and local ports of entry and exit.
▪ Education in Communities: DILG, the Union of Local
Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP), the League of
Provinces of the Philippines (LPP), the League of Cities
of the Philippines (LCP), the League of Municipalities of
the Philippines (LMP), and Liga ng mga Barangay sa
Pilipinas through the Local AIDS Councils (LAC) or the
local health boards, Local Council for the Protection of
Children (LCPC), Sangguniang Kabataan and
Association of Barangay Captains
• Indigenous peoples communities and
geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas
[MTLB211] 2.02 “Republic Act No. 1116, Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
(GIDA) shall also be given due focus in the
implementation of this section
• The DILG, DSWD and the NYC, shall also conduct
age-appropriate HIV and AIDS education for out-of-
school youth
Preventive Measures, Safe Practices and Procedures
❖ The DOH shall establish a program to prevent mother-to-child HIV
transmission that shall be integrated in its maternal and child
health services
❖ Standard Precaution on the Donation of Blood, Tissue, or Organ.
The DOH shall enforce the following guidelines on the donation of
blood, tissue, or organ:
(a) Donation of tissue or organ shall be accepted by a laboratory
or institution only after a sample from the donor has been tested
negative for HIV;
(b) All donated blood shall also be subjected to HIV testing;
(c) All donors whose blood, organ or tissue has been tested
positive shall be deferred from donation, notified of their HIV
status, counselled, and referred for care and clinical management
as soon as possible;
(d) Donations of blood, tissue, or organ testing positive for HIV
may be accepted for research purposes only, and shall be subject
to strict sanitary disposal requirements; and
(e) A second testing may be demanded as a matter of right by the
blood, tissue, or organ recipient or his/her immediate relatives
before transfusion or transplant, except during emergency cases.
Screening Test and Counseling
❖ As a policy, the State shall encourage voluntary HIV testing.
Written consent from the person taking the test must be obtained
before HIV testing
➢ Fifteen (15) to below eighteen (18) years of age, consent to
voluntary HIV testing shall be obtained from the child without
the need of consent from a parent or guardian;
➢ Young person aged below fifteen (15) who is pregnant or
engaged in high-risk behavior shall be eligible for HIV testing
and counseling, with the assistance of a licensed social
worker or health worker
➢ Consent to voluntary HIV testing shall be obtained from the
child's parent or legal guardian if the person is below fifteen
(15) years of age or is mentally incapacitated
❖ Compulsory HIV testing shall be allowed only in the following
instances:
➢ To test a person who is charges with any of the offenses
punishable by law (serious and slight physical injuries, rape
and simple seduction)
➢ When it is necessary to resolve relevant issues under
Executive Order No. 209, otherwise known as "The Family
Code of the Philippines"
➢ As a prerequisite in the donation of blood
Health and Support Services
❖ Treatment of Persons Living with HIV and AIDS. The DOH shall
establish a program that will provide free and accessible ART and
medication for opportunistic infections to all PLHIVs who are
enrolled in the program
❖ Access to Medical Services by Indigents. Indigent persons living
with HIV shall not be deprived of access to medical services
❖ Economic Empowerment and Support. PLHIV shall not be
deprives of any employment, livelihood, micro-finance, self-help,
and cooperative programs by reason of their HIV status
❖ Care and Support for Persons Living with HIV. Peer-led
counseling and support, social protection, welfare assistance, and
mechanisms for case management
❖ Overseas Workers Living with HIV. Develop a program to provide
a stigma-free comprehensive reintegration, care, and support
program, including economic, social, medical support for
Page 5 of 6
overseas workers, regardless of employment status and stage in
the migration process
❖ Care and Support for Affected Families, Intimate Partners,
Significant Others and Children of People Living with HIV
❖ Care and Support Program in Prisons and Others Closed-Setting
Institutions. All prisons, rehabilitation centers, and other closed-
setting institutions shall have comprehensive STI, HIV and AIDS
prevention and control program
❖ Non-discriminatory HIV and AIDS Services. Ensure the delivery of
non-discriminatory HIV and AIDS services by government and
private HIV and AIDS service providers
❖ Protection of HIV Educators, Licensed Social Workers, Health
Workers, and Other HIV and AIDS Service Providers from
Harassment. Any person involved in the provision of HIV and
AIDS services, including peer educators, shall be protected from
suit, arrest or prosecution, and from civil, criminal or administrative
liability, on the basis of their delivery of such services in HIV
prevention
❖ Health Insurance and Similar Health Services. The PhilHealth
shall enforce confidentiality in the provision of these packages to
PLHIV. No PLHIV shall be denied or deprived of private health
insurance under a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and
private life insurance coverage under a life insurance company on
the basis of the person's HIV status. Furthermore, no person shall
be denied of his insurance claims if he dies of HIV or AIDS under
a valid and subsisting life insurance policy
Confidentiality
❖ The confidentiality and privacy of any individual who has been
tested for HIV, has been exposed to HIV, has HIV infection or HIV-
and AIDS-related illnesses, or was treated for HIV-related
illnesses shall be guaranteed
❖ Disclosure of Confidential HIV ad AIDS Information. It shall be
unlawful to disclose, without written consent, information that a
person has AIDS, has undergone HIV-related test, has HIV
infection or HIV-related illnesses, or has been exposed to HIV
❖ Disclosure of HIV-Related Test Results. Result of any test related
to HIV shall be disclosed by the trained service provider who
conducts pre-test and post-test counseling only to:
➢ individual who submitted to the test
➢ patient is below fifteen (15) years old, an orphan, or is
mentally incapacitated, the result may de disclose to either of
the patient's parents, legal guardian, or a duly assigned
licensed social worker or health worker,
➢ person below fifteen (15) years of age and not suffering from
any mental incapacity, the result of the test shall be disclosed
to child.
❖ Exceptions. Confidential HIV and AIDS information may be
released by HIV testing facilities without consent in the following
instances:
➢ complying with reportorial requirements of the national active
passive surveillance system of the DOH
➢ when informing other health workers directly involved in the
treatment or care of a PLHIV
➢ when responding to a subpoena duces tecum and subpoena
ad testificandum issued by a court
Discriminatory Acts and Practices and Corresponding
Penalties
❖ Discrimination in the Workplace: ejection of job application,
termination of employment, or other discriminatory policies in
hiring, provision of employment and other related benefit,
promotion or assignment of an individual;
❖ Discrimination in Learning Institution: refusal of admission,
expulsion, segregation, imposition of harsher disciplinary actions,
or denial of benefits or services of student or a prospective
student;
❖ Restriction on Travel and Habitation: restrictions on travel within
the Philippines, refusal of lawful entry to Philippine territory,
deportation from Philippines, or the quarantine or enforced
[MTLB211] 2.02 “Republic Act No. 1116, Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
isolation of travelers is discriminatory. The same standard of Breaches Five (5) years and Three hundred fifty
protection shall be accorded to migrants, visitors, and residents confidentiality one (1) day to thousand
who are not Filipino citizens; (health seven (7) years pesos
❖ Restrictions on Shelter: restrictions on housing or lodging, professional, (P350,000.00) to
whether permanent or temporary; medical instructor, Five
❖ Prohibition on the right to seek an elective or appointive public worker, employer, hundred thousand
office; recruitment pesos
❖ Exclusion from Credit and Insurance Services: exclusion from agency, insurance (P500,000.00),
health, accident or life insurance, or credit and loan services, company,
including the extension of such loan or insurance facilities of an data encoder, and
individual; other custodian of
❖ Discrimination in Hospitals and Health Institutions: denial of health any medical
services, or being charges with a higher fee, on the basis of actual, record, file, data, or
perceived or suspected HIV status is discriminatory act and is test result)
prohibited;
❖ Denial of Burial Services: denial of embalming and burial services
for a decease person who had HIV and AIDS or who was known, On discriminatory Six (6) months to Fifty thousand
suspected, or perceived to be HIV-positive; acts and five (5) years pesos
❖ Bullying in all forms, including name-calling, upon a person based practices (P50,000.00) to Five
on actual, perceived, or suspected HIV status, including bullying hundred
in social media and other online portals thousand
(P500,000.00),
Penalties Obtained Face liability under Articles 19, 20, 21 and
knowledge of 26 of the new Civil Code
Imprisonment Fine confidential HIV and of the Philippines and relevant provisions of
Misinformation on One (1) year to ten Fifty thousand AIDS Republic Act No.
HIV and (10) years pesos information and 10173, otherwise known as the "Data
AIDS (50,000.00) to Five uses such Privacy Act of 2012".
hundred information to
thousand pesos malign or cause
(P500,000.00) damage injury, or
Negligence in the Six (6) to twelve (12) - loss to
practice of years, another person
profession suspension or ❖ The penalties collected shall be use for initial interventions
Compelled any revocation of required to address gaps in the national response on the part of
person to professional government agencies and its partners from civil society and
undergo HIV testing licenses international organizations
without
consent Administrative Order 2017-2019
On HIV and AIDS Six (6) months to One hundred “Policies and Guidelines in the Conduct of Human
service five (5) years thousand pesos Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing Services (HTS) in
providers from (P100,000.00) to Health Facilities”
harassment Five hundred
thousand pesos Operational Requirements for Facility-Based HIV Testing
(P500,000.00) Services
On health insurance Six (6) months to Not less than Fifty
and similar five (5) years, thousand ❖ Signed by : Paulyn Jean B. Rosell-Ubial, MD, MPH, CESO II
services suspensions or (P50,000.00) (Secretary of health) on September 15, 2017
revocation of ❖ HIV Testing services: full range of services accompanying HIV
business permit, testing including counselling; linkage to appropriate HIV
business prevention, treatment and care services and other clinical and
license or support services with coordination with reference laboratories to
accreditation, and support quality assurance and delivery of accurate results
professional license ❖ HIV testing services can be stand alone or integrated into existing
Breaches Six (6) months to Fifty thousand services of hospitals or clinics
confidentiality two (2) years pesos ❖ Only registered medical technologist with HIV proficiency training
(P50,000.00) to One shall perform the HIV test using Food and Drug Administration
hundred (FDA) registered test kits
fifty thousand pesos ❖ Reactive blood samples from clients/patients shall be sent to NRL-
(P150,000.00) SLH/SACCL (The National Reference Laboratory- San Lazaro
Hospital/STD AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory) or its
Mass dissemination Two (2) years and One hundred fifty designated and certified confirmatory rapid HIV diagnostic
of the HIV one (1) day thousand algorithm (rHIVda) facility sites
status of a person to five (5) years pesos ❖ Reactive blood units (not person) from blood banks, samples shall
(spreading (P150,000.00) to be referred to the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)
the information Three for confirmatory testing
online or hundred fifty
making statements thousand pesos
to the (P350,000.00)
media)

Page 6 of 6
 RMT 2023 Republic Act No. 9288 “Act Promulgating a LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Comprehensive Policy and a National System for MTLB

Ensuring Newborn Screening”

7 211

Transcriber: Riyoma Surell

❖ September 18, 1997
Outline ➢ Start of operation of the Newborn Screening Laboratory at
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: the National Institutes of Health, UP Manila
• Newborn Screening • Summary of R.A 9288 ❖ January 20, 2004
• Who may Collect • Declaration of Policy ➢ Issuance of the Presidential Proclamation No. 540,
Samples for Newborn • Elements of Newborn Subject: “Declaring the First Week of October of each year
Screening Screening as “National Newborn Screening Awareness Week”
• Epidemiology • Definition of Terms ❖ April 07, 2004
• Milestone in the • Newborn Screening ➢ Enactment of Republic Act 9288 known as the Newborn
History of Newborn Screening Act of 2004
• Implementation
Screening in the ❖ October 07, 2004
• Newborn Screening
Philippines ➢ Signing of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the
and Inherited
• Republic Act No. 9288 Newborn Screening Act
Metabolic Disorders
❖ January 2012
• General Information
➢ Inclusion of Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) in the NBS
Panel of Disorders
Newborn Screening ❖ December 2014
➢ Expanded Newborn Screening – inclusion of more than
➢ Process of collecting a few drops of blood from the newborn 20+ disorders in the NBS Panel of Disorders
onto an appropriate collection card and performing
biochemical testing for determining if the newborn has a Republic Act No. 9288
heritable condition
➢ Simple, non-invasive procedure to find-out if a baby has a
➢ “An Act Promulgating a Comprehensive Policy and a
congenital metabolic disorder that may lead to mental
National System for Ensuring Newborn Screening
retardation and or death if left untreated
▪ Appropriate specimen (manner of collection),
General Information
appropriate volume, proper labeling and transport
➢ Newborn screening tests are done by measuring metabolites
and enzyme activity in whole blood samples collected on ➢ Republic Act 9288
specialized filter paper ➢ Newborn Screening Act of 2004
➢ It is a simple procedure, using the heel prick method, a few ➢ Senate No. 2707 (February 2, 2004) and House No. 6625
drops of blood are blotted on a special absorbent filter (February 5, 2004)
card/paper ❖ Approval Date: April 7, 2004
❖ Signed by: President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Who May Collect the Samples for Newborn Screening? ➢ Presidential Proclamation No. 540 on Jan 20, 2004:
“Newborn Screening Week”
❖ Physician
Summary of R.A 9288
❖ Nurse
❖ Midwife
❖ Medical Technologist ❖ Consists of 19 Sections
➢ Short Title, Declaration of Policy, Objectives, Definitions,
Epidemiology Obligation to Inform, Performance of Newborn Screening,
Refusal to be Tested, Continuing Education, Re-education
and Training Health Personnel, Licensing and Accreditation,
❖ 10.5 Million Screened
Lead Agency, Advisory Committee on Newborn Screening,
❖ 150, 000 Confirmed (+) for heritable conditions
Establishment and Accreditation of Newborn Screening
❖ Based on 2017
Centers, Establishment of a Newborn Screening Reference
Center, Quality Assurance, Database, Newborn Screening
Milestone in the History of Newborn Screening in the Fees, Repealing Clause, Separability Clause, Effectivity
Philippines ❖ Five Articles:
➢ General Provisions - Sections 1, 2, 3
❖ February 22, 1996 ➢ Definition of Terms - Section 4
➢ First organizational meeting attended by representatives ➢ Newborn Screening - Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
from different PPS (Philippine Pediatric Society) and POGS ➢ Implementation - Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
(Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society) accredited ➢ Final Provisions - Sections 17, 18, 19
hospitals in Metro Manila
❖ April 02, 1996 Declaration of the Policy
➢ Creation of the NBS Study group composed of Pediatric and
OB-Gynecology consultants from participating hospitals ❖ It is the policy of the State to:
➢ Project name: Philippine Newborn Screening Project ➢ Protect and promote the right to health of the people,
including the rights of children to survival and full and healthy
❖ June 27, 1996 development as normal individuals
➢ Commencement of the Philippine Newborn Screening ▪ Based on the Bill of Rights (Article III) of the 1987
Project in 24 participating hospitals (18 private and 6 Constitution of the Philippines; Right to life and Right to
government) Health
❖ June 1996 – September 1997 ➢ Institutionalize a national newborn screening system that is
➢ Coordination with the New South Wales Newborn Screening comprehensive, integrative and sustainable, and will facilitate
Program in Australia for test performance and analysis collaboration
Page 1 of 5
[MTLB211] 2.03 “Republic Act No. 9288” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
➢ The National Newborn Screening System shall ensure that
every baby born in the Philippines is offered the opportunity
to undergo newborn screening and thus be spared from
heritable conditions that can lead to mental retardation and
death if undetected and untreated
Elements of Newborn Screening
❖ It is a requirement to institutionalize NBS as a public health
program that aims to ensure that every child delivered is screened
from various heritable diseases that may lead to mental
retardation and worst-case scenario death
➢ Comprehensive
➢ Integrative
➢ Sustainable
➢ Collaborative
Objectives
Government
Newborn
Screening
Health Care Practitioners Parent/ Guardian
➢ The Government will establish and integrate sustainable (no
period, continuous) NBS as part of public health delivery
system (meaning everyone must afford)
➢ Practitioners as front liners/ middleman must know its
obligation:
▪ To discuss the advantages of NBS, significance,
information and others crucial to understanding and
dissemination of the program
➢ As part of responsible Parenthood, parents must recognize
their responsibilities in promoting child’s life and health from
preventable disorders that can cause disability and death
Definition of Terms
❖ Comprehensive Newborn Screening System means a
newborn screening system that includes, but is not limited to:
➢ education of relevant stakeholders;
➢ collection and biochemical screening of blood samples taken
from newborns;
➢ tracking and confirmatory testing to ensure the accuracy of
screening results;
➢ clinical evaluation and biochemical/medical confirmation of
test results;
➢ drugs and medical/surgical management and dietary
supplementation to address the heritable conditions;
➢ evaluation activities to assess long term outcome, patient
compliance and quality assurance
❖ Follow-up means the monitoring of a newborn with a heritable
condition for the purpose of ensuring that the newborn patient
complies fully with the medicine of dietary prescriptions
➢ Monitoring of newborn with heritable conditions, (+) after
diagnostic testing;
1. To ensure that the newborn patient complies fully with
the treatment intervention
2. To know whether there is a progression of disease and
whether effective treatment has been given
❖ Health institutions mean hospitals, health infirmaries, health
centers, lying-in centers or puericulture centers with obstetrical
and pediatric services, whether public or private
Page 2 of 5
❖ Healthcare practitioner means physicians, nurses, midwives,
nursing aides and traditional birth attendants
❖ Heritable condition means any condition that can result in mental
retardation, physical deformity or death if left undetected and
untreated and which is usually inherited from the genes of either
or both biological parents of the newborn
❖ NIH means the National Institute of Health
➢ NBS reference center (source of all info, confirmatory center)
➢ Central facility within the NIH that is task/oversee as far as
protocols, guidelines, trainings, updates, informational
brochure content, and provide external QA (proficiency
testing – sort of accreditation) are concern, for accuracy
(coherence of results)
➢ Repository source of testing database, case registries, etc.
❖ Newborn means a child from the time of complete delivery to 30
days old
❖ Newborn Screening means the process of collecting a few drops
of blood from the newborn onto an appropriate collection card and
performing biochemical testing for determining if the newborn has
a heritable condition
❖ Newborn Screening Center means a facility equipped with a
newborn screening laboratory that complies with the standards
established by the NIH and provides all required laboratory tests
and recall/follow-up programs for newborns with heritable
conditions
❖ Parent education means the various means of providing parents
or legal guardians information about newborn screening.
❖ Recall means a procedure for locating a newborn with a possible
heritable condition for purposes of providing the newborn with
appropriate laboratory to confirm the diagnosis and, as
appropriate, provide treatment
❖ Treatment means the provision of prompt, appropriate and
adequate medicine, medical, and surgical management or dietary
prescription to a newborn for purposes of treating or mitigating the
adverse health consequences of the heritable condition
Newborn Screening
❖ Obligation to Inform
➢ Health practitioner: inform the parents or legal guardian of
the newborn of the availability, nature and benefits of
newborn screening prior to delivery
➢ Department of Health (DOH): appropriate notification and
education regarding this obligation
❖ Performance of Newborn Screening
➢ Performed after twenty-four (24) hours of life but not later
than three (3) days from complete delivery of the newborn
➢ Newborn in intensive care: may be exempted from the 3-day
requirement but must be tested by seven (7) days of age
➢ Joint responsibility of the parent(s) and the practitioner or
other person delivering the newborn to ensure that newborn
screening is performed
❖ When are newborn screening results available?
➢ 7 working days from the time samples are received.
➢ Laboratory results indicating high risk to heritable diseases
that were screened (+) will be immediately communicated
and subjected within 24 hours for confirmatory test
[MTLB211] 2.03 “Republic Act No. 9288” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
❖ Refusal to be Tested:
➢ on the grounds of religious beliefs, but shall acknowledge in
writing their understanding that refusal for testing places their
newborn at risk for undiagnosed heritable conditions
➢ Refusal documentation shall be made part of the newborn's
medical record and refusal shall be indicated in the national
newborn screening database
❖ Continuing Education, Re-education and Training Health
Personnel
➢ The DOH, with the assistance of the NIH and other
government agencies, professional societies and non-
government organizations, shall:
▪ conduct programs for health personnel on the rationale,
benefits, procedures of newborn screening
▪ disseminate information materials on newborn
screening at least annually to all health personnel
involved in material and pediatric care
❖ Licensing and Accreditation
➢ The DOH and the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
(PHIC) shall require health institutions to provide newborn
screening services as a condition for licensure or
accreditation
Implementation
❖ Lead Agency
➢ The DOH shall be the lead agency in implementing this act.
1. Establish the Advisory Committee on Newborn Screening;
2. Develop the implementing rules and regulations for the
immediate implementation of a nationwide newborn
screening program within one hundred eight (180) days from
the enactment of this Act;
3. Coordinate with the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) for implementation of the newborn
screening program;
4. Coordinate with the NIH Newborn Screening Reference
Center for the accreditation of Newborn Screening Centers
and preparation of defined testing protocols and quality
assurance programs
❖ Advisory Committee on Newborn Screening
➢ Integral part of the Office of the Secretary of the DOH
➢ Functions:
1. review annually and recommend conditions to be
included in the newborn screening panel of disorders;
2. review and recommend the newborn screening fee to be
charged by Newborn Screening Centers;
3. review the report of the Newborn Screening Reference
Center on the quality assurance of the National
Screening Centers and recommend corrective
measures as deemed necessary
❖ Advisory Committee on Newborn Screening
➢ Composition:
1. Chairman: Secretary of Health
2. Vice Chairperson: Executive Director of the NIH
Members:
3. Undersecretary of the DILG;
4. Executive Director of the Council for the Welfare of
Children
5. Director of the Newborn Screening Reference Center
6. - 8. Three (3) representatives appointed by the
Secretary of Health who shall be a pediatrician,
obstetrician, endocrinologist, family physician, nurse or
midwife, from either the public or private sector.
➢ Term: three (3) representatives shall be appointed for a term
of three (3) years, subject to their being reappointed for
additional three (3) years period for each extension
➢ Meeting: At least twice a year. The NIH shall serve as the
Secretariat of the Committee
❖ Establishment and Accreditation of Newborn Screening
Centers
➢ The DOH shall ensure that Newborn Screening Centers are
strategically located in order to be accessible to the relevant
public and provide services that comply with the standards
Page 3 of 5
approved by the Committee upon the recommendation of the
NIH
➢ No Newborn Screening Center shall be allowed to operate
unless it has been duly accredited by the DOH based on the
standards set forth by the Committee
➢ Every Newborn Screening Center shall:
▪ have a certified laboratory performing all tests included
in the newborn screening program,
▪ have a recall/follow up programs for infants found
positive for any and all of the heritable conditions;
▪ be supervised and staffed by trained personnel who
have been duly qualified by the NIH;
▪ submit to periodic announced or unannounced
inspections by the Reference Center in order to evaluate
and ensure quality Newborn Screening Center
performance
❖ Establishment of a Newborn Screening Reference Center
➢ The NIH shall establish a Newborn Screening Reference
Center, which shall be responsible for the national testing
database and case registries, training, technical assistance
and continuing education for laboratory staff in all Newborn
Screening Centers
❖ Quality Assurance
➢ The NIH Newborn Screening Reference Center shall be
responsible for drafting and ensuring good laboratory
practice standards for newborn screening centers
❖ Database
➢ All Newborn Screening Centers shall coordinate with the NIH
Newborn Screening Reference Center for consolidation of
patient databases
➢ The NIH Newborn Screening Reference Center shall
maintain a national database of patients tested and a registry
for each condition.
❖ Newborn Screening Fees
➢ The PHIC shall include cost of newborn screening in its
benefits package
➢ To ensure sustainability of the National System for Newborn
Screening, the newborn screening fee shall be divided and
set aside for the following purposes:
▪ (4%) to the DOH's Centers for Health Development to
be spent solely for follow-up services, education and
other activities directly related to the provision of
newborn screening services
▪ (4%) to the Newborn Screening Centers for human
resource development and equipment maintenance and
upgrading
▪ (4%) to the NIH Newborn Screening Reference Center
for overall supervision, training and continuing
education, maintenance of national database, quality
assurance program and monitoring of the national
program; and the balance for the operational and other
expenses of the Newborn Screening Center
Newborn Screening and Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Bakit Kailangang magpa-NBS test ang inyong sanggol?
Kondisyong Epekto pag hindi na Epekto pag na-NBS
sinusuri NBS at nagamot kaagad
CH (Congenital Malubhang Mental Normal
Hypothyroidisim) Retardation
CAH (Congenital Kamatayan Buhay at normal
Adrenal Hyperplasia)
GAL (Galactosemia) Kamatayan o Buhay at normal
Katarata
PKU Malubhang Mental Normal
(Phenylketonuria) Retardation
G6PD Deficiency Malubhang Anemia, Normal
Kernicterus
MSUD (Maple Syrup Kamatayan Buhay at normal
Urine Disease)
[MTLB211] 2.03 “Republic Act No. 9288” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
➢ Phenylalanine to tyrosine
❖ Newborn Screening Facilities will offer NBS under two options: ▪ Phenylalanine hydroxylase
➢ Basic • Neurotoxic can cause brain damage expresses as
▪ Six-test Panel of Disorders mental retardation
• Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) • Effects normally seen within 6 months
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) • Mousy odor
• Galactosemia (GAL) • Poor learning abilities
• G6PD Deficiency (G6PDD) ➢ Mousy odor
• Phenylketonuria (PKU) ➢ Severe intellectual impairment, microcephaly, eczema,
• Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) seizures, hypopigmentation, autistic behavior
➢ Expanded ❖ Screening: Guthrie test
▪ Newborn screening test ➢ Protein diet restriction
• Current panel of six (6) disorders
• Cystic fibrosis Maple Syrup Urine Disease
• Biotinidase disease
• Organic acid disorders ➢ Is an autosomal-recessive genetic disorder
• Fatty acid oxidation disorders where there is deficient or absence of
• Amino acid disorders production of enzyme branched chain alpha-
• Urea cycle disorder ketoacid decarboxylase
➢ Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
• Hemoglobin disorders
➢ Maple syrup (Burnt sugar odor)
Congenital Hypothyroidism ➢ Lethargy, vomiting, lack of appetite, muscle
rigidity, respiratory irregularities, seizures, mental retardation
➢ Diet restriction
➢ Congenital means existing at birth ➢ Striking Feature
➢ Hypothyroidism is a condition where there is ▪ Urine, breath, skin
diminished production of thyroid hormones ▪ Accumulation of this branched chain AA and ketoacids
▪ Thyroid gland metabolites in blood urine CSF – encephalopathy,
• Butterfly shaped endocrine gland that progressive neurodegen as signs of failure or thrive
produces thyroid hormones like T3, T4
• Responsible for normal development and function Glucose-6-PD Deficiency
of certain body organs like bones, muscles, teeth
and particularly brain
➢ Is an inherited condition in which the body
➢ Jaundice, poor muscle tone, low body temperature, long-
lacks the enzyme G-6-PD which helps red
protruding tongue, large anterior fontanel, umbilical hernia
blood cells function normally
➢ Thyroid replacement
▪ Without the enzyme there is premature
➢ Treatment: L – thyroxine in tablet from normally crushed and
destruction of red cells
included in the meal
➢ Avoid: soy-based formulas and iron supplements – reduce
➢ Hemolytic anemia
absorption of thyroxine supplement
▪ Bacterial infections
▪ Viral infections
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
▪ Analgesics, Antipyretics (aspirin)
▪ Antibiotics (Bactrim)
➢ Hyperplasia means increase in cell ▪ Anti-malarial drug (Chloroquine)Favism (soya food, fava
number beans)
➢ Organomegaly (enlargement) ▪ Naphthalene balls
▪ Due to deficiency of enzyme ➢ Lethargic, tachycardia, tachypnea, jaundice, splenomegaly,
paired glands that sit atop to the kidney – steroid tea-colored urine
hormones ➢ Blood transfusion, phototherapy, folic acid, limit exposure
➢ Inherited genetic disorders where there is deficient ➢ Intervention:
production of certain enzyme needed to produce adrenal ▪ Blood transfusion, phototherapy
hormones
➢ Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Catecholamines Galactosemia
▪ regulate metabolism
▪ helps in immunity
➢ An inherited disorder that lacks an enzyme
▪ regulates blood pressure
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
▪ maintenance of sexual characteristics
➢ Salt-wasting, dehydration, low BP, weight loss, listlessness,
▪ Galactose are not metabolized -> it will
drowsiness, metabolic acidosis, confusion, irritability, coma,
accumulated on the blood
abnormal genitalia
➢ Lactose – Glucose + Galactose
➢ Synthetic form of hydrocortisone, surgery
➢ Galactose
➢ 21-hydroxyllase deficiency
▪ Brain
▪ Eye
Phenylketonuria
➢ Hypoglycemic, failure to grow, poor weight, vomiting,
diarrhea, hepatomegaly, liver disease
➢ Is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in ➢ Avoid milk products, galactose restricted diet
which the body cannot properly use the essential amino
acid phenylalanine due enzyme deficiency
➢ Aminoacidopathies
▪ Class of inherited errors of metabolism in which
there is enzyme defect that inhibits body’s ability to
metabolize certain AA

Page 4 of 5
[MTLB211] 2.03 “Republic Act No. 9288” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT

Terminology from Draft GHR Condition Name

Report
Organic Acid Disorders (9)
IV A Isovaleric acidemia
GA I Glutaric academia (type I)
HMG 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl
coenzyme A lyase deficiency
MCD Multiple carboxylase deficiency
MUT Methylmalonic acidemia
Cbl A,B Methylmalonic acidemia
3MCC 3-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A
deficiency
PROP Propionic acidemia
BKT Beta-ketothiolase deficiency
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Disorders (5)
MCAD Medium-chain acyl coenzyme A
dehydrogenase deficiency
VLCAD Very long-chain acyl coenzyme
A dehydrogenase deficiency
LCHAD Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl
coenzyme A dehydrogenase
deficiency
TFP Mitochondrial trifunctional
protein deficiency
CUD Carnitine update disorder
Amino Acid Disorders (6)
PKU Phenylketonuria
MSUD Maple syrup urine disease
HCY Homocystinuria
CIT Citrullinemia
ASA Argininosuccinic acidemia
TYR I Tyrosinemia
Hemoglobinopathies (3)
Hb SS Sickle cell anemia
Hb S/Bth Discussed in HBB gene
summary
Hb S/C Discussed in HBB gene
summary
Other (6)
CH Congenital hypothyroidism
BIOT Biotinidase deficiency
CAH 21-hydroxylase deficiency
GALT Galactosemia
HEAR (a hearing test for Nonsyndromic deafness,
hearing loss) syndromic deafness disorders
CF Cystic fibrosis

Page 5 of 5
 RMT 2023 Republic Act No. 4688 “Clinical Laboratory Act”
Transcriber: Riyoma Surell
LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
MTLB
OLFU MEDTECH
8 211

Administrative Order No. 2007-0027

Outline
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn:
• Clinical Laboratory Act • General Guidelines
• Administrative Order • Specific Guidelines
No. 2007-0027 • Procedural Guidelines
• Definition of Terms • Schedule of Fees
• Acronyms • Violations
• Classification of • Investigation of
Clinical Laboratory Complaints
• Penalty and Appeal
Clinical Laboratory Act
➢ An act regulating the operation and maintenance of clinical
laboratories and requiring the registration of the same with the
Department of Health, providing penalty for the violation thereof,
and for other purposes
➢ The Department of Health, thru Bureau of Research and
Laboratory, is the central governmental agency authorized to
regulate the operation and maintenance of lab thru the issuance
of license (license to operate)
➢ To effectively implement the policies on laboratories, the DOH
Secretary, Director of BRL is mandated to formulate rules and
regulations
❖ Approved on June 18, 1966
❖ Signed by Ferdinand E. Marcos
❖ This act promulgates the rules and regulation to the following
reasons:
➢ To protect
➢ To promote
➢ Ensures the availability of clinical laboratories that are properly
managed with adequate resources, with effective and efficient
performance through the compliance with quality standards
The following Administrative and Executive Orders were issued in
relation to RA 4688:
AO 201 s 1973 Revised Rules and Regulations
Governing the Registration,
Operations and Maintenance of
Clinical Laboratories in the
Philippines
AO 290 s 1976 Amending Section II Subsection A
of Administrative Order No. 201,
Series of 1973 Concerning
Requirements for a Clinical
Laboratory
AO 52 s. 1983 --
AO 49-B s. 1988 Revised Rules and Regulations
Governing the Registration,
Operation and Maintenance of
Clinical Laboratories in the
Philippines
EO 102 s. 1999 Redirecting the Functions and
Operations of the DOH
AO 59 s. 2001 Rules and Regulations Governing
the Establishment, Operation and
Maintenance of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines)
AO 27 s. 2007 Revised Rules and Regulations
Governing the Licensure and
Regulation of Clinical Laboratories
in the Philippines)
Revised Rules and Regulation Governing the Licensure and
Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
➢ Francisco T. Duque III, M.D., MSc (Secretary of Health)
Definitions of Terms
❖ Clinical laboratory
➢ a facility where tests are done on specimens form the human
body to obtain information about the health status of a patient for
the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases
▪ Clinical chemistry
▪ Hematology
▪ Immunohematology
▪ Microbiology
▪ Immunology
▪ Clinical microscopy
▪ Histopathology
▪ Cytology
▪ Toxicology
▪ Endocrinology
▪ Molecular biology
▪ Cytogenetics
❖ Other functions of the clinical laboratory:
➢ To provide consultative advisory services covering all aspects of
laboratory investigations
➢ Mailing or distribution center, such as in a laboratory network or
system
➢ Total testing process includes pre–analytical, analytical and
post–analytical procedures
❖ License
➢ the document issued by the DOH to an individual, agency,
partnership or corporation that operates a clinical laboratory
upon compliance with the requirements set forth in this Order
❖ Licensee
➢ the individual, agency, partnership or corporation to whom the
license is issued and upon who rests compliance with this Order
❖ Mobile Clinical Laboratory
➢ a laboratory testing unit that moves from testing site to another
testing site, or has a temporary testing location. It shall have a
base laboratory
❖ Routine Tests
➢ the basic, commonly requested tests in the laboratory, the results
of which are not required to be released immediately upon
completion. It shall follow the usual procedures and system in the
laboratory
❖ Satellite Testing Site
➢ any testing site that performs laboratory examinations under the
administrative control of a licensed laboratory, but performed
outside the physical confines of that laboratory
❖ STAT Tests
➢ tests done on urgent cases, the results of which shall be released
immediately, within one (1) hour after the procedure. STAT is an
abbreviation “sta’tim” which means immediately
Acronyms
❖ BHFS
➢ Bureau of Health Facilities and Services
❖ DOH
➢ Department of Health
❖ EQAP
➢ External Quality Assessment Program
➢ It is a program where participating laboratories are given
unknown samples for analysis. These samples are to be treated
as ordinary human specimens for the usual processing and
examination. The quality of performance of the laboratory shall
be assesses through the closeness of its results to be pre-
determined value or to the reference value generated by the
participating laboratories through peer group analysis
❖ LTO
➢ License to Operate

Page 1 of 4
[MTLB211] 2.04 “Republic Act No. 4688, Clinical Laboratory Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
❖ NRL
➢ National Reference Laboratory
➢ It is a laboratory in a government hospital which has been
designated by the DOH to provide special functions and services
for specific disease areas. These functions include provision of
referral services such as confirmatory testing, surveillance,
resolution of conflicting results between or among laboratories;
training; research; implementation of EQAS (External Quality
Assurance Scheme); evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents.
An NRL may or may not be part of a general clinical laboratory
❖ POL
➢ Physician’s Office Laboratory
➢ It is an individual doctor’s office/ clinic wherein laboratory
examinations are performed
❖ POCT
➢ Point of Care Testing
➢ It is a diagnostic testing at or near the site of patient care rather
than in the clinical laboratory. It includes bedside testing,
outpatient and home care
Classification of Clinical Laboratory
❖ A clinical laboratory, licensed under any of the above category, shall
❖ By Ownership
➢ Government
▪ operated and maintained, partially or wholly, by the national
government, a local government unit (provincial, city or
municipal), any other political unit or any department,
division, board or agency thereof
➢ Private
▪ owned, established and operated by any individual,
corporation, association or organization
❖ By Function
➢ Clinical Pathology
▪ includes Clinical Chemistry, Hematology,
Immunohematology, Microbiology, Immunology, Clinical
Microscopy, Endocrinology, Molecular Biology,
Cytogenetics, Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
and other similar disciplines
➢ Anatomic Pathology
▪ includes Surgical Pathology, Immunohistopathology,
Cytology, Autopsy, Forensic Pathology and Molecular
Pathology
❖ By Institutional Character
➢ Institution Based
▪ a laboratory that operates within the premises and as part
of an institution, such as but not limited to hospital, medical
clinic, school, medical facility for overseas and seafarers,
birthing home, psychiatric facility, drug rehabilitation center
➢ Freestanding
▪ a laboratory that does not form part of any other institution
❖ By Service Capability
➢ Primary Category
▪ provides the following minimum service capabilities:
• Routine Hematology: Complete Blood Count –
includes Hemoglobin Mass Concentration, Erythrocyte
Volume Fraction (Hematocrit), Leucocyte Number
Concentration (White Blood Cell or WBC count) and
Leucocyte Number Fraction (Differential count)
• Qualitative Platelet Determination
• Routine Urinalysis
• Routine Fecalysis
• Blood typing – for hospital based
➢ Secondary Category
▪ provides the minimum service capabilities of a primary
category laboratory plus the following:
• Routine Clinical Chemistry – includes Blood Glucose
Substance Concentration, Blood Urea Nitrogen
concentration, Blood Uric Acid Substance
Concentration, Blood Creatinine Concentration, Blood
Total Cholesterol Concentration
• Quantitative Platelet Determination
• Cross matching – for hospital based
• Gram Staining – for hospital based
• KOH – for hospital based
Page 2 of 4
➢ Tertiary Category
▪ provides the minimum service capabilities of a secondary
category laboratory plus the following:
• Special Chemistry
Special Hematology, including coagulation procedures
• Immunology
• Microbiology – culture and sensitivity
• Aerobic and anaerobic (for hospital and non–hospital
based)
➢ Limited Service Capability (for institution–based only)
▪ provides the laboratory tests required for a particular service
in institutions such as but not limited to dialysis centers and
social hygiene clinics
➢ Special Clinical Laboratory
▪ A laboratory that offers highly specialized laboratory
services that are usually not provided by a general clinical
laboratory
▪ Assisted Reproduction Technology Laboratories, Molecular
and Cellular Technology, Molecular Biology, Molecular
Pathology, Forensic Pathology, Anatomic Pathology
laboratories
be permitted to offer laboratory services other than the respective
stipulated minimum services, provided that, they comply with the
requirements with respect to staff, equipment, reagents and supplies
for such additional services, provided further, that such additional
services are listed under its LTO
General Guidelines
➢ The LTO shall be issued only to clinical laboratories that comply
with the standards and technical requirements formulated by the
BHFS
➢ Clinical laboratories that are operated and maintained
exclusively for research and teaching purposes shall be
exempted from the licensing requirement of this order but shall
be required to register with the BHFS
➢ Special clinical laboratories: required to register with the BHFS
without being licensed. A pathologist or a licensed physician who
is trained in the management, principles and methodology of the
specialized services that are being provided shall head this type
of laboratory
➢ The NRL designated by the DOH shall be covered by the license
of the clinical laboratory of the hospital where they are
respectively assigned
➢ The NRL that is physically independent from the clinical
laboratory of the hospital where they are respectively assigned
shall be allowed to register only with the BHFS, provided that,
they are duly accredited or certified by an international
accrediting or certifying body, such as the Center for Disease
Control of the USA and the World Health Organization and/or
local accrediting or certifying body recognized by the DOH
➢ Reference Laboratories
▪ Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
• NRL for Dengue, Influenza, Tuberculosis and other
Mycobacteria, Malaria and other parasites, Bacterial
enteric diseases, measles and other viral exanthems,
Mycology, Enteroviruses, Antimicrobial resistance and
Emerging Diseases; NRL for confirmatory testing of
blood donors and blood units
▪ San Lazaro Hospital (SACCL) NRL
• HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
▪ East Avenue Medical Center NRL or Environmental and
Occupational Health
• Toxicology and Micronutrient Assay
▪ National Kidney and Transplant Institute
• NRL for Hematology including Immunohematology
and Immunopathology and Anatomic Pathology
▪ Philippine Heart Center NRL Anatomic Pathology of
Cardiac Diseases Lung Center of the Philippines NRL for
Clinical Chemistry
➢ A POL is required to secure a clinical laboratory license when it
undertakes any or all of the following activities:
▪ Issue official laboratory results;
▪ Perform more than monitoring examinations; and
▪ Cater not only to the Physician’s own patients
[MTLB211] 2.04 “Republic Act No. 4688, Clinical Laboratory Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
▪ Examinations performed in a POL shall only be permitted ➢ The retention of laboratory records shall be in accordance to the
when they are used for monitoring patients standards promulgated by the DOH or by competent authorities
▪ A POCT, conducted in a hospital, is required to be under for such purposes
the management and supervision of the licensed clinical
laboratory of the respective hospital License to Operate

Specific Guidelines ➢ The LTO is issued in the name of the licensee and is non–
transferable, whether voluntarily and involuntarily, through sale,
Standards assignment or any other means. The license is not valid for any
premise/location other than that which is stipulated therein
➢ The LTO is issued to a clinical laboratory, unless sooner
❖ Human Resource
suspended or revoked, is valid for one year and expires on the
➢ Every clinical laboratory shall be headed and managed by a
date set forth by the CHD, as stipulated on the face of the license
Pathologist, certified either as a Clinical Pathologist, an Anatomic
➢ The LTO issued to a non–hospital based clinical laboratory shall
Pathologist or both by the Philippine Board of Pathology
specifically stipulate the following: name of the clinical laboratory,
➢ The head of the laboratory shall have administrative and
name(s) of the owner or operator, head of the laboratory, service
technical supervision of the activities in the laboratory
capability, period of validity, license number, and location
➢ The head of the laboratory shall supervise the staff in accordance
wherein the laboratory procedures are to be performed
to the standards set by the Philippine Society of Pathologists
➢ The LTO issued to a non–hospital based clinical laboratory must
➢ There shall be an adequate number of medical technologists and
be displayed at all time at a prominent place within the laboratory
other health professionals with documented training and
premises
experience to conduct the laboratory procedures. The number of
➢ Hospital based clinical laboratories shall be licensed as part
staff shall depend on the workload and the services being
of the hospital through the One–Stop–Shop Licensure for
provided
Hospitals and are therefore not required to obtain a separate
➢ There shall be staff development and continuing education
license
program at all levels of organization to upgrade the knowledge,
▪ Non-hospital based clinical laboratories shall file
attitude and skills of staff
applications for renewal of LTO beginning on the first day of
❖ Equipment
October until the last day of November of the current year.
➢ There shall be available and operational equipment to provide
A discount on the renewal fee shall be granted if a complete
the laboratory examinations that the laboratory is licensed for
application filed during this period
➢ There shall be a calibration, preventive maintenance and repair
▪ Renewal of license for compliant clinical laboratories shall
program for the equipment
be processed not later than five (5) working days after the
➢ There shall be a contingency plan in case of equipment
expiration date of its license
breakdown
▪ The LTO of a clinical laboratory shall be automatically
❖ Glassware, Reagents and Supplies
cancelled without notice when it fails to submit a duly
➢ There shall be available reagents, glassware and supplies for the
accomplished application form and to pay the proper fee on
laboratory examinations to be provided
or before the expiration date started in its license
➢ There shall be an inventory control of the reagents, glassware
➢ The capability to perform HIV testing and/or drinking water
and supplies
analysis shall be specifically indicated in the LTO, as issued by
➢ The reagents, glassware and supplies shall be stored under the
the CHD (Center for Health Development)
required conditions
➢ The clinical laboratory and its satellite services within the same
❖ Administrative Policies and Procedures
compound shall have one (1) LTO
➢ The clinical laboratory shall have written policies and procedures
➢ A satellite laboratory outside the premises where the central
for the provision of laboratory services and for the operation and
laboratory is situated shall be required to secure a separate LTO
maintenance of the laboratory
➢ Mobile clinical laboratories shall be licensed as part of the main
❖ Technical Procedures
clinical laboratory and shall be permitted to collect specimens
➢ There shall be documented technical procedures for services
only. It shall be allowed to operate only within one hundred (100)
provided in each Section of the laboratory, which will ensure the
km radius from its main laboratory
quality of laboratory results
➢ The LTO may be revoked, suspended or modified in full or in part
❖ Quality Assurance Program
for any material false statement by the applicant, or as shown by
➢ There shall be an Internal Quality Assurance Program which
the record of inspection or for violation of, or failure to comply
shall include:
with any of the terms and conditions and provisions of these rules
▪ An Internal Quality Control Program for technical procedure
and regulations
▪ An Internal Quality Assurance Program for inputs,
processes and outputs
▪ A Continuous Quality Improvement Program covering all Procedural Guidelines
aspects of laboratory performance
▪ The clinical laboratory shall participate in an EQAP Registration
administered by designated NRL or in other local and
international EQAP approved by the DOH ❖ Registration for Special Clinical Laboratories, National Reference
❖ Communication and Records Laboratories, Research and Teaching Laboratories
➢ There shall be procedures for the receipt and performance of ➢ Application Form for Registration from the BHFS or at the DOH
routine and STAT requests for laboratory examinations website
➢ There shall be procedures for the reporting of results of routine ➢ The accomplished form together with the necessary attachments
and STAT laboratory examinations, including critical values that is to be submitted to the BHFS or through the CHD
would impact on patient care ➢ Payment for Certificate of Registration upon submission
➢ All laboratory reports on various examinations of specimens shall ➢ Evaluation and acceptance of applications based on due
bear the name of facsimile signature of the Pathologist who shall execution of forms and completeness of attachments
be accountable for the reliability of the results. The reports shall
also bear the name and signature of the registered medical Renewal of LTO
technologist(s) who have performed the examinations. Electronic
signatures shall be permitted in accordance to the provisions of ❖ Procedures for Application for Initial/Renewal of LTO
the E–Commerce Law ➢ Application form for LTO form the BHFS or at the DOH website
➢ There shall be procedures for the reporting of workload, quality ➢ Accomplished form together with the necessary attachments is
control, inventory control, work schedule and assignments to be submitted to the CHD
➢ There shall be procedures for the reporting and analysis of ➢ Application fee for LTO upon submission
incidents, adverse events and in handling complaints

Page 3 of 4
[MTLB211] 2.04 “Republic Act No. 4688, Clinical Laboratory Act” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
➢ CHD that has jurisdiction over the existing or proposed clinical ❖ Giving and receiving any commission, bonus, kickback or rebate or
laboratory shall conduct inspections in accordance with licensing engaging in an split–fee arrangement in any form whatsoever with any
requirements facility, physician, organization, agency or person, either directly or
indirectly, for patients referred to an clinical laboratory licensed by the
Inspection DOH

➢ The CHD shall conduct an announced licensure inspection at any
reasonable time
➢ The licensee shall ensure the accessibility of the premises and
facilities where the laboratory examinations are being performed
for the inspection of the CHD Director or his authorized
representative(s) at any reasonable time
➢ The licensee shall ensure the availability of all pertinent records
for checking/review of the CHD Director or his authorized
representative(s)
➢ An inspection tool, which prescribed the standards, criteria and
technical requirements for the issuance of LTO, shall be utilized
Monitoring
➢ All clinical laboratories shall be monitored regularly
➢ The BHFS or the CHD Director or his authorized
representative(s) shall monitor clinical laboratories through
monitoring visits to the laboratory at any reasonable time
➢ All clinical laboratories shall ensure that all laboratory records,
premises and facilities are made available to the BHFS or the
CHD Director or his authorized representative(s) in order to
determine compliance with the provisions of this Order
➢ A Notice of Violation for non–compliant clinical laboratories shall
be issued immediately after monitoring the clinical laboratory
➢ The CHD concerned shall submit a quarterly summary of the
violations to the BHFS stating the name of the clinical laboratory,
location, its corresponding violation and the course of action
taken
➢ The Provincial, City and Municipal Health Officers are enjoined
to report to the BHFS/CHD the existence of unlicensed clinical
laboratories or any private party performing laboratory
examinations without proper license and/or violations to these
rules and regulations
Investigation of Complaints
❖ The BHFS or the CHD Director or his authorized representative(s)
shall investigate the complaint and verify if the laboratory concerned
or any of its personnel is accountable for an alleged violation
❖ The CHD Director or his authorized representative(s), after
investigation, shall suspend, cancel or revoke for a determined period
of time the LTO of licensees who are found violating the provision of
R.A. 4688. The CHD shall seek the assistance of any law enforcement
agency to execute the closure of any erring clinical laboratory, when
necessary
Penalty and Appeal
Penalty
➢ Any person who operates a clinical laboratory without the proper
license from the DOH shall upon conviction be subject to
➢ Imprisonment: not less than one (1) month
➢ Fine: not less than Php 1,000 and not more than Php 5,000
Appeal
➢ The decision of the BHFS/CHD may be appealed to the Office of
the Health Secretary within ten (10) days after receipt of the
notice of the decision
➢ The decision of the Office of the Health Secretary is final and
executory

Schedule of Fees

➢ A non–refundable fee shall be charged for the initial application

/renewal of license to operate a clinical laboratory, either
government or private
➢ All fees/checks shall be paid to the order of DOH in person or
through postal money order
➢ All fees, surcharges and discounts shall follow the current DOH
prescribed schedule of fees

Violations

❖ Refusal of any clinical laboratory to participate in an EQAP conducted

by the designated NRL or other external proficiency program
approved by the DOH
❖ Issuance of a report, orally or in writing, in whole or portions thereof,
which is not in accordance with the documented procedure approved
by the head of the laboratory
❖ Permitting unauthorized persons to perform technical procedures
❖ Demonstrating incompetence or making consistent errors in the
performance of clinical laboratory examinations and procedures
❖ Deviation from the standard test procedures including use of expired
reagents
❖ Reporting/release of erroneous results
❖ Lending or using the name of the licensed clinical laboratory or the
head of the laboratory or medical technologist to an unlicensed clinical
laboratory
❖ Unauthorized use of the name and signature of the Pathologist and
medical technologists to secure LTO
❖ Reporting a test result for a clinical specimen even if the test was not
actually performed
❖ Transferring of results of tests done in an outside clinical laboratory to
the result form of the referring laboratory
❖ Performing and reporting tests in a specialty or subspecialty in which
the laboratory is not licensed

Page 4 of 4
 RMT 2023 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7719 “National Blood Services LEC
2020-2021
1ST SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Act of 1994” MTLB
Transcriber: Riyoma Surell 9 211

➢ To mandate the DOH to establish and organize a National Blood

Outline Transfusion Service Network
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: ➢ Assistance to institution promoting voluntary blood donation
• Republic Act No.7719 • Section VIII: Non- providing non-profit blood services
➢ To require all blood collection units and blood banks/centers to
• Section I: Title Profit Operation
operate a non-profit basis (non-business entity)
• Section II: Declaration • Section IX: Regulation ➢ To establish scientific and professional standards for the
of Policies of Blood Services operation of blood collection units and blood bank/centers
• Section III: Definitions • Section X: Importation ➢ To regulate and ensure the safety of all activities related to the
• Section IV: of Blood Banks, collection, storage and banking of blood
Promotions of Equipment, Blood ➢ Upgrading of blood banks/centers for preventive services and
Voluntary Blood Bags and Reagents education
Donation • Section XI: Rules and Section III: Definitions
• Section V: National Regulations
Voluntary Blood • Section XII: Penalties ❖ Blood/blood product
Services Program • Section XIII: ➢ refers to human blood, processed or unprocessed and includes
• Section VI: Upgrading Separability Clause blood components, its products and derivatives
of Services and • Section XIV: ❖ Blood bank/center
Facilities Repealing Clause ➢ a laboratory or institution with the capability to recruit and screen
• Section VII: Phase-out • Section XV: Effectivity blood donors, collect, process, store, transport and issue blood
for transfusion and provide information and/ or education on
of Commercial Blood • Criteria for Donor
blood transfusion transmissible diseases
Banks Selection
❖ Commercial blood bank
Donor Deferral ➢ a blood bank that exists for profit;
❖ Hospital-based blood bank
Republic Act No. 7719 “National Blood Services Act of 1994” ➢ a blood bank which is located within the premises of a hospital
and which can perform compatibility testing of blood
❖ About 117.4 million blood donations are collected worldwide. 42% of ❖ Blood collection unit
these are collected in high-income countries, home to 16 % of the ➢ an institution or facility duly authorized by the Department of
world’s population Health to recruit and screen donors and collect blood
❖ An increase of 11.6 million blood donations from voluntary unpaid ❖ Voluntary blood donor
donors has been reported from 2008 to 2015. In total, 78 countries ➢ one who donates blood on one’s own volition or initiative and
collect over 90% of their blood supply from voluntary unpaid blood without monetary compensation
donors; however, 58 countries collect more than 50% of their blood ❖ Department
supply from family/replacement or paid donors ➢ the Department of Health
❖ The Department of Health (DOH) finally realized its goal of collecting ❖ Blood transfusion transmissible diseases
one (1) million blood units from the total population; two decades after ➢ diseases which may be transmitted as a result of blood
the National Blood Services Act of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7719) was transfusion, including AIDS, Hepatitis-B, Malaria and Syphilis
signed into law ❖ Secretary of Health
❖ Last December 2017, the country’s goal to obtain the 1% (1 million ➢ the Secretary of Health or any other person to whom the
blood units) blood collection from the total population was achieved Secretary delegates the responsibility of carrying out the
and collected 1,120,408 blood units. This represents a significant provisions of this Act
contribution to the global call for a 100% voluntary blood donation by ❖ Walking Blood Donor
the World Health Organization ➢ an individual included in the list of qualified voluntary blood
donors referred to in Section 4, paragraph (e), who is ready to
Section 1: Title donate blood when needed in his/her community
Section IV: Promotion of Voluntary Blood Donation
➢ This act shall be known as the “National Blood Services Act of
1994” ➢ In order to ensure adequate supply of human blood, a voluntary
➢ An act promulgating voluntary blood donation. blood donation shall be promoted through the following:
➢ Providing for an adequate supply of safe blood. a. Public Education
➢ Regulating blood banks and providing penalties for violation • Organized and sustained nationwide public education
thereof. campaign by the Department, the Philippine National
❖ Approved in May 5, 1994 by Pres. Fidel V. Ramos Red Cross (PNRC) and the Philippine Blood
Coordinating Council (PBCC), set aside funds and
Section II: Declaration of Policies generate financial support for all sectors
b. Promotion in Schools
• Giving emphasis in health subjects of schools, both
➢ To promote and encourage voluntary blood donation by the
public and private hospitals
principle that blood donation is a humanitarian act;
▪ Humanitarian: promoting huma welfare, to save lives, • Required by the DECS in the inclusion of non-formal
relieve suffering and maintain human dignity education curricula
c. Professional Education
➢ To lay down the legal principle of blood transfusion is a
professional medical service and not a sale of a commodity • Continuing medical education, trainings on the rational
➢ To provide adequate, safe, affordable and equitable distribution use of blood products including merits of voluntary
of supply of blood and blood products blood donation
➢ To inform the public of the voluntary blood donation to curb • By the help of Department of Health (DOH), Philippine
hazards caused by the commercial sale of blood Blood Coordinating Council (PBCC), Philippine
➢ To teach the benefits and rationale in the existing health subjects Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion
of the formal education systems and non-formal education (PSHBT), Philippine Medical Association (PMA),
systems Philippine Association of Medical Technologists
➢ To mobilize all the sectors of the community to participate in (PAMET), Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
mechanisms for voluntary and non-profit collection of blood
Page 1 of 3
[MTLB211] 2.05 Republic Act No. 7719 “National Blood Services Act of 1994”I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
d. Establishment of Blood Services Network
• Blood Centers shall be strategically established in
every province and city nationwide
• The promotion of blood collection in schools, business
enterprises, barangay and military camps
e. Walking Donors
• List of qualified voluntary blood donors with their
specified blood typing for the purpose of inadequate
blood banking facilities and supplies
Section V: National Voluntary Blood Services Program
➢ By the help of the PNRC and PBCC implementation of the
NVBSP
➢ Appropriate notification and education: DOH
➢ A program to meet an evolutionary manner, needs for blood
transfusion in all region of the country
➢ Funds for this purpose shall be provided by the government
through the following institutions:
▪ PCSO (P25,000,000.00)
▪ PAGCOR (P25,000,000.00)
▪ Duty Free Shop (P20,000,000.00)
▪ Other contributions form ther agencies such as civic
organization
Section VI: Upgrading of Services and Facilities
➢ All blood banks/centers shall provide preventive health services
such as education and counseling on blood transfusion
transmittable diseases
▪ The Department, in consultation with the PSHBT and the
PSP, shall also establish guidelines for the rational use of
blood and blood products
➢ All government hospitals shall be required to establish voluntary
blood donation programs and private hospitals are encourage to
establish the said program also
Section VII: Phase-out of Commercial Blood Banks
➢ All commercial blood banks shall be phased-out over a period of
two (2) years after effectivity of this Act
➢ Extended to a maximum period of two (2) years by the Secretary
Section VIII: Non-Profit Operation
➢ All blood banks/centers shall operate on a non-profit basis;
Provided, that they may collect service fee not greater than the
maximum prescribe by the Department
➢ BLOOD SHALL BE COLLECTED FROM HEALTHY
VOLUNTARY DONORS ONLY!
Section IX: Regulation of Blood Services
➢ It shall be unlawful for any person to establish and operate a
blood banks/centers unless it is registered and issued a license
to operate by the Department
➢ No license shall be granted or renewed by the Department for
the establishment and operation unless it complies with the
standards prescribed by the Department
Section X: Importation of Blood Bank, Equipment, Blood
Bags and Reagents
➢ Equipment, blood bags and reagents used for the screening and
testing donors, collection and processing and storage of blood
shall be imported tax- and duty-free by the PNRC , blood banks
and hospitals participating actively in the National Voluntary
Blood Services Program
➢ This provision shall be implemented by the rules and regulations
to be promulgated by the Department in consultation and
coordination with the Department of Finance
Page 2 of 3
Section XI: Rules and Regulation
➢ The existing Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the
Collection, Processing and Provision of Human Blood and the
Establishment and Operation of Blood Banks shall remain in
force unless amended or revised by the Secretary
➢ Rules and regulations shall be promulgated sixty (60) days from
the approval thereof
➢ The rules and regulations shall prescribe from time to time the
maximum ceiling for fees for the provision of blood, including its
collection, processing and storage, professional services and a
reasonable allowance for spoilage
Section XII: Penalties
❖ Any blood bank/center which shall collect charges and fees greater
than the maximum prescribed by the Department shall have its license
suspended or revoked by the Secretary
➢ IMPRISONMENT
▪ not less than one (1) month nor more than six (6) months
➢ FINE
▪ not less than Five thousand pesos (P5,000) nor more than
Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000)
❖ Any person who shall establish and operate a blood bank without
securing any license to operate from the Department or who fails to
comply with the standards prescribed by the Department referred to in
Section 9
➢ IMPRISONMENT:
▪ not less than twelve (12) years and one (1) day nor more
than twenty (20)
➢ FINE:
▪ not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50.000) nor more than
Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000)
❖ The Secretary may impose administrative sanctions but not limited to
fines, suspension, or revocation of license to operate a blood
bans/centers and to recommend the suspension or revocation of the
license to practice the profession when applicable
❖ The head of the blood bank and the necessary personnel under the
heads direct supervision found responsible fro dispensing, transfusing
and failing to dispose, within forty-eight (48) hours, blood which have
been proven contaminated with blood transfusion transmissible
diseases shall be imprisoned for ten (10) years
Section XIII: Separability Clause
Section XIV: Repealing Clause
➢ The Act shall supersede the Republic Act No. 1517 “Blood Bank
Act”
Section XV: Effectivity
➢ This act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following as
publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) newspapers of
general circulation
❖ ADDITIONAL NOTE:
➢ Administrative Order #8 s. 2008 is the implementing rules and
regulations pursuant to R.A. 7719
Criteria for Donor Selection
❖ Age: 17-65 years old, ≤16 needs parents’ consent
❖ Weight: 50 kgs or 110 lbs
❖ Hemoglobin: ≥ 12.5 g/dL
❖ Hematocrit: ≥ 38%
❖ Temperature: Oral temp not to exceed 37.5 C or 99.5 F
❖ Pulse: 50-100 beats /minute (lower pulse beat is accepted for
athletes)
❖ Blood pressure:
➢ AABB: 180 mmHg –systolic 100 mmHg –diastolic
➢ Philippines: 90-160 mmHg –systolic 60-100 mmHg –diastolic
❖ Skin lesions: Evidence of skin lesions (e.g. multiple puncture marks)
is cause for indefinite deferral
[MTLB211] 2.05 Republic Act No. 7719 “National Blood Services Act of 1994”I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT

Donor Defferal ❖ ONE MONTH DEFERRAL

➢ German measles(rubella) vaccination
➢ After cessation of the drug isotretinoin (Accutane) for acne
❖ PERMANENT/INDEFINITE DEFFERAL
treatment
➢ High risk history of HIV/AIDS
➢ After cessation of the drug finasteride (Proscar) for the treatment
➢ Male who have sex with male since 1977
of benign prostatic hyperplasia
➢ Intravenous drug abusers either past or present
➢ Anyone who engaged in sex for money since 1977
❖ TWO WEEKS DEFERRAL
➢ Hemophiliacs
➢ After vaccination with oral polio, measles(rubeola), mumps or
➢ Confirmed Positive test for HIV/AIDS
yellow fever
➢ Symptoms of viral hepatitis after age 11
➢ After immune reaction to small fox vaccination
➢ Donors implicated in a post-transfusion hepatitis
➢ AIDS case
❖ 48 HOURS DEFERRAL
➢ Confirmed positives test for hepatitis C antibody (HCab)
➢ Whole blood donation deferred after hemapheresis
➢ Confirmed positive test for Human T-cell lymphotropicvirus
(HTLV)
❖ 12-24 HOURS
➢ Malignant solid tumors, except for basal cell carcinoma of the
➢ After alcohol intake
skin and carcinoma in- situ of the cervix
➢ Hematologic malignancies
➢ Chemotherapeutic agents administered for malignancy
➢ Chronic cardiopulmonary, liver, or renal disease.
➢ Serious abnormal bleeding tendencies
➢ Those who have taken the drug etretinate (Tegison) for the
treatment of psoriasis. (Teratogenic)
➢ History of babesiosis
➢ History of Chagas’ disease
➢ Anyone who has ever received clotting factor concentrate
➢ Recipient of pituitary derived growth hormone. (risk of
transmitting Creutzfeld-jacob disease)
➢ Recipient of cornea/dura mater transplant. (risk of transmitting
Creutzfeld-jacob disease)
➢ Anyone who have taken insulin from cows. (risk of transmitting
Mad cow disease)

❖ TEMPORARY DEFERRAL
➢ Active disease under treatment such as cold, flu, tuberculosis,
syphilis, infections, curable disease of the: heart, lung, kidney,
liver and gastrointestinal tract; treatment with antibiotics

❖ THREE YEARS DEFFERAL

➢ Immigrant or refugee coming from an area considered endemic
for malaria, three years after departure, or those who have had a
diagnosis of malaria, three years after becoming asymptomatic

❖ ONE YEAR DEFFERAL

➢ After hepatitis B immune globulin administration
➢ After therapeutic rabies vaccination
➢ Rape victims
➢ Health care workers with percutaneous exposure to blood or
body fluids
➢ Close contact to persons with viral hepatitis in the last 12 months
➢ Tattoo
➢ Sexual contact with a prostitute or other persons in high- risk
group for HIV/AIDS
➢ Incarceration in jail for more than 72 consecutive hours
➢ Transfusion of blood components
➢ Transplant such as bone marrow or organ/tissue, bone or skin
graft
➢ Had accidental needle stick injury
➢ History of syphilis or gonorrhea
➢ Leishmania risk (travel to Iraq in the last 3 years)

❖ FOUR MONTHS/120 DAYS DEFERRAL

➢ 120 days from recovery with clinical diagnosis, or suspicion of
West Nile Virus (WNV) infection

❖ THREE MONTHS DEFERRAL

➢ Typhoid infection

❖ TWO MONTHS DEFERRAL

➢ Recent blood donation
➢ 56 days for allogenic donation
➢ Philippines: 12 weeks or three months

❖ SIX WEEKS DEFERRAL

➢ Following a delivery of a baby
➢ Philippines: 9 months after childbirth

Page 3 of 3
 RMT 2023 Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive
Lec10
2020-2021
1st SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Dangerous Drug Act of 2002” MTLB211

Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics

Transcriber: Riyoma Surell

Definition of Terms
Outline
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn:  Administer
 Republic Act No. 9165  Designer Drugs and  act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any
 Articles Drugs of Abuse person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection,
 Ultimate Objective of the  Amphetamine and inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of
Law Methamphetamine indispensable assistance to a person in administering a
 Definition of Terms  3,4- dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly
 Unlawful Acts, methelynedioxymetha licensed practitioner for purposes of medication
Imprisonment, Fines mphtemine  Board
 Dangerous Drugs Board  Anabolic Steroids  Dangerous Drugs Board
 Section 21  Cannabinoids  Centers
 Dangerous Drug Test  Cocaine  treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents
and Record  Opiates  Chemical Diversion
Requirements  Properties of Morphine  sale, distribution, supply or transport of precursors and essential
 Toxicology of Drugs of and Heroin chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any
Abuse  Sedative Hypnotics person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous
 Laboratory Tests  Lysergic Acid drug, and shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling,
Diethylamide relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud,
destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits,
Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act” misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud
 Clandestine Laboratory
 Consolidation:  facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug
 Senate Bill No. 1858 of May 30, 2002 and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical
 House Bill No. 413 of May 29, 2002  Confirmatory Test
 Repealing Law for RA 6425 known a Dangerous Drug Act of  an analytical test which will validate and confirm the result of the
1972 screening test
 RA 10640 of July 15, 2014 (SB 2285 and HB 2273 of June 9,  Controlled Delivery
2014) amending section 21 of RA 9165  consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
 Date of Approval: June 7, 2002 and essential chemical to pass into, through or out of the country
 President: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals
 Number of Sections: 102 sections  raw materials
 Number of Articles: 13 articles  Cultivate or Culture
 planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or
Articles raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug
 Definition of terms  Dangerous Drugs
 Unlawful acts and penalties  drug/s with detrimental effect effect to humans
 Dangerous drugs test and record requirements  Deliver
 Participation of the family, students, teachers and school  passing a dangerous drug to another
authorities in the enforcement of this act  Den, Dive or Resort
 Promotion of a national drug-free workplace program with the  lace where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
participation of private and labor sectors and the DOLE essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal
 Participation of the private and labor sectors in the enforcement purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form
of this act  Dispense
 Participation of local government units  giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous
 Program for treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents drug with or without the use of prescription
 Dangerous Drugs Board and Philippine Drug Enforcement  Drug Dependence
Agency  it is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive
 Appropriations, management of funds and annual report phenomena of variable intensity, a strong desire or a sense of
 Jurisdiction over dangerous drugs cases compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in
 Implementing rules and regulations controlling substance-taking behavior
 Final provisions  Drug Syndicate
 organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining
Ultimate Objective of the Law together with the intention of committing any offense
 Declaration of Policy  Employee of Den, Dive or Resort
 To safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being the  caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons working
youth from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their in the den, dive or resort
physical and mental well-being  Financier
 To defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their  person who pays for, raises or supplies money for
development and preservation  Illegal Trafficking
 To enhance further the efficacy of the law against dangerous  illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation,
drugs, it being one of today’s more serious social ills manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution,
 To pursue an intensive and unrelenting campaign against the importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug
trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical
substances  Instrument
 To achieve a balance in the national drug control program so that  anything that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in
people with legitimate medical needs are not prevented from the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses
being treated with adequate amounts of appropriate medications  Laboratory Equipment
 To provide effective mechanisms or measures to re-integrate into  paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used,
society individuals who have fallen victims to drug abuse or intended for use or designed for use in the manufacture of any
dangerous drug dependence through sustainable programs of dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
treatment and rehabilitation chemical
Page 1 of 6
[MTLB211] 3.01 Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
 Manufacture
 production, preparation, compounding or processing of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical
 chemical synthesis
 packaging or repackaging of such substances
 labeling or relabeling of its container
 Cannabis
 Marijuana, Indian Hemp, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and
ganjab
 Cannabis sativa L.
 Cannabis americana
 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
 Ecstasy
 Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
 Shabu, Ice, Meth
 Opium
 coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
 Opium Poppy
 part of the plant of the species
 Papaver somniferum L.
 Papaver setigerum DC
 Papaver orientale
 Papaver bracteatum
 Papaver rhoeas
 PDEA
 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
 Person
 entity capable of acquiring rights or entering into obligations
 Planting of Evidence
 inserting, placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly,
through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity
of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating,
incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation
 Practitioner
 licensed physician, dentist, chemist, medical technologist, nurse,
midwife, veterinarian or pharmacist in the Philippines
 Protector/Coddler
 consents to the unlawful acts provided for in this Act and uses
his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring,
screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows
 Pusher
 sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to
another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in
transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in
any of such transactions
 School
 educational institution, private or public
 Screening Test
 rapid test performed to establish potential/ presumptive positive
result
 Sell
 giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration
 Trading
 transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs
and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using
electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-
mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant
messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker
 Use
 injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either
by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or
otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body,
any of the dangerous drugs
Page 2 of 6
Imprisonment: Life Imprisonment to Death
Fine: Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (500,000) to Ten Million Pesos
(10,000,000)
 Importation of dangerous drugs
 Importation of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and
essential chemicals using diplomatic passport or facilities
(diplomatic passport shall be confiscated and canceled)
 Financier
 Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution
and transportation of dangerous drugs
 Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or
transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters
from the school
 Drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals
as runners, couriers and messengers
 Proximate cause of death of a victim (minor or a mentally
incapacitated individual)
 Maintenance of a den, dive or resort where any dangerous drug is
used or sold
 Dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who
is allowed to use the same in such a place
 Manufacture of dangerous drugs
 Possession of dangerous drugs
(1) 10 grams or more of opium
(2) 10 grams or more of morphine
(3) 10 grams or more of heroin
(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride
(5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or
“shabu”
(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil
(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana
(8) 10 grams or more (MDMA) or “ecstasy”,
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine
(TMA), lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD) and gamma
hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
 Possession of dangerous drugs during parties, social gatherings or
meetings
 Cultivation or culture of plants classified as dangerous drugs
 Unlawful prescription of dangerous drugs
 Criminal liability of a public officer or employee for
misappropriation, misapplication or failure to account for the
confiscated, seized and/or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals
 Instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment (absolute
perpetual disqualification from any public office)
 Criminal liability of government officials and employees
 Criminal liability for planting of evidence
Imprisonment: Life Imprisonment to Death
Fine: One Million (1,000,000) to Fifteen Million Pesos (15,000,000)
 Dangerous drug be the proximate cause of the death of a person
using the same in such den, dive or resort
Imprisonment: Twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years
Fine: One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
 Importation controlled precursors and essential chemicals
 Protector/Coddler
 Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution
and transportation, controlled precursors and essential chemicals
 Maintenance of a den, dive or resort where any controlled
precursor and essential chemical
 Employees and visitors of a den, dive or resort
 Manufacture of controlled precursor and essential chemical
 Illegal chemical diversion of controlled precursors and essential
chemicals
 Manufacture or delivery of equipment, instrument, apparatus, and
other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs and/or controlled
precursors and essential chemicals
 Unnecessary prescription of dangerous drugs (additional penalty
of the revocation of his/her license to practice)
[MTLB211] 3.01 Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Imprisonment: Six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years
Fine: Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00)
 Possession of paraphernalia
 Possession of equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia for dangerous drugs during parties, social
gatherings or meetings
Imprisonment: Life imprisonment
Fine: Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
 Methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu” is ten (10) grams or
more but less than fifty (50) gram
Imprisonment: Twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life
imprisonment
Fine: Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
 Quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5) grams or more but less
than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine
hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil,
methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”, or other dangerous
drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or “ecstasy”, PMA, TMA,
LSD, GHB
 Three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five hundred
(500) grams of marijuana
Imprisonment: Twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years
Fine: Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four hundred
thousand pesos (P400,000.00),
 Quantities of dangerous drugs are less than five (5) grams of
opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride,
marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine
hydrochloride or “shabu”, or other dangerous drugs such as, but
not limited to, MDMA or “ecstasy”, PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB
 Less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana
Imprisonment: Six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years
Fine: Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00)
 Possession of equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia for dangerous drugs
 Liability to a person violating any regulation issued by the board
Imprisonment: One (1) year and one (1) day to six (6) years
Fine: Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00)
 Maintenance and keeping of original records of transactions on
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential
chemicals
Imprisonment: Deported immediately without further proceedings,
unless the penalty is death
 Additional penalty if offender is an alien
Imprisonment: Minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a
government center for the first offense
If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she
shall suffer imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to
twelve (12) years
Fine: Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand
pesos (P200,000.00)
 Use of dangerous drugs
 Alleged person dependent on drugs → Board petition for
rehabilitation (RTC) → Court hearing → Court order (examine the
person by an accredited physician) Negative: discharge the person
Positive: treatment and rehabilitation
Page 3 of 6
Dangerous Drugs Board
 Policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and
formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control •
It shall develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and
balanced national drug abuse prevention and control strategy
 It shall be under the Office of the President
 Composed of seventeen (17) members wherein three (3) of which are
permanent members, the other twelve (12) members shall be in an ex
officio capacity and the two (2) shall be regular members
 Three (3) permanent members
 At least seven-year training and experience in the field of
dangerous drugs and in any of the following fields: in law,
medicine, criminology, psychology or social work
 Appointed by the President of the Philippines
 Chairman (rank of a secretary): term of six (6) years
 Undersecretary: term of four (4) years
 Other Undersecretary: term of two (2) years
 Thereafter, the persons appointed to succeed such members
shall hold office for a term of six (6) years and until their
successors shall have been duly appointed and qualified
 The other twelve (12) members who shall be ex officio members
of the Board are the following:
(1) Secretary of the Department of Justice or his/her representative;
(2) Secretary of the Department of Health or his/her representative;
(3) Secretary of the Department of National Defense or his/her
representative;
(4) Secretary of the Department of Finance or his/her representative;
(5) Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment or his/her
representative;
(6) Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government or his/her representative;
(7) Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development
or his/her representative;
(8) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs or his/her
representative;
(9) Secretary of the Department of Education or his/her
representative;
(10) Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education or his/her
representative;
(11) Chairman of the National Youth Commission; and
(12) Director General of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
 The two (2) regular members shall be as follows:
 The president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines
 The chairman or president of a non-government organization
involved in dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the
President of the Philippines
 Permanent consultants of the Board
 Director of the NBI and the Chief of the PNP, and shall attend all
the meetings of the Board
 Meeting
 once a week or as often as necessary at the discretion of the
Chairman or at the call of any four (4) other members. The
presence of nine (9) members shall constitute a quorum
Section 21
 Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or
Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous
Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals,
Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment
 PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous
drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors
and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia
and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or
surrendered
 Apprehending team (police) with the confiscated materials
(inventory and photograph) in the presence of the accused and
representative from media personnel from Department of Justice
(Public official, representative from National Prosecution Service
and Media). The inventory and photograph shall be conducted
where search warrant is served
 Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure,
dangerous drugs must be submitted to the PDEA Forensic
Laboratory for a qualitative and quantitative examination
 A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results
(done under oath by the forensic laboratory examiner) shall be
[MTLB211] 3.01 Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
issued within twenty-four (24) hours. In case of delay: a partial
laboratory examination report shall be provisionally issued Laboratory Test
stating therein the quantities of dangerous drugs still to be Parameters Screening Confirmatory
examined by the forensic laboratory. Final certification shall be Immunoassay
issued on the completed forensic laboratory examination on the Chromogenic Gas
same within the next twentyfour (24) hours Reactions chromatography-
 After the filing of the criminal case, the Court shall, within Method Thin Layer mass spectrometry
seventy-two (72) hours, conduct an ocular inspection and Chromatography (GC-MS)
through the PDEA shall within twenty-four (24) hours thereafter Spot Tests
proceed with the destruction or burning of the same, in the Characteristics Simple, rapid Laborious but with
presence of the accused or the person/s or his/her representative inexpensive, capable high specificity and
or counsel, a representative from the media and the DOJ, civil of being automated sensitivity
society groups and any elected public official Quantitative
With good analytic
 Board shall issue a sworn certification as to the fact of destruction
sensitivity and
or burning of the subject item/s
marginal specificity
 The alleged offender or his counsel shall be allowed to personally
Cross reactions
observe all above proceedings. In the event that the said offender
Qualitative
refuses or fail to appoint a representative, DOJ Secretary shall
appoint a member of PAO to represent the accused
 Promulgation and judgment Designer Drugs and Drugs of Abuse

Dangerous Drug Test and Record Requirements  Modified forms of established drugs of abuse
 Analogs of either prescription pharmaceuticals or an illicitly,
 Authorized drug testing shall be done by any government abused drugs
forensic laboratories or by any of the drug testing laboratories  Modifications in structure some of which are quite minor, are
accredited and monitored by the DOH to safeguard the quality of enough to create new compound, which is not specifically
test results banned by current legislation
 Drug test certificates issued by accredited drug testing centers  Synthetic derivatives of heroin and amphetamines are currently
shall be valid for a one-year period from the date of issue which available, though illicit sources
may be used for other purposes  Almost all drugs of abuse are basic drugs (amine derivatives)
 The following shall be subjected to undergo drug testing which contain benzene rings
 Applicants for driver’s license (RA 10586)  Act directly on dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems,
 Applicants for firearm’s license and for permit to carry firearms especially the limbic system (small brain)
outside of residence  Positive drug screening test cannot differentiate casual user from
 Students of secondary and tertiary schools (random drug testing) chronic or habitual user, likewise detect the time frame of using
 Officers and employees of public and private offices the drug or dose of drug taken
 Officers and members of the military, police and other law
enforcement agencies Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
 All persons charged before the prosecutor’s office with a criminal
offense  Therapeutically used for treatment of narcolepsy and attentional
 All candidates for public office deficit disorder
 Issuance of False or Fraudulent Drug Test Results  Stimulants with a high abuse potential
 Imprisonment:  Chronic use: tolerance and psychological dependence
 Six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12)  Increases mental alertness and physical capacity and has an
 Fine anorectic property
 One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five  Cause the release of dopamine from the brain leading to a
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) “pleasant feeling” (so called “high”) among users
 Revocation of the license of the practitioner and the closure of  Initial effects: increased mental and physical capacity along with
the drug testing center a perception of well-being
 Laboratory Examination or Test on Apprehended/Arrested  Late effects: restlessness, irritability and possible psychosis
Offenders  Overdose: hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions and
 Screening laboratory examination or test within twenty-four (24) possible death
hours  Compounds chemically related to amphetamines: Over-the
 Confirmatory test (GC-MS) within 15 days after (+) screening counter medications: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and
 Records Required for Transactions on Dangerous Drugs and phenylpropanolamine
Precursors and Essential Chemicals  Other names:
 Original record of sales, purchases, acquisitions and deliveries  Chalk
of dangerous drugs  Crystal
 Certified true copy of record covering a period of six (6) months,  Chemical ice
duly signed by the pharmacist or the owner of the drugstore,  Glass
pharmacy or chemical establishment, shall be forwarded to the  Speed
Board within fifteen (15) days following the last day of June and  Crank ice
December  Tina
 A physician, dentist, veterinarian or practitioner authorized to  Siopao
prescribe any dangerous drug shall issue the prescription  Ubas
therefor in one (1) original (shall be retained by the pharmacist
for a period of one (1) year) and two (2) duplicate copies 3,4 – Methelynedioxymethamphetamine
(buyer/patient and physician)
Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse  Illicit amphetamine derivative
 MDMA or Ecstasy
 Drug Abuse or Drug Overdose  Club culture in the 1990s
 Prescription drugs  High potential for abuse
 Over-the-counter drugs  200 designer analogues produce effects comparable to those of
 Illicit drugs (drug pushers/ clandestine laboratory) MDMA
 Addictive potential  Administration: oral in tablets of 50- 150 mg, inhalation,
 Recreational or performance enhancement purposes: injection, or smoking
Professional, industrial, and athletic use
Page 4 of 6
[MTLB211] 3.01 Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
 Desired effects:  Effects:
 Hallucinations  Sense of well-being
 Euphoria  Euphoria
 Emphatic  Impairment of short-term memory and intellectual function
 Emotional responses  Major urinary metabolite:
 Increased visual and tactile sensitivity  11-nortetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)
 Adverse effects:  Detected in urine for 3-5 days after a single use
 Headaches  Up to 4 weeks in a chronic, heavy consumer after
 Nausea abstinence
 Vomiting  Other names:
 Anxiety  Weed
 Agitation  Grass
 Impaired memory  Buddha
 Violent behavior  Bud
 Tachycardia  Cannabis
 Hypertension  Reefer
 Respiratory depression  Indo
 Seizures  Hash
 Hyperthermia  Herb
 Cardiac toxicity  Ganja
 Liver toxicity  Mary Jane
 Renal failure  Loco weed
 Other names:  Gangster
 X, E pr XTC  Pot
 Adam • Beans
 Candy Cocaine
 Dancing shoes
 Disco biscuits  An alkaloid salt (Ecgonine)
 Doves  Derived from coca plant (Eryhrotoxin)
 E-bomb  Used as a local anesthetic for nasopharyngeal surgery
 Egg rolls  High abuse potential
 Happy pill  Higher circulating concentrations
 Hug drug  Potent CNS stimulator, elicits excitement and euphoria
 Love drug  Administration:
 Malcolm  Direct: insufflation or intravenous injection (presents greatest
 Scooby snacks hazard, closely followed by smoking
 Skittles  Inhaled by vapor when smoked in free base form (crack)
 Thizz  Acute toxicity:
 Vitamin E or X  Hypertension
 Vowels  Arrhythmia
 Seizure
Anabolic Steroids  Myocardial infarction

 Chemically associated to the male hormone testosterone Opiates

(dihydrotestosterone and testosterone)
 Developed in 1930s: therapy for male hypogonadism  Capable of analgesia, sedation and anesthesia
 Use of these compounds in healthy subjects:  Derived chemically from opium poppy
 improves athletic performance by increasing muscle mass  High abuse potential
 Adverse effects:  Chronic use leads to tolerance with physical and psychological
 testicular atrophy, sterility and impotence to males and dependence
development of masculine traits, breast reduction and sterility to  Naturally occurring opiates:
females  Opium
 Acute Toxic Effects  Morphine
 Inconsistent formulation  Codeine (antitussive drug)
 High dosages  Chemically modified forms:
 Impurities  Heroin
 Chronic Use:  Hydromorphone (Dalaudid)
 Toxic hepatitis  Oxycodone (Percodan)
 Accelerated atherosclerosis and abnormal aggregation of  Common synthetic opiates:
platelets → stroke and myocardial infarction  Meperidine (Demerol)
 Enlargement of the heart (ischemia) → cardiac arrhythmias →  Methadone (Dolophine)
sudden death  Propoxyphene (Darvon)
 Pentazocine (Talwin)
Cannabinoids  Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

 Psychoactive compounds found in marijuana Properties of Morphine and Heroin

 Most potent component and most abundant:
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)  Morphine
 Lipophilic substance  Metabolite of heroin
 Rapidly removed from the circulation by passive distribution into  Powerful analgesic
hydrophobic compartments (adipose tissues, easily enters the  Used in the treatment of congestive heart failure
brain)  Increases liver and pancreatic enzymes
 Induces a sense of well-being and euphoria (hallucinogen)  Heroin
 Naturally occurring cannabinoids:  Highly addictive (true physical dependence)
 marijuana and hashish  Crosses the blood-brain barrier (elevated levels at the CNS)
 Administration:  Taken by IV administration
 smoked or ingested
Page 5 of 6
[MTLB211] 3.01 Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Sedative Hypnotics

 Tranquilizers
 CNS depressants
 Wide range of therapeutic roles and most common type of
sedative hypnotic abused: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
(toxicity of this agent is initiated by ethanol)
 Commonly abused barbiturates:
 Secobarbital
 Pentobarbital
 Phenobarbital
 Thiopental
 Commonly abused benzodiazepines:
 Diazepam (Valium)
 Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
 Lorazepam (Ativan)

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD, Lysergide)

 Effects:
 Sympathetic effects: hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis and
piloerection are the initial symptoms
 Psychic effects
 Visual effects: hallucinations, blurred or “undulating” vision and
synesthesia
 Panic reactions such as “bad trip” (most common adverse
reaction)
 Prolonged psychotic episodes and flashbacks

Page 6 of 6
RMT 2023 Ethics and Health Care
Lec11
2020-2021
1st SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics MTLB211
Transcriber: Riyoma Surell

Outline Ethics/Moral Philosophy and Moral Theology

At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn:
 Ethics  Principle of  Sources of Ethics/Moral Philosophy
 Morality Stewardship a. Human reason as its primary source
 Moral Philosophy and  Principle of Justice b. Contemporary and historical experiences
Theology  Distributive Justice 1. Personal experiences
 Divisions of Ethics  Two Alternatives 2. Experiences of others
 Bioethics and Health  Health Care Burdens
Ethics  Principle of Divisions of Ethics
 Health Care Cooperation
 Moral Principles in  Various Degrees of  Ethics has two principal parts:
Health Care Cooperation 1. General Ethics
 Principle of Beneficence  Principle of Totality  presents truths about human acts, and from these truths
 Principle of Non-  Principle of deduces the general principles of morality
Maleficence Subsidiarity 2. Special Ethics
 Principle of Double  Pointers for a Health  is applied ethics
Effect Care Practitioner  It applies the principles of general ethics in different
departments of human activity, both individual and social
 Principle of Indirect
 Special ethics is fragmented into:
Voluntary Act
a. Individual Ethics
Ethics  as regards God
 as regards self
 Ethics is a philosophical and practical science that deals with the  as regards fellowmen
study of the morality of human acts or human conduct b. Social Ethics
 Ethics as a Science  in the family
 As a science, ethics comprises data on the morality of human
 in the state
acts that are put together and arranged in order along with the
 in the world (International Ethics)
causes and reasons by which said data are held to be factual
thereby making a systematized body of knowledge
 Ethics as a Philosophical Science Bioethics and Health Ethics
 Ethics deals with the ultimacy of the cause, principle, and truth
concerning the morality of human conduct in the light of human
reason alone  Bioethics
 Ethics as a Practical Science  Refer to a new field devoted to human survival and an improved
 Ethics provides a body of knowledge which is not only a body quality of life (Van Rensselaer Potter)
that enriches and sustains the intellect with more learning but  A science that deals with the study of the morality of human
most importantly, a body of knowledge which, by nature of its conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from the moment
learning, is applied in the performance of human conduct of its conception to its natural end
 Ethics is a natural science  Health Ethics
 It employs the power human reason which is purely a natural  A science that deals with the study of the morality of human
process. It is not based on the teaching of the Catholic Church or conduct concerning health and health care. Health care pertains
any systems of belief, nor it is based on the Bible to medical services, nursing care, and all other types of health
 Ethics is the science of human acts with the reference to right services given by health care practitioners
and wrong  Employed to regulate human conduct in the practice of health
 Ethics is the study of the rectitude of human conduct care so that good may be done and evil may be avoided thereby
 Ethics is the scientific inquiry of the principles of morality ensuring the purpose of health care which delves on the
alleviation of suffering, prevention of sickness and promotion of
Morality health

 is that quality of human acts where the acts could either be Bioethics and Health Ethics
good or right, evil or wrong. This quality indicates and determines Relation Distinction
whether the kind of human act that is performed is good or bad Both are concerned about health Health ethics is concerned about
and life life only in relation to health;
Ethics and Morality bioethics is concerned not just
Relation Distinction about health but also about other
fields in relation to life
Both ethics and morality deal with Ethics pertains to the knowledge
human act or human conduct of what to study about-that is the Both regulate human conduct by Health ethics regulates human
goodness evil of a human act; means of moral principles in conduct in the practice of health
Morality pertains to the application relation to health and life care; bioethics regulates human
of this knowledge conduct not only in the practice of
health care but also in all aspects
Ethics studies about morality Ethics provides learning about the
of human life
morality of a human conduct;
Morality provides ways in Health ethics is a part of bioethics Bioethics is not a part of health
practicing what is learned ethics. It has an encompassing
scope of discipline
Morality gives ethics a perspective Ethics is the word'; Morality is the
of what to study about-that is the ‘flesh’
rectitude of whether an act is good
or bad
Morality provides ethics with a Ethics indicates the theory';
quality that determines and Morality indicates the 'practice'
distinguishes right conduct from
wrong conduct
Page 1 of 3
[MTLB211] 3.02 Ethics and Healthcare I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Health Care
 is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the
preservation of mental and physical well-being through the
services offered by the medical and allied health professions
 Ethics is essential to the practice of health care for it provides
knowledge of the morality of an act and serves as a guiding
principle for health care practitioners
Moral Principles in Health Care
 Principle
 is that from which something proceeds in any manner,
whatsoever
 e.g.: The principle of smoke is fire or a cigarette butt. It is fire or
cigarette butt from which the smoke proceeds
 Moral principle
 refers to a fundamental rule of moral law containing certain truth
from which knowledge of a definite moral action for performance
proceeds along with the provision of solution to specific moral
problems or issues
Principle of Beneficence
 Inscribed in the natural law, the principle of beneficence provides
that good must be done either to oneself or to others
 This fundamental moral principle binds and urges everyone to do
what is good and perform for good as a moral obligation
 In health care milieu, patients are in need most of what is good
for them. All the necessary and proper means of care should be
given in an effort to serve not only the biological and pathological
needs of the patients but also their psychological and spiritual
longings
 Pathological and biological care:
 giving appropriate nourishment and fluids, providing air
passage, administering medications and application of
necessary medical equipment
 Psychological and spiritual needs:
 counseling therapeutic communication, touch and
presence, calling of the priest for the administration of the
Sacraments of Confession, Anointing of the Sick, and the
Holy Viaticum for Catholics
Principle of Non-Maleficence
 Engraved in the natural law, the principle of non-maleficence
provides that evil or harm should not be inflicted either on oneself
or on others
 This fundamental moral principle binds and urges everyone to
avoid inflicting harm as a moral obligation
 In health care practice, it is also the primary obligation of health
care providers to make sure that there is no harm exacted on
their patients in whatever form
 Violations of the principle of non-maleficence
 Physically harming a person as in suicide, abortion, infanticide,
mutilation, torture and violence
 Exposing a person to physical harm as in subjecting a person to
unnecessary treatment or to a dangerous procedure without a
commensurate important goal
 Harming a person's reputation, honor, property or interests as by
revealing confidential information
Principle of Double Effect
 Sometimes it is permissible to cause a harm as a side effect (or
“double effect”) of bringing about a good result even though it
would not be permissible to cause such a harm as a means to
bringing about the same good end
 The Four Conditions
 The act must be good in itself, or at least, morally indifferent
 The good effect must directly proceed from the act itself and not
from the evil effect
 There must be sufficient reason for the performance of an act in
its attainment of the good effect
 The motive of the agent must be holy and honest
Page 2 of 3
 When Can the Principle of Double Effect not be Invoked?
 When the act by its nature is evil
 When the good effect directly proceeds from the evil effect and
not from the act itself
 When there is no sufficient reason for the performance of an act
with two effects, one-good, the other- evil
 When the motive of the agent is not honest
Principle of Indirect Voluntary Act
 An act that is directly intended with an evil effect that is not
directly intended though foreseen or foreseeable
 The Three Conditions
 The evil effect must be foreseen or foreseeable in the
performance of the act at least in a general way
 There must be freedom to choose not to do the act which is the
cause of the evil effect
 Refraining from doing the act which is the cause of the evil effect
holds the agent morally bound
Principle of Stewardship
 Refers to the expression of one's responsibility to take care of,
nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to him
In health care practice, stewardship refers to the execution of
responsibility of the health care practitioners to look after, provide
necessary health care services, and promote the health and life
of those entrusted to their care
Principle of Justice
 Refers to a moral principle by which certain actions are
determined and deemed as just or unjust, as due or undue
 Justice
 the rendering of what is one's due. A person who is justly doing
an act to another person gives the latter what is his due
 Right
 a moral power of performing, of possessing, or of requiring
something which is due
 This moral power has to be upheld and respected. It refers either
to natural rights (right to life and to the pursuit of happiness) as
incumbent upon the nature and dignity of the human person, or
rights granted by positive law whether Divine or human (right to
vote)
 Duty
 defined as a moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing
or omitting (avoiding) something. Duty as a moral obligation to
do good and to avoid evil that which protects one’s rights from
being violated
 Main Duties and Obligations of Health Care Practitioners
 Preservation of life and health
 Protection of bodily integrity from harm
 Respect for human dignity Distributive Justice
Distributive Justice
 pertains to a fair scheme of distributing society's benefits and
burdens to its members
 In health care milieu, benefits refer to various health care
services, while burdens include the necessary payment for the
delivery of health care and participation in medical experimental
research
 Distribution of the scarce health care resources can be a source
of acts of injustice if it does not provide equal opportunities
Two Alternatives
 The Utilitarian Alternatives
 maximizing strategies to achieve the greatest amount of good or
minimizing strategies to reduce the amount of potential harm
 The medical success principle:
 gives priority to those for whom treatment has the highest
probability of medical success
 The principle of immediate usefulness:
 gives priority to the candidate who is of greatest immediate
service to the larger group under the circumstances
[MTLB211] 3.02 Ethics and Healthcare I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
 The principle of conservation:
 gives priority to those candidates who require proportionally
smaller amount of resources and therefore more lives would
be saved
 The parental role principle:
 gives priority to those who have the largest responsibility to
dependents
 The principle of general social value:
 gives priority to those believed to have the greatest general
social worth thus leading to the good society.
 The Egalitarian Alternatives
 represent maintaining or restoring the equality of the person in
need
 The principle of saving no one:
 gives priority to no one because not all can be saved
 The principle of medical neediness:
 gives priority to the candidates with most pressing medical
needs
 The principle of general neediness:
 gives priority to the most helpless or generally neediest in
an attempt to bring them nearly as possible to the level of
well-being equal to that enjoyed by others
 The principle of first come first served basis:
 gives priority to those who arrive first
 The principle of random selection:
 gives priority to those selected by chance or random
Health Care Burdens
 In accordance with the principle of justice to let the patients know
both the due and undue burdens they are to undergo as they
accept and submit for health care intervention
 Due burden
 refers to a certain sense of pain or discomfort necessarily
associated with one's submission for health care intervention
 E.g.: buying medicines at the pharmacy as prescribed, the pain
brought about by intravenous insertion and injection
 Undue burden
 refers to a certain sense of pain or discomfort brought about by
a certain medical, experimental or surgical proceeding which is
of no direct benefit to the subject. It may be deemed unnecessary
as far as the subject is concerned
 E.g.: donation of one’s organ, paying for somebody else’s
hospital bill
Principle of Cooperation
 Cooperation comes from the Latin word cum which means ’with,'
and operari which means 'to work.'
 Cooperation is working with another in the performance of an
action
 The principle of cooperation pertains to the evil of an action
shared together by individuals in the achievement of an evil
practice whose culpability may vary according to the gravity of
the act partaken
Various Degrees of Cooperation
 Formal and Material
 Formal Cooperation
 consists of an explicit intention and willingness for the evil
act. The one formally cooperating categorically wills and
intends the evil action
 Material Cooperation
 consists of an act other than the evil act itself but facilitates
and contributes to its achievement. The one materially
cooperating may provide means apart from the evil act itself
which is used to carry out the performance of an evil act
 Direct and Indirect
 Direct Cooperation
 consists of direct participation in the performance of an evil
act. The one directly cooperating gets involved by openly
and straightforwardly taking part in the practice of an evil
action
Page 3 of 3
 Indirect Cooperation
 consists of an act that is not intimately connected with the
performance of an evil act as in formal and direct
cooperation but whose effect may have an indirect bearing
upon it
 Proximate and Remote
 Proximate Cooperation
 consists of an act that is intimately linked with the
performance of an evil action due to its close bearing
 Remote Cooperation
 consists of an act with a distant bearing upon or connection
with the execution of an evil act
Principle of Totality
 The whole implies the existence of its parts. The existence of
parts indicates the existence of the whole. Parts as such should
continuously be connected with the whole of which they are parts
without which they cease to be
 If a part becomes problematic, it affects the whole. So, it has to
be treated in order to restore its mode of existence as part of the
whole
 If the state of condition and continuous existence as part pose a
threat to do more harm than good leading to the destruction of
the whole, it will be removed and sacrificed for the sake of the
whole
Principle of Subsidiarity
 Means that what an individual, lower or smaller group can
achieve within his/her or its capacity should not be taken away
and transmitted to the custody and performance of a higher or
bigger group
 Likewise, no bigger or higher group can arrogate to itself
functions that can capably and competently be done by an
individual or lower group
Moral Principles and Health Care
 Observance of moral principles in the practice of health care
is essential. It guides and directs the health care delivery system
towards the fulfillment of the norms of morality, natural law, and
God's Eternal Law
 Moral principles provide enlightenment of health care issues
that seem to be vague as to their moral acceptability affecting not
only the kind of health care system that is delivered but also the
moral fiber of both the health care practitioners and the clients
Pointers for a Health Care Practitioner
 The following pointers are given for consideration:
1. Observe and apply the different moral principles to specific moral
issues and problems that beset the practice of health care
profession today
2. Do justice by carrying out your duties and obligations inherent in
your profession without any mental reservations, by treating your
patients according to their needs, and by providing the necessary
means of care that does not just address pathological problems
but also emotional and spiritual longings
3. Consider yourself as steward of your patients, who will always be
there to look after their welfare, to give due care, and to avoid
any health care measures that are destructive of human life and
dignity
RMT 2023 Abortion
Lec12
2020-2021
1st SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics MTLB211
Transcriber: Riyoma Surell

Outline 8. Septic Abortion

At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn:  is an abortion associated with and possible caused by an
 Abortion  Is Abortion Moral? infection of the uterus
 Period of Viability  When Abortion Morally 9. Spontaneous Abortion
 Types of Abortion Permissible  is an abortion which is caused by disease or accident. It is
 the unintentional expulsion of fetus
 Methods of Surgical Treatment of Human
Abortion Embryo  vitamin deficiencies
 Physical Effects of  Rape and Incest  contact with radiation
Abortion  When Human Life  sexual intercourse in early months of pregnancy
 Psychological Effects of Begin to Exist 10. Threatened Abortion
Abortion  Two Different  is a type of spontaneous abortion which usually includes
vaginal bleeding and that the prognosis is doubtful for it may
 Biblical Condemnations Philosophical and
Scientific Approaches or may not redound to inevitable abortion
 Denunciation by the
11. Inevitable Abortion
Early Church  Moral Teachings on
 is a type of spontaneous abortion which is commonly called
 Recent Powerful Church the Inviolability of
miscarriage, may be brought about pathologic condition or
Documents Human Life
accident causing definite expulsion of the human fetus
 Canonical Penalty for  Pointers in Health Care
12. Therapeutic Abortion
Abortion Practitioners
 usually takes its meaning as a direct and deliberate
 Facts on Abortion in performance of expelling a human fetus to restore mother’s
the Philippines health and/or save her from death

Abortion Different Methods of Surgical Abortion

 Refers to the expulsion of human fetus before the period of 1. Suction Abortion
viability.  also called ‘suction curettage’. Is appropriately done during
 Classifications of the Expulsion of Human Fetus: the 1st trimester up to 16 weeks so far
 Direct Abortion  The abortionist begins by dilating the cervix, then he inserts
 intentionally or deliberately done, the termination of a suction curette consisting of a hollow tube with a sharp tip
pregnancy constitutes direct abortion into the cervix and then into the uterus
 Indirect Abortion  The suction machine tears the developing baby apart, sucks
 unintentionally, the expulsion may constitute indirect the pieces through the tube and deposits them into a bag
abortion that is, the fetus is aborted indirectly 2. Dilation and Curettage (D&C) Abortion
 Spontaneous Abortion  employed during the 1st trimester of pregnancy
 accidentally occurs, the expulsion of the fetus makes up  A sharp looped knife or curette (sharp curettage) is inserted
spontaneous abortion into the uterus to scrape its walls. Then, the lodging baby is
 Period of Variability cut apart and its bodily parts are removed and checked for
 Refers to the stage of gestation when the human fetus can completeness.
survive outside the uterus 3. Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) Abortion
 It is a period when the baby could live in the outside world with  Commonly used during the 1st half of second trimester (13-
or without medical assistance 20 weeks)
 Viability usually starts at the end of the twenty-eight (28th) week  Usually the abortionist cuts off one or more of the baby’s
of gestation equivalent to seven months. At this stage, the baby limbs and waits until he or she bleeds to death before
can survive with medical assistance via incubator proceeding with the abortion
 In case of larger babies, big forceps are used to crush their
Different Types of Abortion heads and bodies inside the uterus
 The bodily parts torn into pieces pass through the cervix and
1. Complete Abortion are removed
 when all of the contents of the uterus such as pre-born child 4. Saline Abortion
and the placenta have been expelled from the uterus  also known as “intra-amniotic injection” or “saline
2. Incomplete Abortion solution method” utilized during the 2nd trimester and
 parts of the pre-born child and/or placenta remain within the early 3rd trimester
uterus  Withdrawal of 200 milliliters of amniotic fluid from
3. Early Abortion amniotic sac. The said fluid is replaced with saline or urea
 an abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy solution
4. Induced Abortion  The baby breathes in and swallows this concentration and
 is an intentional abortion brought about by mechanical dies painfully from salt poisoning, dehydration, brain
(surgical) or chemical means hemorrhage and convulsions. While dying, the baby suffers
5. Criminal Abortion extreme pain brought about by the salt solution as it burns
 any abortion committed outside the parameters set by law off the outer layer of his/her skin
is criminal or illegal. In the Philippines, abortion in all its 5. Dilation and Extraction (D&X) Abortion
direct methods is illegal or criminal except indirect and  also called “partial-birth abortion”
accidental spontaneous – that is, without any element of  This method of abortion is usually intended for a pre-born
directly taking the life of the pre-born child baby who has already attained the late 2nd and 3rd
6. Habitual Abortion trimester of gestational age
 is spontaneous abortion or the so-called miscarriage  Guided by ultrasound, the abortionist uses forceps to twist
occurring in three or more consecutive pregnancies one of the baby’s legs and pull it out through the birth canal
7. Infected Abortion and delivers the entire body except the head
 is a type of abortion associated with and possibly caused by  Afterwards, puncturing the back of the baby’s head with a
an infection of the uterus or the genital tract such as that sharp scissor. Finally, a suction tube is inserted to suck out
which is caused by a venereal disease the brain of the baby causing the skull to collapse

Page 1 of 4
[MTLB211] 3.03 Abortion I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
6. Prostaglandin Abortion  Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia- 39%
 performed during late 2nd and 3rd trimester of gestation  Illegal drug use- 41%
 A prostaglandin hormone containing about 8 milliliters is  Loss of pleasure during intercourse- 59%
injected into the uterine muscle which contracts to expel the Biblical Condemnations
baby in an artificially-induced and extremely –violent
premature labor that takes about 20 hours
 ...A curse on him who accepts a bribe to take an innocent life;
7. Hysterotomy Abortion
and all the people shall say: Amen. (Deuteronomy 27:25)
 Caesarian section done during the last trimester of
 ... If you do not exploit the stranger, the orphan, and the widows,
pregnancy when other types of abortion are dangerous to
if you do not shed innocent blood... Then, here in this place, I will
the mother
stay with you... (Jeremiah 7:6)
 The uterus is surgically opened and the baby is lifted out
 You on the other hand, have eyes and heart for nothing but your
 The baby is then either left to die or deliberately killed
own interests for shedding innocent blood and perpetrating
8. Inter-Cardiac Injection Abortion
violence and oppression. (Jeremiah 22:17)
 it is employed during about sixteen weeks
 Serving the pagans’ idols, they found themselves trapped into
 An amount of potassium chloride or some other fluid is
sacrificing their own sons and daughters to demons. They shed
injected to the baby’s heart with the aid of ultrasound
innocent blood, the blood of their sons and daughters offering
imagery, causing the baby to have an immediate heart
them to the idols of Canaan, they polluted the country with blood.
attack
(Psalms 6:17)
 After a period of days, the dead baby is delivered
 One of the things God hates so much is... a hand that sheds
innocent blood. (Proverbs 6:17)
Potential Physical Effects of Abortion  If, when men come to blows, they hurt a woman who is pregnant
and she suffers a miscarriage, though she (woman) does not die
 Some of the physical effects of abortion are detrimental to health and of it, the man responsible must pay the compensation demanded
life are the following: of him by the woman’s master (husband)... (Exodus 21:22)

1. UTERINE PERFORATION Denunciation by the Early Church

 holes in the uterus, it is a potential complication of any
intrauterine procedure
 As early as the First Century, the early Church already
2. CERVICAL LACERATIONS
denounced the evil of abortion. It was conspicuously condemned
 are a known cause of postpartum hemorrhage, cervical
by the so-called Fathers of the Church in their respective time, to
damage and scarring of endometrium may increase risk of
wit:
abnormal development of the placenta in subsequent
 You shall not kill the embryo by abortion and shall not cause
pregnancy and increases risk of birth defects
the newborn to perish
3. PLACENTA PREVIA
 For us (Christians), murder is once and for all forbidden; so
 this involves placenta being superimposed upon the os and
even the child in the womb, while yet the mother’s blood is
causes severe hemorrhage during labor. May also lead to
still being drawn on to form the human being, it is not lawful
subsequent fetal malformation and perinatal death
for us to destroy. To forbid birth is only quicker murder... he
4. ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES
is a man who is to be man; the fruit is always present in the
 abnormal location of the baby during subsequent
seed
pregnancies can be ascribed to previous abortions which
 Those women who use drugs to bring about an abortion
can seriously threaten the mother's fertility and even her life.
commit murder and will have to give an account to God for
5. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
their abortion
 This condition is life-threatening and can lead to subsequent
 ...There are women who, by the use of medicinal potions,
infertility and an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
destroy the unborn life in their wombs, and murder the child
6. ENDOMETRITIS
before they bring it forth
 abortion increases risk of inflammation of the endometrium
 ...If we would not kill off the human race born and
especially among teenagers
developing according to God’s plan, then our whole lives
7. CERVICAL, OVARIAN AND LIVER CANCER
would be lived according to nature. Women who make use
 women who have had one double their risks of cervical,
of some sort of deadly abortion drug kill not only the embryo,
ovarian and liver cancer, and women with more than one
but together with it, all human kindness
abortion quadruple their risks
8. DEATH
 currently, in the United States alone, as many as 100 Recent Powerful Church Documents
women die from legal abortions every year (necessarily
excluding death cases stemming from illegal and  God, the Lord of Life, has entrusted to men the noble mission of
unreported abortions) safeguarding life; and men must carry it out in manner worthy of
 These are attributed by blood poisoning, anesthetic themselves. Life must be protected with the utmost care from the
misadventure or spontaneous gangrene of the ovaries moment of conception: abortion and infanticide are abominable
crimes. (Gaudium et Spes, #51, 3, Vatican II — quotations
Psychological Effects of Abortion from Catechism of the Catholic Church #2271, p. 514)
 We must once again declare that... directly willed and procured
abortion even if for therapeutic reasons is to be absolutely
 Women who had abortion have more psychological problems
excluded as a licit means of regulating birth. (Pope Paul VI,
than women who carried their pregnancies to term
Humanae Vitae, 1968, #14)
 20% of women who had abortion consider suicide at sometime,
 Absolute respect for every innocent human life also requires the
compared with 12% of women who did not have recourse to
exercise of conscientious objection in relation to procured
abortion
abortion... It runs completely counter to the health care
 1/4 of women who resorted to abortion are heavy alcohol users,
profession which is meant to be an impassioned and unflinching
compared with 1/8 of women in general
affirmation of life. (Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, #89)
 The study of David Reardon (1994) reveals that women who had
abortion have a cluster of psychological symptoms that occur
much more frequently than among women who did not have Canonical Penalty
abortion
 These symptoms include:  A person who procures a completed abortion incurs
 Flashback- 63% excommunication —latae sententiae, by the very commission of
 Suicide attempts- 28% the offense and subject to the conditions provided by Canon Law
 Hysterical outbreaks- 51%  By the latae sententiae is meant the person brings instant
 Loss of self confidence and self-esteem- 82% excommunication upon himself or herself with his act
Page 2 of 4
[MTLB211] 3.03 Abortion I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
Scope of the Penalty
 The scope of excommunication —latae sententiae, extends to
those who provide assistance in any form without which abortion
would not made possible
 Abortionist
 Nurse, and other health care providers who assist and help
during the procedure
 Boyfriend or husband
 Parents
 Friend
 Accomplices
 They are reinstated to the membership in the Church after a
sincere repentance and atonement for their sins absolved only
by the bishop or a priest delegated by the bishop in the
Sacrament of Reconciliation
Abortion is Moral?
 As long as it is direct – that is, performed deliberately and willfully,
abortion is immoral. Employed as an end or a means of another
end, abortion directly willed and, as such, is imputable to the
agent
Against the Natural Law
 Blatant transgression of natural law and against the order of right
reason which dictates, regardless of religious beliefs and social
orientations, that innocent life must not be taken directly,
deliberately, and willfully for whatever reason
 The provision of the commandment “Thou shall not kill”
(Deuteronomy 5:17) necessarily includes prohibition of all forms
of unjust killing of any human being whatever age and stage of
human development
 Enormously breaks and destroys not only the natural bond
between parents and the baby who is aborted, but also the
natural function of parents to parent their child
When is Abortion Morally Permissible?
 Abortion is morally justifiable when it is indirect – that is – when
Fertilization Approach
it is not willfully employed as an end or a means. Indirect
Abortion is the foreseen (at least with probability) but unintended
loss of the fetus following upon a medical or surgical procedure
necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother (ex: tubal
rupture in ectopic pregnancy)
 It is usually done under the principle of double effect. In fact, the
very act performed is not abortion per se, but the treatment of a
pathologic condition of the mother
 Take note that therapeutic (direct) is not morally justified.
Therapeutic (direct) abortion which provides that the fetus has
to be directly killed as a form of treatment in an effort to save the
mother. The principle of double effect does not apply since the
evil effect (death of fetus) directly proceeds from the act itself (the
direct taking of the baby's life) and the treatment of the mother
(good effect) just occur after the fetus has been aborted
What Should be Done During Specific Circumstances
 During Threatened Abortion
 Bed rest and appropriate medications as the only treatment
Segmentation Approach
 During Inevitable Abortion
 Dilation and Curettage (D&C) as the appropriate health care
intervention if patient is hemorrhaging and is in immediate danger
of bleeding to death
 D&C is morally allowed if the placenta is determined to be
already detached; fetus has already been dead because of lack
of oxygen
 During Severe Hemorrhage in Inevitable Abortion
 At this juncture, severe bleeding poses a grave threat to the
mother’s life
 One thing should always be clear and sure: If it is certain that the
baby/fetus is dead, then health care practitioners are morally
allowed to proceed the appropriate health care intervention
designed to save the mother
Page 3 of 4
Treatment of Human Embryo
 Licit procedures carried out which respect the life and integrity of
the embryo and do not involve disproportionate risks for it but
directed toward its healing, the improvement of its condition of
health, or its individual survival
 It is gravely opposed to moral law when prenatal check-up and
treatment is done with the thought of possibly inducing an
abortion
 Diagnosis must not be the equivalent of a death sentence
Rape and Incest
 Innocent victim of a criminal attack is allowed to eject or destroy
the sperm before conception takes place
 The sperm may be removed form the vagina at anytime after the
attack since conception does not take place there
 Though if there is an impregnated (fertilized) ovum existing,
removing it would take the form of direct abortion, which is never
permissible
 A gestation that is caused by rape and incest cannot justify any
procurement of abortion
 Innocent human life should not suffer punishment for the crime
committed by the perpetrator
When Does Human Life Begin to Exist?
 Most crucial issues being debated upon not only between the
pro-life movement and pro-choice advocates but also among
moral theologians
 Pro-choice: Human life begins to exist at the moment of
“quickening” or later or even at the time of birth and that the
zygote or the embryo or the fetus is not a human person
 Regarding the beginning of human life, there are two different
philosophical and scientific approaches: Fertilization approach
and Segmentation approach
Two Different Philosophical and Scientific Approaches
 Pro-life advocates
 Human life begins to exist at the very completion of fertilization,
the union of the sperm and egg cells
 Life is present at the moment of conception.
 Zygote is a human person
 According to St. Thomas of Aquinas “Life is defined as the
capacity for self- immanent perfective movement.”
 Self-immanent movement is meant that the capacity or aptitude
to move comes from within life itself
 In biological and genetic terms, it is not the mother who
transforms her cells into the cells of the new being. It is the
embryo which undertakes, in a veritable explosion of vitality, this
“self-construction” within the habitat of the mother
 Cellular division and multiplication is a kind of movement
 If the zygote does not have life in it at the moment of conception,
then it would never develop itself into – a phase by phase –
gestational growth and maturity
 Segmentation is a process by which the zygote divides and
multiplies into cell, reaching the point of developing possible
existence of twins, triples or more human lives
 A person human life can be said to be present only when that
point in cellular division and multiplication has been reached in
twinning, tripling and so on are no longer possible and thus the
developing organism individuality is established and guaranteed
 Way back, Jesuit priest believe that the duration of twinning
happened in 7th or 8th day after fertilization corresponding with
number of days which implantation is expected occur.
 Now, human life is said to begin to exist as early as fertilization,
when zygote has still undergone cellular division, paving way to
possibility of double pregnancy
[MTLB211] 3.03 Abortion I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
 As an individual, human is not capable in dividing himself into two
or more persons
 On contrary, the zygote journey before reaching implantation
divide and give existences of identical twin
 From this perspective, the beginning of the existence of persona
human life and thus the individual person takes a stronger basis
to be taking place 7/8 days or 14 to 21 days—that is — a
maximum of three weeks after fertilization
Moral Teachings on the Inviolability of Human Life
 The Church affirms that human life begins to exist at the moment
of conception or fertilization
 It must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment
of conception
 From the first moment of his existence, a human being must be
recognized as having the rights of a person-among which is the
inviolable right of every innocent being to life
 From its conception, the child has the right to life
Donum Vitae
 The right of person must be recognized and respected by civil
society and the political authority
 Fundamental rights one should mention in this regard is every
human being right to life and physical integrity from the moment
of conception until death
 When the state does not place its power at the service of the
rights of each citizen, and in particular the more vulnerable, the
very foundation of the state based on the law are undermined
 As a consequence of respect and protection which must be
ensured for the unborn child, the law must provide appropriate
penal sanctions for every deliberate violation of a child's right
 To the believers, the inviolable right to life proceeds from the
dignity of human person created according to image and likeness
of God, redeemed by the blood of Christ and sanctified by the
Holy Spirit. “Before I formed you, in the womb I knew you, and
before you were born, I consecrated you.” (Jer.1:15)
 Thus, abortion willed in itself, either as end or means should not
have any place in the society of human persons whose right to
life is as important as that of a pre-born child from conception
 It has to be absolutely excluded from any measures in the health
care practice whose very aim is to save life and not to destroy it
Pointers in Health Care
Practitioners
1. Abortion is immoral. This includes therapeutic abortion as the
case maybe. The sin of abortion is reserved for absolution to the
bishop or priest delegated by him
2. Abortion which is not directly willed and which merely seen and
tolerated as evil effect is indirect and thus, morally permissible
under the principle of double effect
3. In case of spontaneous inevitable abortion, if medically indicated
that the fetus is dead, it has to remove it and also if the mother is
in danger of death and the fetus is viable, termination of
pregnancy for premature delivery is medically advised with no
moral objection and the principle of double effect has to be
invoked so that the procedures constitutes indirect abortion
which is morally allowed
4. In case of abruption placenta, the placenta is completely
detached causing death if the fetus and hemorrhage follows,
removal of fetus is morally licit, but if the placenta is not detached
and the non-viable fetus is alive, removal of that is direct abortion
5. Responsibility must be taken to dispel any vincible ignorance and
to obtain knowledge about surrounding issues and moral
principles relative to the removal of the fetus for the sake of the
mother's health so as to establish clear and certain conscience
in whatever procedure and/ or cooperation to be employed. This
can be done by means of reading books in health ethics and
morality, consultation with moral authorities, and others
Page 4 of 4
Facts on Abortion in the Philippines
 Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution says, in part,
"Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and
shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous
social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and
the life of the unborn from conception."
 Abortion is criminalized by Philippine law. Articles 256, 258 and
259 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines mandate
imprisonment for women who undergo abortion, as well as for
any person who assists in the procedure. Article 258 further
imposes a higher prison term on the woman or her parents if the
abortion is undertaken "in order to conceal [the woman's]
dishonor"
 There is no law in the Philippines that expressly authorizes
abortions in order to save the woman's life; and the general
provisions which do penalize abortion make no qualifications if
the woman's life is endangered. It may be argued that an abortion
to save the mother's life could be classified as a justifying
circumstance (duress as opposed to self-defense) that would bar
criminal prosecution under the Revised Penal Code. However,
this has yet to be adjudicated by the Philippine Supreme Court.
 For over a century, abortion has been criminalized in the
Philippines. The criminal provisions on abortion do not contain
any exceptions allowing abortion, including to save the life of the
pregnant woman or to protect her health
 In 2008 alone, the Philippines’ criminal abortion ban was
estimated to result in the deaths of at least 1,000 women and
complications for 90,000 more
 Physicians and midwives who perform abortions in the
Philippines with the consent of a pregnant woman may face up
to six years in prison under the Revised Penal Code
 These criminal punishments are supplemented by separate laws
that prescribe sanctions for a range of medical professionals and
health workers such as doctors, midwives, and pharmacists for
performing abortions or dispensing abortifacients such as the
Medical Act, the Midwifery Act, and the Pharmaceutical Act.
According to these laws, these practitioners may have their
license to practice suspended or revoked if caught engaging in
abortion-related activities
 Women who undergo abortion for any reason may be punished
by imprisonment for two to six years
 Because of the lack of access to safe abortion, Filipino women
with life-threatening pregnancies have no choice but to risk their
lives, either through unsafe abortion or through continuation of
high-risk pregnancies
 The criminal abortion ban has stigmatized the procedure in the
medical community, so that women face tremendous barriers
and significant abuse when they seek treatment for abortion
complications (ex: threatening to report them to the police,
harassing women verbally and physically, or delaying care).
RMT 2023 Euthanasia
TRANS 13
2020-2021
1st SEM
OLFU MEDTECH Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics MTLB211
Transcriber: Riyoma Surell
patient has the inherent right to make a choice without having to
Outline be interfered with
At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: 4. When the patient's life is deemed to be not anymore "worth-
 Euthanasia  Is Dysthanasia Moral living”: it is when the patient's condition irreversibly deteriorates
 Types of Euthanasia  Orthothanasia to the point of existing as a mere biological organism in his
 Categories of  Difference between vegetative existence, with no retrievable consciousness and no
Euthanasia Euthanasia by sense of self
 Conditions of the Option Omission and
for Euthanasia Orthothanasia ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF EUTHANASIA
 Arguments in Favor of  Is Orthothanasia Moral  An Act of Mercy
Euthanasia  Brain Death  The strongest argument for the recourse to euthanasia is no
 Criticisms of the Pro-  Persistent Vegetative other way by which the patient can definitely be freed from such
Euthanasia Arguments State a terrible situation
 Is Euthanasia Moral  Specific Guidelines for  A proponent of mercy killing might argue, to end the life of those
 Dysthanasia the Withdrawal of people, who although, not "brain dead", have suffered 80% brain
 Means of Medical Care Extraordinary Means damage. They will have a plantlike existence, exhibiting no
 Pointers for a Health personality or real human consciousness whatsoever; therefore,
 Conditions for the
Care Practitioner it is an act of mercy to end their existence
Withdrawal of Nutrition
 The motive of mercy for euthanasia is highlighted so as to initiate
and Hydration
and earn societal or public approval
 Prolonging the Suffering of a Dying Patient is an Act of Cruelty
Euthanasia  Flowing from the first argument, to do nothing that will cause the
 Comes from the Greek word, “thanatus” which means "easy or happy earlier death of a dying patient is to prolong his unbearable agony
death".  To prolong said agony when there is conspicuously an available
 Implicit in this etymological meaning is the outright rejection and option to terminate it can be understood as an act of cruelty on
avoidance of the opposite: "a difficult or sorrowful death,” so that the the part of those attending to him
condition of a dying person which is characterized by intense pain and  The perceived cruelty is characterized by their irresponsible,
suffering can be a reason to opt for a willful maneuvering that which insensitive, and neglectful regard for the patient's condition. After
paves the way to an “easy death”. all, he is surely going to die and that his death is just expedited
 “Easy death”: earlier death that is intentionally caused in order to get so as to be, at once, released from severely excruciating pain
rid of a “difficult death”  A Dignified Death
 Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith states: “By  Patient no longer has to come to the point where he loses his
Euthanasia is understood an action or omission which, of itself by sense of humanity and freedom because of the devastating
intention causes death, in order that all suffering may in this way be progression of suffering and agony while staying worthlessly
eliminated.” alive (Example: long-term enfeebling and disintegrating
pathologic condition like cancer)
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA  The patient who is to undergo the "mercy-killing" may still be
given the chance to make a choice as to when and how he should
Euthanasia by Commission Euthanasia by Omission die - an act that presupposes the exercise of freedom indicating
 Active euthanasia  Passive euthanasia a distinctively human and dignified character
 Positive act of causing death  Negative act of causing  Euthanasia Serves the Best Interest of the Patient, the Relatives,
 a measure necessary to end death and the Health Care Personnel
the life of a suffering person  a measure necessary to a. Patient
is directly used sustain the life of a suffering  The patient is given due recognition of his human dignity by
 Example: a lethal dose is person is omitted, withheld or having the last chance to freely make a decision - a
injected into the terminally ill withdrawn dignifying opportunity in the final moment of his life.
patient to cause immediate  Example: food and water are  He is getting away with any guilt feelings and enabled to
death withdrawn to bring about the express his love and concern for his loved ones by letting
earlier death of a terminally ill go of their burden and anxiety their attending to him
patient  He will be released and freed from the unspeakably
degenerating agony and anguish he has been experiencing
b. Relatives
CATEGORIES OF EUTHANASIA
 Liberating sense of relief from the tremendous and
 Voluntary Euthanasia seemingly unbearable burden they may have been
 measure of causing the death of the patient at his willful consent shouldering in attending to their patient
for request  Emancipated from emotional anxiety and apprehension
 the consent or request can be verbally expressed, written in the along with financial difficulties which, if looked at closely,
patient's advance directive as in a living will or durable power of have been appropriated to a meaningless and wasteful
attorney, or given by mere gesture in case of inability to speak cause from which the patient reaps definitely nothing but the
and manage oneself prolongation of his useless existence
 usually done by means of a positive act either by the health care c. Health Care personnel
personnel as in direct employment of a lethal measure or by the  Unchains the health care personnel from their apparently
patient himself as in assisted suicide. In assisted suicide, enslaving and worthless exercise of responsibilities for a
technically, the patient administers the fatal means made case estimated to be
available by the health care team  Provided with the appropriate opportunity to employ and
 Non-Voluntary Euthanasia redirect the utility of the medical and health care resources
 indicates the measure of causing the death of the patient who is into a more useful and productive medical endeavor
unable to express his will and make his intentions known as in  Serves the best interest not only of the health care
unconscious or comatose state practitioners but most significantly of the health care system
 the decision to end the patient's life is made either by the  Euthanasia is in Accordance with the Golden Rule
watchers of the patient, the health care team, or the society  The euthanasia movement may also argue that "mercy killing is
 Involuntary Euthanasia in keeping with the provision of golden rule. Just as one would
 indicates the measure of causing the death of the patient in want others to help him rid of his dreadful anguish, so also others
defiance of his expressed will and/or against his consent would obviously want him to do the same if they were in his
situation
CONDITIONS OF THE OPTION FOR EUTHANASIA
1. When the patient is terminally ill or incurably sick: if their CRITICISMS OF THE PRO-EUTHANASIA ARGUMENTS
medical and pathologic condition is indicative of a hopeless case
which the science of medicine deems to have nothing to do  On Euthanasia as an Act of Mercy
2. When the patient experiences unbearable suffering: it is  Regarding Less Human Personhood
when the pain and suffering are considered to be intolerably  The accidental properties such as status, human conditions,
burdening, the alleviation of pain and suffering may also take the health and pathologic circumstances, and the likes do not in
form of causing earlier death any manner, whatsoever annihilate the substance of the
3. When the patient makes a voluntary decision: its is when the human person as such
patient makes a decision to submit for the termination of his life  Can there be a mercy in the act of terminating the
due to terminal illness or unbearable pain, nobody can hinder. excruciating pain and suffering of a person? Yes, there can
His decision has to be respected and carried out accordingly in be. It is an expression of mercy. But if the termination of pain
observance of the so-called principle of autonomy in which the and suffering takes the form of killing the person, the motive
of mercy is devoid of what it truly is
Page 1 of 3
[MTLB211] 3.04 Euthanasia I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
 On Prolonging the Suffering of a Dying Patient is an Act of
Cruelty
 Just as it is cruel to prolong the suffering of the patient by
delaying his dying process, more so, it is cruel to eliminate his
suffering by hastening his death even if he is surely dying after
all
 Killing as a cruel act in itself can never turn out to be a merciful
act just because it is done with a merciful motive
 On Dignified Death
 Killing a human person, whatever is the motive, represents the
worst violation of human dignity. Strictly, human dignity flows not
from human freedom but from human life itself
 In short, without human life, there is no human dignity, there is
no human freedom. Thus, human dignity cannot truly be affirmed
in the exercise of freedom by taking that from which it flows
 The greatest exercise of freedom and affirmation of human
dignity is to face death as it is naturally occurring, without
intervention, as the culminating part of human existence
 Euthanasia advocates even grossly disregard and reject the
human dignity of the patient by considering him to have come to
the point of being definitely worthless who deserves to be killed
 On Euthanasia as Perceived to Serve the Best Interest of the
Patient, the Relatives, and the Health Care Personnel
a. Patient
 To Christians, human dignity is a spiritual character that
belongs to the human person as an image and child of God.
And as such, it cannot be solely confined within the limits of
bodily faculties, and thus is not essentially conditioned by
any pathologically incapacitating circumstance
b. Relatives
 Suffering in its most excruciating degree provides the most
appropriate time for the relatives to express how enduring,
no matter how burdensome, are their true love and genuine
compassion for their patient who, in the very face of death,
needs them the most. By reason of the natural bondage of
kinship, relatives tend to take care of their suffering patient
out of love that must be greater than even the greatest
burden the tending may entail
c. Health Care Personnel
 But would it really unchain them of their great responsibility
that proceeds from the very essence of their existence as
health care practitioners which is to ultimately save life as
necessary as possible and never kill?
 It is not a question of "wasting" time for a patient whose case
is hopeless but is a matter of faithfulness to one's profession
 The use of scarce health care resources but is a matter of
making said resources serve the one who is in need most
at a given time within validly designed boundaries
 On the Golden Rule
 Basically, the golden rule is in accordance with natural law.
Doing to others what one would want them to do to him and
avoiding what one would not want others to do to him are
expressions of the fundamental precept of natural law: "do good
and avoid evil."
IS EUTHANASIA IS MORAL?
 The question as to the moral inadmissibility of euthanasia is still
relevantly in place. Euthanasia is evil on the following bases:
 Violation of the Natural Law and the Decalogue
 Euthanasia, by consent or request from a suffering patient
invoking the so-called principle of autonomy, does not
eliminate in one way or another the evil attributed to killing
 Assisted suicide contradicts the natural inclination of the
human being to preserve and perpetuate his life. It is gravely
contrary to the just love of self. ...Suicide is contrary to love
for the living God
 Since true love does not hurt, killing one's self constitutes
contradiction for it is, as mentioned, the most outrageous
form of hurting. Just like love for others, love for one's self
can truly be made manifest in the midst of his intense pain
and suffering
 Intense pain and suffering are not valid reasons to lean
towards that which is against love for life. Both in the order
of nature and Christian perspective, human life is greater
than even the greatest pain and suffering that may occur so
that unreasonable and unchristian to kill one's self just in an
effort to escape from the said pain and suffering
 Thus, for medical practitioners to concur with the intention
of another person (the patient) to commit suicide and to help
him in carrying it out through the so-called assisted suicide,
means to cooperate in, and at times to be the actual
perpetrator of an injustice which can never be excused even
if it is requested
 To cause the death of the patient who is unable to express
his will and make his intentions known due to unconscious
or comatose state is simply a form of murder
 It is an act of killing, the innocent human being which is
prohibited both by the dictates of right reason and the
commandments of God stipulated in the Sacred Scriptures:
"You shall not kill" (Ex. 20:13) and "...do not put an innocent
person to death for I will condemn anyone who does such
an evil thing." (Ex. 23:7)
Page 2 of 3
 Contrary to the Ultimate Author of Life
 The act of taking life, whether it be that of the self or that of the
other, whether it be in conformity with one's request or much
worse, against his will, is a dishonor against the Creator who has
absolute power over life and death. Intentionally causing one's
own death or suicide is equally as wrong as murder, such an
action on the part of the person is to be considered as a rejection
of God's sovereignty and loving plan.
 The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) clearly states:
 “Everyone is responsible for his life before God who has
given it to him. It is God who remains the sovereign Master
of life. We are obliged to accept life gratefully and preserve
it for His honor and the salvation of our souls. We are
stewards, not owners, of the life God has entrusted to us. It
is not ours to dispose of.”
 Just as abortion dishonors the will of God for one's life at its
beginning, so also euthanasia dishonors the will of God for one's
life at its end
DYSTHANASIA
 Refers to the undue prolongation of life and delay of the
occurrence of natural death which in effect lengthens the
suffering of the person
 Unduly prolonging life indicates the use of artificial and medical
means which does not in any manner truly sustain life but rather
delays the occurrence of an irrevocable death
 If the patient is breathing purely because of the respirator and not
because of his immanent capacity to breathe as supported by the
said respirator, the medical means employed does not anymore
sustain life. In other words, his breathing is artificially designed,
removal of which facilitates the natural occurrence of death as an
irreversible event
 Indeed, a very real problem arises when artificial measures of
resuscitation and life support become death-delaying rather than
properly life supporting
 Lengthening of the Person's Suffering
 Patient's death is unduly delayed causing prolongation of pain
and suffering
 Dysthanasia does not truly prolong life for it is not, in any way,
sustained. Rather, it lengthens the experience of dying which
turns out to be a painful one thereby ending in a regrettable and
frustrating moment of death after a thoroughly extended use of a
medical means of care that does not anymore truly serve its
purpose
MEANS OF MEDICAL CARE
 Ordinary means of Care
 This refers to a health care which is proportionate to its expected
outcome. It is beneficial and good if the patient's specific needs
are satisfactorily addressed. Since it serves the purpose for
which it is administered and thus useful, the ordinary means of
care is obligatory, appropriate, and/or necessary
 Nutrition, hydration, oxygenation, and medications are typical
examples of ordinary means of care as they are beneficial and
good to the patient in terms of meeting his needs such as food to
extinguish hunger, water to quench thirst, oxygen to provide
oxygenation, and medicines to address certain health problems
 Other Basic Examples
 Provision of personal cleanliness, and warmth
 Emotional and spiritual care
 Prevention of complications and bed sores
 Monitoring and recording of vital and clinical signs
 Ordinary means of care belongs to basic human rights that
should never be alienated from him
 Withdrawal of such means of care causing the patient's
untimely and early death may constitute euthanasia by
omission
 Extraordinary Means of Care
 The means of care does not provide reasonable hope of benefits
and the result does not do any good for the patient's sustenance
thereby inflicting unjust burden and strain on the patient himself,
on the family, and on the health care team
 Artificial means of resuscitation that only delays the dying
moments and prolongs the agony of the irreversibly dying patient
is a typical example of extraordinary means of care since it is not
beneficial and does nothing good but harm to the patient.
Actually, this means of care is the one that is employed in the
process of dysthanasia
CONDITIONS FOR THE WITHDRAWAL OF NUTRITION AND
HYDRATION
 The current form of feeding causes significant pain or is
contraindicated. Nutrition as in stomach or naso-gastric feeding tube
should be proven to have inflicted undue pain on the patient who is
currently entering into the threshold of death
 The person is so close to death that further nutrition and hydration) will
do him no good and he will die naturally before the resultant hunger
and thirst cause significant pain. In which case, the patient dies not of
starvation or dehydration but of
 a natural death
[MTLB211] 3.04 Euthanasia I Prof. Sherlyn Joy P. Isip, RMT, MSMT
IS DYSTHANASIA MORAL?
 From the moral point of view, dysthanasia is morally questionable
because of the following reasons:
 Against Natural Law
 By continuing the employment of extraordinary means of care
which just unduly prolongs the dying moments of the patient
whose irrevocable death is approaching as part of the nature of
his earthly existence, the procedure patently contradicts the
natural law
 Any useless attempt to impede the occurrence of death in its
given moment inflicts violence on nature resulting to the undue
suffering and painful dying of the dying thereby contravening the
natural law and the dictates of reason
 An Insult to the Sovereign Master of Life and Death
 An irremediably dying moment of patient, with all the
accompanying clinical signs, is a crystal-clear manifestation of
the will of the Sovereign Master of life and death
 Hence, though death cannot truly be hindered in its irreversible
event, the effort exerted to protract it beyond its naturally
designed occurrence is a prominent resistance or opposition to
that will by whose power causes life and death
 Contrary to Human Dignity
 As he is insignificantly sustained by the dysthanasia procedure
causing prolonged dying, the dying patient comes to the extreme
point of worthlessly and meaninglessly losing his distinctive
human character and sense of personality in the face of death.
This state is uncalled for, in the first place, which can be averted
and hence is not an indispensable part of the dying moment in its
natural occurrences. Consequently, the procedure violates
human dignity which demands of a kind of death that is worth it
 To sum up its morality, just as euthanasia is immoral because of
its method of hastening one's death, so also is dysthanasia
because of its method of prolonging a person's death
ORTHOTHANASIA
 Refers to the mere allowing and acceptance of natural death in its
definitely inescapable occurrence in due time as the final moment of
one's earthly life
 How Should Death be Merely Allowed and Accepted?
 First of all, there should be no intervention of any measure to
either hasten death before (euthanasia) or lengthen it after its
due time (dysthanasia)
 To merely allow death is to plainly facilitate and put no worthless
impediment to the manifestation of nature in the event of death.
The patient dies the correct way of dying so that his undue
suffering is averted, and his life comes to its end naturally.
Indeed, orthothanasia means correct dying
 However, the decisions should be made by the patient if he is
competent and able or, if not, by those legally entitled to act for
the patient (well-informed family members or relatives and the
health care practitioners)
 The ordinary means of care which is appropriate to the situation
should not be omitted. Though dying, the patient has still to be
cared for according to what can be beneficial and good in the
sense that the care employed addresses certain needs without
overlooking the most important need for spiritual care in
preparation for the patient to meet his Creator
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EUTHANASIA BY OMISSION AND
ORTHOTHANASIA
 Euthanasia by omission: what are withdrawn or withheld are not only
the extraordinary but most significantly the ordinary means of care
from which the patient, though facing an imminent death, may still
benefit in one way or another
 Orthothanasia: only the extraordinary means are withheld for being
futile but never the ordinary ones
ORTHOTHANASIA MORAL?
 If one's condition is clearly indicative of indubitable death as a reality
that transpires in its naturally designed occasion, right reason again
dictates that it has to be merely allowed and accepted
 God determines the time of death of every human being and that it is
just as impermissible to try to extend one's life beyond that time as it
is to attempt to end it before that time
BRAIN DEATH
 Defined as cessation of neurologic functioning by the criteria of deep
unconsciousness without response to:
 painful stimuli
 absence of spontaneous breathing
 fixed pupils
 spontaneous marked hypothermia
 absent reflexes except rarely tendon reflexes
 isoelectric electroencephalogram showing no electrical activity
over 2 microvolts
 The complete and irreversible cessation of all brain activity in the
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The heart and lungs may still
function with the help of respirator and heart machine
Page 3 of 3
 There is no moral objection to the withdrawal of medical equipment
since the moment of death has already been determined
 Withdrawal of medical equipment is an act of orthothanasia
PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE
 Refers to the comatose condition of a patient showing no evident sign
of self-awareness or of awareness of the environment, with no ability
to interact with others and no reaction to specific stimuli. Yet, it does
not reveal significant disintegration of the patient's integrative capacity
as his brain stem is still functioning
 This state or condition may last for weeks, months, or even years with
or without technological support. The comatose patient may awaken
after some time or degenerate further towards his death
SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR THE WITHDRAWAL OF
EXTRAORDINARY MEANS
 It is also permitted, with the patient's consent to interrupt these means,
where the results fall short of expectations
 It is also permissible to make do with the normal (ordinary) means that
medicine can offer
 When inevitable death is imminent in spite of the means used, it is
permitted in conscience to take the decision to refuse forms of
treatment that would only secure a precarious and burdensome
prolongation of life, so long as the normal (ordinary) care due to the
sick person in similar cases is not interrupted. In such circumstances
the doctor has no reason to reproach himself with failing to help the
person in danger
 Is it morally permissible to administer a therapy provided by the most
advanced medical techniques even if said therapy is at its
experimental stage and is not without certain risk to a seriously ill
patient?
 It is morally permissible provided that the two conditions set by
the Declaration on Euthanasia are met, namely:
1. There are no other sufficient remedies
2. The informed consent of the patient must be sought By
accepting (the therapy), the patient can even show
generosity in the service of humanity
 Is it morally allowable to give a dying patient narcotics or pain
relievers that will just promote unconsciousness in the face of
death?
 Yes, provided the three conditions are fulfilled, to wit:
1. The patient is suffering from severe physical pain
2. The narcotics are not intended to cause earlier death
3. If the patient is Catholic, he has first to be given the
opportunity to receive the last three Sacraments
 What about narcotics that, in effect shorten the life of the patient?
 If no other means exists, and if, in the given circumstances, this
does not prevent the carrying out of other religious and moral
duties: Yes.
 In this case of course, death is in no way intended or sought,
even if the risk of it is reasonably taken; the intention is simply to
relieve pain effectively, using for this purpose painkillers available
to medicine
 In this case, the principle of double effect applies
POINTERS FOR A HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER
 The terminally ill patient who is on the verge of death needs nothing
more than love and affection from both the relatives and the Health
care practitioners attending to him. It is very dignifying to accord him
a deep sense of respect and unconditional acceptance of his very
person
 When the medical treatment in all its tremendous technological and
scientific advances seems to be a failure in an irreversibly
degenerative health condition it does not mean health care ceases to
function. Ordinary means of care that go beyond any sophisticated
medical measures useless in themselves are at work the most. They
can heal not the pathologic condition but the very being of the patient
making him happy in the last moments of his life in preparation for the
eternal happiness he will have with God
 When a dying patient asks for the hastening of his death, -it does not
necessarily imply a desire for euthanasia but for support, love, and
affection. Kindly respond in a more humane way by your mere
presence-touching and sharing in his suffering by just being there, and
silently loving and praying for him full of tenderness and compassion
Indeed, how wonderful it is to become God's instrument of His love for
that dying patient!
 If the patient is a Catholic, never forget as part of your moral
responsibility to call the hospital chaplain who is a priest to administer
the last three Sacraments, namely Anointing of the Sick, Penance, and
the Holy Viaticum. It's good that the patient is still conscious when he
receives the said Sacraments so he can express sorrow for sins in
preparation for his meeting with the Creator. If he is non-Catholic and
is requesting the minister of his religion to come, please respond
positively, in the spirit of ecumenism and inter-religious relationship,
without however compromising your own faith. If there are no available
priests, and the patient is in immediate danger of death, kindly make
him aware of God's graces of mercy and forgiveness and tell him to
repeat after you, the act of perfect contrition