VAN ASHLEY L.

SY 9-MAKABAYAN

1. The types of volcanoes and their main characteristics are:

1. Cinder Cone Volcanoes: These are the simplest type, characterized by steep slopes,
wide craters, and formed from solidified lava ejected from a single vent.
2. Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes): They are large, steep-sided, symmetrical
cones formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and
pyroclastic materials.
3. Shield Volcanoes: These are large, broad volcanoes resembling shields from above, with
tall, broad, flat, and rounded shapes. They are formed almost entirely of fluid lava flow.

2. Among the volcanic eruption types, icelandic eruptions are considered among the least
violent types of volcanic eruptions because they are generally less explosive and more effusive,
with lava flows being the primary form of volcanic activity. They are often characterized by
relatively low levels of volcanic ash and gas emissions, making them less hazardous to
surrounding areas compared to more explosive eruption types. The most violent eruption type is
the Plinian type, exemplified by intensely violent eruptions like the catastrophic eruption of
Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Plinian eruptions involve the uprushing gases and volcanic fragments
resembling a gigantic rocket blast directed vertically upward, resulting in devastating impacts.

3. Five active volcanoes in the Philippines and their locations, along with their types of
volcanoes, are:
- Mount Mayon: Located in the province of Albay, it is a composite volcano.
- Taal Volcano: Situated in Batangas province, it is a cinder cone volcano.
- Mount Arayat: Found in Pampanga province, it is a composite volcano.
- Mount Apo: Located in Davao del Sur province, it is a stratovolcano.
- Mount Bulusan: Situated in Sorsogon province, it is a composite volcano.

NOTES ON THE VIDEOS:

1. Cinder Cone Volcanoes:

- Simplest type of volcano.
- Characteristics: steep slopes, wide craters, most abundant of the three major types
- Formation: built from particles and blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single vent.
- Process: Lava thrown into the air breaks into small fragments and solidifies around the vent.
- Examples: Taal Volcano (Batangas, Philippines), Smith Volcano (Babuyan Group of Islands),
Mount Mayobobo (Quezon Province), Mount Musuan (Bukidnon), Paricutin Volcano (Mexico).

2. Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):

- Description: Large, steep-sided, symmetrical cones.
- Formation: Alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and pyroclastic
materials.
- Feature: Conduit system formed from viscous or sticky lava. The lava builds up around the
vent forming a volcano with steep sides.
- Examples: Mount Mayon, Mount Arayat (Philippines), Mount Rainier (USA), Mount Fuji
(Japan).

3. Shield Volcanoes:
- Description: Large, broad volcanoes resembling shields from above.
- Characteristics: Tall, broad with flat, rounded shapes.
- Formation: Built almost entirely of fluid lava flow.
- Safety: Relatively safe eruptions, explosive only if water enters the vent.
- Examples: Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea (Hawaii).

ADDITIONAL:
- Cinder cone volcanoes: Simplest, steep slopes, formed from solidified lava ejected from a
single vent.
- Composite volcanoes: Large, steep-sided, symmetrical cones with alternating layers of lava
flows and pyroclastic materials.
- Shield volcanoes: Broad, resembling shields, formed mainly from fluid lava flow, relatively
safe eruptions.

4. Comparison:
Cinder Cone Volcanoes:
- Formation: Rapid accumulation of ejected lava fragments.
- Shape: Typically circular or oval.
- Examples: Taal Volcano (Philippines), Paricutin Volcano (Mexico).
Composite Volcanoes:
- Formation: Gradual buildup of alternating layers of lava and volcanic materials.
- Shape: Steep-sided, symmetrical cones.
- Examples: Mount Mayon, Mount Fuji.
Shield Volcanoes:
- Formation: Gradual accumulation of fluid lava flows.
- Shape: Broad, gently sloping, resembling a warrior's shield.
- Examples: Mauna Loa, Moana.

5. Risk Factors:
- Cinder Cone Volcanoes: Typically smaller eruptions, less hazardous.
- Composite Volcanoes: Can have explosive eruptions due to trapped gases and viscous lava.
- Shield Volcanoes: Relatively low risk of explosive eruptions, but potential for lava flows to
cover large areas.

6. Geographic Distribution:
- Cinder Cone Volcanoes: Found in various regions worldwide.
- Composite Volcanoes: Commonly found near convergent plate boundaries.
- Shield Volcanoes: Typically found at hot spots or divergent plate boundaries.

7. Human Impact:
- Cinder Cone Volcanoes: Often attract tourists due to their distinctive shape and accessible
locations.
- Composite Volcanoes: Pose significant risks to nearby populations due to explosive eruptions
and lahars (mudflows).
- Shield Volcanoes: Often located in remote areas but can impact nearby communities through
lava flows and volcanic gases.

Effusive eruptions
- Thin basaltic magmas that flow freely with small amounts of trapped gases

Explosive eruptions
- Thick magmas with large amounts of trapped gases

Icelandic eruption type - streams of molten basaltic lava that flow from long, parallel fissures.
Often builds lava plateaus

Hawaiian eruption type - fluid lava flows from a volcano’s summit and radial fissures to form
shield volcanoes, which are quite large and have gentle slopes

Strombolian eruptions type (named after Italy’s Stromboli Volcano) - moderate bursts of
expanding gases that eject clots of incandescent lava in cyclical or nearly continuous small
eruptions
Vulcanian eruption type (named for Vulcano Island near Stromboli) - moderate explosions of
gas laden with volcanic ash — which together form dark, turbulent, rapidly ascending eruption
clouds

Pelean eruption type - explosive outbursts that produce pyroclastic flows, dense mixtures of
hot volcanic fragments anad gas that roll down slopes at nigh speeds

Plinian type - intensely violent kind of volcanic eruption in which the uprushing gases and
volcanic fragments resemble a gigantic rocket blast directed vertically upward. Plinian eruptions
are exemplifies by the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that killed the famous
Roman scholar Pliny the Elder.