Nilesh (210430106543)

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CONSTRUCTION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT (EWS-II)
AN INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted by
KANAJARIYA NILESH
210430106543
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Civil Engineering
Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad
April, 2024
Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

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SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR
New Sidser Campus, Post: Vartej, Sidser, Bhavnagar – 364060,Gujarat,India
CERTIFICATE
• This is certify that the internship report submitted along with the
internship entitled CONSTRUCTION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT (EWS-II) has been carried out by KANAJARIYA
NILESH D under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, 8 th Semester of Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year
2023-24.
Prof. H.K.SARVAIYA Prof. V.M.PATEL SIR
Internal Guide Head of the Department

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SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR
New Sidser Campus, Post: Vartej, Sidser, Bhavnagar – 364060,Gujarat,India
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the
Internship entitled Construction Of Affordable Housing
Development (EWS-II) submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering to Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of
original project work carried out by me at Kruti Consultancy&
Aaditya Construction under the supervision of Bhaveshbhai and
that no part of this report has been directly copied from any student’s
reports or taken from any other source, without providing due
reference.
Name of the Student Sign of Student
Kanajariya Nilesh D _______________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am having great pleasure for submitting this Internship report as part of

curriculum of “INTERNSHIP (3180601)”.
My first thank goes to Prof. H.K.SARVAIYA Sir, the guide of the Internship
for giving me necessary suggestions and advice along with their valuable
coordination in completing this internship.
I express my sincere thanks to the HOD of Applied mechanics Department,

Prof. V.M.PATEL SIR for extending his support. I would also like to thank
our Institution and our faculty members without whom this Internship has been
a distant reality.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to External Guide Er. Mehul S Patel for
continuously guiding me at the company and answering all my doubts with
patience. I would also like to thank all the staff member of company for their
valuable support in the completion of the project.
Thank
Kanajariya Nilesh D

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ABSTRACT
• As part of curriculum, and for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for completion
of B.E degree from SHANTILALSHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
BHAVNAGAR, I’m NILESH KANAJARIYA underwent a training as site engineer
at the Aditya Construction Ltd. For 12 weeks during 15th Jaunary to 15th April. The
report consists of brief study and description of the on-field construction work.
• This study presents the compendia of the observations made during the 12 weeks of
our internship study.
• In the opening content I have given details of the company background. In the second
content I have explained my overall internship familiarity in the last successive
weeks. In this part the main content that I have recorded and it contains overall work I
have been executing.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1 Location of The Site………………………………………………………………1
Fig 1.2 Site Layout…………………………………………………………...……………3
Fig 1.3 Column Layout Plan In Residential Building…………………………….……….4
Fig 1.4 Typical Floor Plan in Residential Building……………………………….………5
Fig 1.5 Foundation Layout of Aanganwadi………………………………………...……..6
Fig 1.6 Ground Floor Plan in Aanganwadi…………………………………………..……7
Fig 4.1 Foundation Layout of Aanganwadi…………………………………...…………16
Fig 4.2 Marking of Layout For Excavation………………………………………………17
Fig 4.3 Checking Depth Of Excavation By Auto-Level Machine………………...……..17
Fig 5.1 PCC Marking In Aanganwadi…………………………………………………....19
Fig 5.2 PCC Shuttering In Aanganwadi………………………………………………….19
Fig 5.3 Casting Of PCC In Aanganwadi…………………………………………………20
Fig 6.1 Typical And Sectional Footing Plan……………………………………..………21
Fig 6.2 Reinforcement Detail Of Column……………………………………..…………22
Fig 6.3 Placing Of Column Reinforcement……………………………………………...23
Fig 6.4 Formwork Of Aanganwadi Footing……………………………………………..24
Fig 6.5 Casting Of Aanganwadi Footing…………………………………………...……25
Fig 6.6 Curing Of Footing………………………………………………………………..26
Fig 7.1 Column Starter…………………………………………………………………...27
Fig 7.2 Column Starter In Residential Building………………………………………….27
Fig 7.3 Casting Of Column Starter………………………………………………….……27
Fig 7.4 Shuttering Of Column In Aanganwadi…………………………………………..28
Fig 7.5 Shuttering Of Column In Residentail Building………………………………….29
Fig 7.6 Casting Of Column………………………………………………………..…….30
Fig 7.7 Use Of Vibrator………………………………………………………………….30

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Fig 7.8 Casting Of Column In Residential Building……………………………………..31
Fig 7.9 Curing Of Column……………………………………………………………….32
Fig 8.1 Shuttering And Steel Arranging In Residential Building………………………..33
Fig 8.2 Shuttering Of Beam And Slab Bottom In Residentail Building…………………34
Fig 8.3 Layout Of Beam And Slab At Typical Floor Level……………………………...35
Fig 8.4 Reinforcement Details Of Beam And Slab………………………………………36
Fig 8.5 Reinforcement Of Beam In Residential Block…………………………………..37
Fig 8.6 Steel Arrangement In Slab……………………………………………………….37
Fig 8.7 Conduit Work In Slab……………………………………………………………37
Fig 8.8 Concreting In Slab……………………………………………………………….38
Fig 8.9 Casting Of Staircase……………………………………………………………..38
Fig 8.10 Transportation Of Concrete…………………………………………………….38
Fig 9.1 Cube Mould……………………………………………………………………...41
Fig 10.1 RMC Plant……………………………………………………………………...42
Fig 10.2 TMT……………………………………………………………………………43
Fig 10.3 Pump……………………………………………………………………………43
Fig 10.4 Transportation Of Concrete…………………………………………………….43
Fig 10.5 Needle Vibrator…………………………………………………………………44
Fig 10.6 Soil Compaction Machine………………………………………………………44
Fig 10.7 Steel Bar Cutter…………………………………………………………………44
Fig 10.8 Bar Bender……………………………………………………………………...44

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Composition of Portland cement………………………………………………12
Table 3.2 Cement Related Data…………………………………………………………..13
Table 3.3 Cost of Reinforcement………………………………………………………...14
Table 5.1 Reinforcement Details of Aanganwadi Footing……………………………….18
Table 6.1 Concrete Quantity of Footing………………………………………………….25

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
College Certificate
Company Certificate
Declaration
Acknowledgement…………………………………………..……………………………..I
Abstract………………………………………………………………………….………...II
List of Figure……………………………………………………………………………..III
List of Table……………………………………………………………………………...VI
Chapter: 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 About the company………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 About the project…………………………………………………………………..1
1.3 About the site……………………………………………………………………...2
Chapter: 2 Construction of Building……………………………………………………8
2.1 Structure…………………………………………………………………………...8

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2.2 Sub structure………………………………………………………………………8
2.3 Super structure……………………………………………………………………10
Chapter: 3 Material Used in Constructions…………………………………………...12
3.1 Cement…………………………………………………………………………...12
3.2 Aggregate………………………………………………………………………...13
3.2.1 Fine aggregate……………………………………………………………………13
3.2.2 Coarse aggregate…………………………………………………………………13
3.3 Reinforcement……………………………………………………………………14
3.4 Water……………………………………………………………………………..14
3.5 RCC………………………………………………………………………………15
Chapter: 4 Excavation………………………………………………………………….16
4.1 Excavation details………………………………………………………………..16
Chapter: 5 PCC Work………………………………………………………………….18
5.1 Leveling and filling………………………………………………………………18
5.2 PCC work………………………………………………………………………...18
Chapter: 6 Footing……………………………………………………………………...21
6.1 Marking and Reinforcement of column footing………………………………….21
6.2 Formwork of footing……………………………………………………………..24
6.3 Concreting of footing…………………………………………………………….25
6.4 Curing of footing…………………………………………………………………26
Chapter: 7 Column……………………………………………………………………..27
7.1 Column starters…………………………………………………………………..27
7.2 Formwork of column…………………………………………………………….28
7.3 Concreting of column……………………………………………………………30
7.4 Curing of column………………………………………………………………...32
Chapter: 8 Staircase, Beam and Slab………………………………………………….33

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8.1 Formwork of staircase, beam and slab…………………………………………...33
8.2 Reinforcement of staircase, beam and slab………………………………………35
8.3 Concreting of staircase, beam and slab…………………………………………..38
8.4 Curing of slab…………………………………………………………………….39
Chapter: 9 Material Testing……………………………………………………………40
9.1 Test of aggregates………………………………………………………………...40
9.2 Test of cement……………………………………………………………………40
Chapter: 10 Equipment’s and Machines……………………………………………...42
10.1 Concrete mixer…………………………………………………………………...42
10.2 Transportation……………………………………………………………………42
10.3 Compactor and vibrators…………………………………………………………43
10.4 Metal cutting machine……………………………………………………………44
Chapter: 11 Brick Masonry……………………………………………………………45
11.1 Class of bricks……………………………………………………………………45
11.2 Size and weight of bricks………………………………………………………...45
11.3 Structure of bricks………………………………………………………………..46
Chapter: 12 Overall Benefits of The Internship………………………………………47
12.1 Improving Practical Skill………………………………………………………...47
12.2 Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge…………………………………………..48
Chapter 13: Conclusion………………………………………………………………...49

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE COMPANY
 Kruti Consultancy& Aaditya Construction is a Non-government company,

incorporated on 01 Apr, 2015 . It's a public unlisted company and is classified as
'company limited by shares'.
 Kruti Consultancy& Aaditya Construction is majorly in Construction business from
last 8 years and currently, company operations are active.
 Office address: 202-SwaraPark Square, Opp. Dr. Valiya Hospital. Sanskar Mandal-
Rupani Road, Bhavnagar. 36400
1.2 ABOUT THE PROJECT
 Name of Project: Construction of Affordable Housing Development (EWS-II)

 Project Manager: Mehul S Patel
 Site Engineer: Bhaveshbhai
 Company Name: Katira Construction Ltd.
 Location of Projects: Zundal Gandhinagar
Fig 1.1 Location of the site

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1.3 ABOUT THE SITE
 Property detail: Total Area-38122 SQ.M and Unit Size-661.8 SQ.M (Drawing room,
Bed room, Study room, Kitchen, Bath)
 20 Residential Buildings, 2 Commercial Building, 2 Anganwadi, 2 Sewage Treatment
Plant And 2 Underground Water Tanks are located inside the site.
 Building storied: G+7 Storied Residential Building
 Fig Site layout of the project

Fig is shown below,
 Fig Design of the building

Fig is shown below,
 Fig Aanganwadi footing design

Fig is shown below,
 Fig Aanganwadi ground floor plan

Fig is shown below,

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Fig: 1.2 :Site layout of the project

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Fig: 1.3 Column Layout Plan in Residential Building

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Fig: 1.4 Typical Floor Plan in Residential Building

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Fig: 1.5 Foundation layout of Aanganwadi

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Fig
: 1.6
Ground floor plan in Aanganwadi

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CHAPTER 2: CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
2.1 STRUCTURE
 A building that has been built or made from a number of parts. Or to arrange something in
organized way is known as structure.
Type of Structure
1. Load Bearing Structure

2. Combined Structure
Construction of the structure is done in at least two steps. Which are following.
1. Sub structure
2. Super structure
2.2 SUB STRUCTURE
 Foundation is a part of the sub structure. Sub structure is constructed according to soil
quality at that site. If soil have good bearing capacity than we use shallow foundation in
construction. If the bearing capacity of the soil is not good or suitable than we use deep
foundation at that site. Sub structure is a load bearing structure and it is designed for load
bearing.
Foundation:
 A foundation is the element of any structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers
loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either
shallow or deep.
 The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the
Ground is called foundation. Foundation is a load bearing structure which bears all loads
coming on the building or any structure.
Foundation is generally of two types:
1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

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2.2.1 Shallow Foundation
 Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The ‘open’ refers to
the fact that the foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till bottom of the
footing, and then constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire
footing is visible to the eye, and is therefore called an open foundation. Some types of
shallow foundation such as:
1. Wall footing/strip footing
2. Spread Footings.
3. Isolated footings.
4. Stepped footings.
5. Combined footings
6. Sloped footings.
7. Mat or raft foundation.
8. Strapped footings.
2.2.2 Deep Foundation
 A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth
farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a
range of depths.
PILE FOUNDATION:
 A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into
the ground so that structures can be supported on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
1. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight
of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be
transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
2. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure
Pile foundation is capable of taking higher loads than spread footing.
There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.
1. End Bearing Piles

2. Friction Piles

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2.3 SUPER STRUCTURE
 Super structure is a part of structure that is above the plinth level generally, columns and
walls are constructed in super structure. Following are the important parts of super
structure:
1. Floor
2. Roof
3. Lintel
4. Doors& Windows
2.2.1 Floor:
 Floor is that part of a building on which furniture, household, commercial, industrial or
any other type of items is stored. Floor is used for walking around Floor separates the
different levels of a building. Building is also named with reference to floor. Like Ground
floor, first floor, or a floor that is below ground level like basement floor. In our site there
are three types of flooring take places.
2.2.2 Roof:
 Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types of roofs are used in building
depending on the location and weather. Sloping roofs are generally considered better in
mountain areas. While, in plan areas flat roofs are preferred.
2.3.3 Lintel:
 Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. To support load of wall on openings.
Lintel beam is generally made as reinforced cement concrete member. While, in
residential houses sometime lintel is made by using concrete and bricks. Breadth of lintel
is generally equals to the breadth of wall. In case of metric unit, it is normally equals to
10cm 15cm 20cm etc. While, in case of FPS system it is consider as 6”, 9”, 12” etc.
 Thickness of lintel should not be less than 10cm (4.5”) and maximum thickness of lintel
Should not be more than its breadth
2.3.4 Doors and Windows:
 A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance to or
within an enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Doors normally consist of a panel
that swings on hinges on the edge, but there are also doors that slide or spin inside of a
space. A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of
light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.

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CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
3.1 CEMENT:
 Cement was first discovered by an English brick layer named Joseph Aspdin in 1824. He
called it Portland cement for the reason that the cement he discovered resembled the
limestone found in Portland. The approximate composition of Portland cement is given
below,
Table 3.1 Composition of Portland cement
Lime (CaO) 60-70%
Silica (SiO2) 20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3) 5-10%
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 2-3%
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste.
Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. The grades of cement are as
33 Grades
43 Grades
53 Grades
 33 Grade OPC is used for general construction works like plastering and finishing out
works in normal environmental conditions. However, its use is virtually phased today.
 43 Grade OPC is the most commonly used grade for home construction. It has its
applications in plastering finishing works, precast items, foundations, brick work, and
compound wall and so on. It has more strength development than the 33-grade
cement.

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 53 Grade OPC develops strength very fast. High rise building constructions use 53
grades cement. This is applicable for use in structures where high-grade concrete is
required.
Table 3.2 Cement related data
Cement used at site OPC 53 Grade
Cost per bag 370Rs/- (Sanghi Cement)
Initial setting time 30 minutes
Final setting time 10 hours
3.2 AGGREGATE:
 Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is
very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become
cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work
Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials. They also
reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate
3.2.1 Fine Aggregate (Sand):
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, IS sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron IS
sieve is known as fine aggregate.

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Function of Fine Aggregate:
The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the
coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and
increase the workability of the concrete mix.
3.2.2 Coarse Aggregate
 The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm 15 sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 mm IS
sieve is known as coarse aggregates.
Function of Coarse Aggregate:
 The coarse aggregates are used in mixing of concrete. It is mixed cement, sand with
water. These aggregates increase the strength of bonding in aggregates. Coarse aggregates
are used in construction of plan cement concrete (PCC), foundation, beams and columns
etc.
3.3 REINFORCEMENT
 The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is
called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment,
torsion and compression.
At the site cost per kg is shown in table
Table 3.3 Cost of reinforcement
Diameter of bar Rate per KG
8mm 59.15
10mm 57.97
12mm 57.12

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16mm 57.12
Function of Reinforcement:
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression

And week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members
at the site contractor using the high strength steel bars and TM.T. (Thermo Mechanically
Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm & 32 mm as per requirement of design.
3.4 WATER:
 It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement and forms a

binding paste. The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and course aggregate
bringing them into close adhesion in this project source of water is a tube well which is
closely spaced to the building. The quality of water is good and can be used for drinking
purpose also.
3.5 R.C.C:
Though plain cement concrete has high compressive strength and its tensile strength is
relatively low. Normally, the tensile strength of a concrete is about 10% to 15% of its
compressive strength. Hence if a beam is made up of plain cement concrete, it has a very
low load carrying capacity since its low tensile strength limits its overall strength. It is There
reinforced by placing steel bars in the tensile zone of the concrete beam so that the
compressive bending stress is carried by concrete and tensile bending stress is carried by
steel reinforcing bars. Generally, in simply supported and Cantilever beans the tension zone
occurs at bottom and top of beam respectively.

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CHAPTER 4: EXCAVATION
4.1 EXCAVATION DETAILS
Fig 4.1 foundation layout of Aanganwadi
 This is foundation layout of Anganwadi.

 Excavation procedure for foundation construction requires site clearance, setting out,
and Safety measures based on depth of excavation.
 For the Aanganwadi building excavation first the surveying group setting out the
corner benchmarks for excavation and then surveying ground to make a ground level
for the excavation after that excavation the ground to the approved depth. The depth
of excavation is 3 meters from the ground level. To carried out excavation process in
site the JCB equipment used.
 Total area: 21M*14M

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Fig 4.2 marking of layout for excavation
 Excavation starting after marking of layout as per drawing.

 The excavation is carried out by a back-hoe (JCB).
 It is transported by tractor at nearby common plot.
Fig 4.3 Checking depth of excavation by Auto-level machine

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 Excavation completed after checking the depth of excavation auto level machine as
per drawing.
 Excavation shall be carried out to the lines, level, width, depth as per drawing.

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CHAPTER 5: PCC WORK
5.1 SURFACE LEVELING
 Soil compaction is started after excavation.

 The compaction is carried out by use of a petrol power machine called rammer.
5.2 PCC WORK
 Plain cement concrete is a cement mixture commonly used for paving and flooring
and also known as PCC. It is one of the most important element in a building
structure. PCC is laid on the soil surface and acts as shield for the reinforced concrete
against direct contact with soil and water.
 Then the surface was ready for the P.C.C. work.
Table 5.1 Reinforcement details of Aanganwadi footing

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Fig 5.1 PCC marking in Aanganwadi
Fig 5.2 PCC shuttering in aanganwadi
 PCC marking is completed as per drawing.

 Concreting work is start after PCC formwork is complete.

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Fig 5.3 Casting of PCC in Aanganwadi
 Concrete grade is M10 was used for PCC work.

 M15= 1:2:4
 Thickness of PCC is 100MM.
 Finding out the quantity of concrete for PCC.
 7 CUM concrete used in PCC.

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CHAPTER 6: FOOTING
6.1 MARKING AND REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMN FOOTING
 After hardening the surface, column footing marking was started as per drawing.

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Fig 6.1 Typical and sectional column footing plan

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Fig 6.2 Reinforcement details of Column
 The foundation plan is a plan view drawing, in section, showing the location and size
of footing, distance between two columns.
 Here the footing shape is isolated footing was used as per drawing.
 All the reinforcement was cut and fixed as per design.
 After that all column footings were placed on their marked area.
 50MM cover used for footing at bottom.

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Fig 6.3 Placing of Column Reinforcement
6.2 FORMWORK OF FOOTING

 Wooden formwork was used for the following.
 Only the footing bottom was cover with wooden formwork.

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Fig 6.4 Formwork of Aanganwadi Footing
6.3 CONCRETING OF FOOTING

 After setting up formwork concreting was done.

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Fig 6.5 Casting of Aanganwadi Footing
 M25 concrete grade was used for footing.

 M25= 1:1:2(C:S:A)
Table 6.1 Concrete Quantity of Footing

Sr. No. Description Unit No. Length Width Depth Qty. Total
(M) (M) (M)
CUM CUM
1 F1 CUM 13 1 1.6 0.3 6.76
2 F2 CUM 14 1.2 1.8 0.3 9.4
3 F3 CUM 4 1 1.0 0.3 0.99
17.15CUM
6.4 CURING OF FOOTING

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 After 24-hour formwork was removed
 Then after curing was done
 For curing gunny bags curing method was used.
 The curing period was 7 days.
Fig 6.6 Curing of Footing

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CHAPTER 7: COLUMN
7.1 COLUMN STARTERS
 Before column work starts it is necessary to provide starters, because it is gives
alignment to column formwork.
 For marking column starters points as per drawing.
 After marking the points of starter, filling was done.
Fig 7.1 Column starter in Aanganwadi Fig 7.2 Column starter in residential
building
Fig 7.3 Casting of Column Starter

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COLUMN FORMWORK
 Wooden ply was used for the formwork.

 Before placing formwork high-quality shuttering oil that is applied to the inner
surface of formwork before concreting.
 Formwork was set up on starters.
 After the checking the alignment of formwork with plum bob.
 Wooden bamboo supports were used.
Fig 7.4 Shuttering of column in Aanganwadi

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Fig 7.5 Shuttering of column in Residential Building

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7.2 CONCRETING OF COLUMN
 After setting up formwork concreting was done.
 M25 used for column.
 M25 = 1;1:2(C:S:A)
 After concreting, again alignment checked with plumb bob and gave support to the
column to stand straight.
 Height of column was 2.5m.
 Needle vibrator was used for compaction of concrete.
 40mm cover was used.
Fig 7.6 Casting of column in Aanganwadi

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Fig 7.7 Use vibrator in concreting of column
Fig 7.8 Casting of column in Residential building

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7.3 CURING OF COLUMN

 After 24-hour formwork was removed
 Then after curing was done
 For curing gunny bags curing method was used.
 The curing period was 7 days.
Fig 7.9 Curing of column in Aanganwadi

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CHAPTER 8: STAIRCASE, BEAM AND SLAB

8.1 FORMWORK OF STAIRCASE, BEAM AND SLAB
 Formwork of staircase:
 Wooden supports were used for stairs.
 Steel formwork was used for the waist slab and rise.

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Fig 8.1 Shuttering and Steel Arranging in Residential Building
 Formwork of beam:
 Wooden ply sheets and supports used for the beam formwork.
 In beam formwork ply sheets cut in beam size and made bottom of beam.
 Then the bottom formwork of the beam is set up in their position.
 Beam bottom supported and fixed on columns.
 After that all side formwork was set up.
 Formwork of slab:
 Steel plates were used in slab formwork and wooden supports were used.
 Steel plates were fixed with beam formwork.

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Fig 8.2 Shuttering of Beam Bottom and Slab Bottom in Residential Building
8.2 REINFORCEMENT OF STAIRCASE, BEAM AND SLAB

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Fig 8.3 Layout of Beam and Slab at Typical Floor Level

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Fig 8.4 Reinforcement detail of beam and slab in Residential building

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 Reinforcement work of beam

 All the beam bars were cut and tied with stirrups (as per design).
 All the beams were fixed at their position (as per design).
 40 mm cover was used for beams.
 There were many continuous beams and many discontinuous beams.
Fig 8.5 Reinforcement of Beam in Residential Block
 Reinforcement work of slab

 All the slab reinforcement bars bent. (as per design),
 After giving bent up and reinforcement bars laid on their proper place.
 Main steel and distribution steel tied with binding wires.
 25 mm cover was used for the slab.
 Electrical line fitting was also done before concreting.

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Fig 8.6 Steel Arrangement in Slab Fig 8.7 Conduit work in Slab
8.3 CONCRETING OF STAIRCASE, BEAM AND SLAB
Fig 8.8 Concreting of slab
Fig 8.9 Casting of staircase Fig 8.10 Transport of concrete by Pump

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and TMT
 M25 Concrete was used for Slab and Beam.

 M25= 1:1:2 (C:S:A)
 Thickness of Slab- 180MM
 Slab top surface was levelled manually by labour with muster.
 The quantity of water normally mixed for making concrete is more than sufficient to
hydrate the cement and this water shall not be allowed to go out from the body of
concrete. For this reason, concrete could be effectively covered with a plastic sheet so
that it seals the evaporation of water from concrete.
 Needle vibrator was used for compaction of concrete.
8.4 CURING OF SLAB

 After 24 hours only side formwork was removed.
 For curing. The Pond curing method was used.
 In this method, small ponds made with cement sand
 In this pond water was filled by labour with a hope pipe.
 The Curing period was 7 days.
 After 7 days the ponds were removed.
 After 10-15 days all slab and beam formwork and supports were removed.

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CHAPTER 9: MATERIAL TESTING
9.1 TEST OF AGGREGATES:

 Below are some of the important test which are perform on aggregates at every
construction site to check the quality of the aggregate for better construction and fulfil the
requirement of the client.
1. Crushing Test
2. Impact Test
3. LOS Angles Abrasion Test
4. Shape Test
5. Water Absorption Test
9.2 TEST OF CONCRETE
Below are some of the concrete test which is perform on concrete at site.
1. Compressive Strength Test.

2. Permeability Test.
3. Slump Test
4. Flexural Strength Test
At our site only compressive strength test Procedures.
9.2.1 Compressive Strength Test:
Standard: IS: 516-1959-Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
Equipment’s used:
1. Compression testing machine (2000 KN)

2. Curing tank/Accelerated curing tank
3. Balance (0-10 Kg)
Representative samples of concrete shall be taken and used for casting cubes 15cm x
15cm x 15cm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm dia. X 30 cm long

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Procedure:
1. The concrete shall be filled into the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm deep. It
would be distributed evenly and compacted either by vibration or by hand tamping.
After the top layer has been compacted, the surface of concrete shall be finished level
with the top of the mould using a trowel and covered with a glass plate to prevent
evaporation.
2. The specimen shall be stored at site for 24+1/2H under damp matting or sack. After
that, the samples shall be stored in clean water at 27+2°C; until the time of test. The
ends of all cylindrical specimens that are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped.
3. Just prior to testing, the cylindrical specimen shall be capped with Sulphur mixture
comprising 3 parts Sulphur to I part of inert filler such as fire clay.
4. Specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from water and while they are still
in wet condition wet condition.
5. The bearing surface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose
material removed from the surface. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed
in the machine in such a manner that the load cube as cast, that is, not to the top and
bottom,
6. Align the axis of the specimen with the steel plates, do not use any packing.
7. The load shall be applied slowly without shock and increased continuously at a rate
of approximately 140 kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the
increased load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load
applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and unusual features noted at the time
of failure brought out in the report.
8. Compressive strength (kg/cm2) =W/A
Fig 9.1 Cube Mould
Cube size : 150mm X 150mm X 150mm
Grade : M25
Compressive strength of concrete : 25 N/mm2
Strength after 7 days : 70% (Minimum)
Strength after 28 days : 100%

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CHAPTER 10: EQUIPMENTS AND MACHINES
10.1 CONCRETE MIXER:

 This power mechanically operated machine which is used to the concrete. It consists a
hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings. In which cement, sand, aggregates and
water is mix properly.
Fig 10.1 RMC Plant
10.2 TRANSPORTATION:
 The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of it's mixing a final position of
deposition is termed as transportation of concrete. There are many methods of
transportation as mentioned below
 Transport of concrete by pans
 Transport of concrete by barrows
 Transport of concrete by tipping lorries

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 Transport of concrete by pumps
 Transport of concrete by belt conveyors
At this site transportation by pans, pump and TMT were used.
Fig 10.2 TM Truck Fig 10.3 Pump
Fig 10.4 Transportation of Concrete
Process of Lying of Concrete
1. Transporting concrete Through a Truck

2. Putting Cole in a Pump
3. Placing and Compacting by Vibrator

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10.3 COMPACTOR & VIBRATOR:
 When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose structure. Hence, it must be
compacted to remove the air bubbles and voids so as to make it dense and solid concrete
to obtain a high strength. There are two method of compaction. Manual compaction
10.3.1 Mechanical compaction
 Generally, in large projects mechanical compactors are used. There are various
mechanical compactors which uses according to requirement as needle vibrator and soil
compaction machine needed to compact the column and soil respectively.
Fig 10.5 Needle Vibrator Fig 10.6 Soil Compaction machine
10.4 METAL CUTTING MACHINE
 For Various lengths cutting Metal cutting machines are machine tools used to fabricate
parts by the removal of material, typically metal. At the site all the reinforcement bars are
available at length of 12 meter. So, it is not possible to use a single 12-meter length bars
so we would use the metal cutting machine to cut the bars as per requirement.

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Fig 10.7 Steel bar cutter Fig 10.8 Bar Bender
CHAPTER 11: BRICK MASONARY
 The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular block of uniform size and then
drying and burning these blocks. Brick masonry easy to construct compare stone
masonry. It is less time consuming and there is no need of skilled labour to construct it.
The bricks do not require dressing and the arty of laying bricks is so simple.
11.1 CLASS OF BRICKS:
On the basis of quality and performance of brick is classified in three parts
 CLASS A
 CLASS B
 CLASS C
11.2 SIZE AND WEIGHT OF BRICKS:
 The bricks are prepared in various sizes. On the basis of size. BIS bricks are categories in
two parts.
MODULAR BRICKS:
 BIS recommends a standard size of brick which is 190mm X 90mm X 90mm. With
mortar thickness, size of such a brick becomes 200mm X 200mm X 100mm.

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TRADITIONAL BRICKS:
 The brick of which size varies and not standardized known as traditional brick.
WEIGHT OF BRICK:
 It is found that the weight of I cubic meter brick earth about 1800 kg. Hence the average
weight of a brick will be about 3 to 3.5 kg
11.3 STRUCTURE OF BRICK:
STRETCHER
 If brick laid along its length then front view of brick is known as stretcher.
HEADER:
 If brick laid along its width, then front view of brick is known as header.
FROG:
 It is top of brick. It provides strong bonding between two courses of masonry by filling
the mortar. It also consists the name of company
QUEEN CLOSER:
 This is obtained by cutting the bricks longitudinally in no equal parts.
BAT:
 This is piece of brick, considered in relation to the length of brick as half bat, three
quarter bat, etc.

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CHAPTER 12: OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP
 Internship is a class healed at site to prove an enhanced understanding of the outside

working environment before the student graduates. Student like civil engineering and
other fields also like this practice.
 The main aim of this practice (internship) is that to each student’s communication with
different worker or employees, to improve practical skill they learned at class, up grading
the theoretical knowledge skill team playing skills etc.
 In my 3-month project with Katira Construction Ltd. I have quire much knowledge gets
me a good performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that help me
after the graduation in the upcoming working area of mine.
12.1: IMPROVING PRACTICAL SKILL
 The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible. The knowledge we have
learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and totally
different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some

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knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site
peoples.
 Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing and
constructing of form work. As I explained in the work procedure the formwork and
false work must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the concrete gain its
strength.
 We conduct the surveying class in the field for its lab session of the course in the
normal class. But we don’t know about how it is going to be in building construction
in particular and in which particular stage of the construction work it used either the
super structure or sub structure.
12.2: UPGRADING THE THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

 The internship class is not only depending on the particle aspect but is also help
student to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have I try to integral
the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place
in order to get more knowledge then the theory we learned on the class. I got the
internship class, very interesting in term of upgrading theoretical knowledge and I
learned from the site some theories that we have not learn in the class by searching
different related literature.
Some of this is…
 Structural design
 Quantity surveying
 Construction equipment’s

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CHAPTER 13: CONCLUSION
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality
work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. I go to companies that already
working either as a consultant or a contractor. The responsibilities of the hosting company are
to teach student and shape them as a real site worker. My hosting company is a contractor
team and they help me in acquiring different knowledge in different positions.
This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can
be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in
building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with
problem that arises in a building construction.
Overall, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are proud
to be able to contribute toward nation building during the country’s extremely critical period
of the history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in other
disciplines as well.

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Thank you ……….

Nilesh (210430106543)

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TEAM ID :510590

CONSTRUCTION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR

New Sidser Campus, Post: Vartej, Sidser, Bhavnagar – 364060,Gujarat,India

internship entitled CONSTRUCTION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT (EWS-II) has been carried out by KANAJARIYA

NILESH D under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, 8 th Semester of Gujarat

Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year

Prof. H.K.SARVAIYA Prof. V.M.PATEL SIR

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR

New Sidser Campus, Post: Vartej, Sidser, Bhavnagar – 364060,Gujarat,India

Name of the Student Sign of Student

Kanajariya Nilesh D _______________

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

I am having great pleasure for submitting this Internship report as part of

I express my sincere thanks to the HOD of Applied mechanics Department,

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

Fig 1.1 Location of The Site………………………………………………………………1

Fig 1.2 Site Layout…………………………………………………………...……………3

Fig 1.3 Column Layout Plan In Residential Building…………………………….……….4

Fig 1.4 Typical Floor Plan in Residential Building……………………………….………5

Fig 1.5 Foundation Layout of Aanganwadi………………………………………...……..6

Fig 1.6 Ground Floor Plan in Aanganwadi…………………………………………..……7

Fig 4.1 Foundation Layout of Aanganwadi…………………………………...…………16

Fig 4.2 Marking of Layout For Excavation………………………………………………17

Fig 4.3 Checking Depth Of Excavation By Auto-Level Machine………………...……..17

Fig 5.1 PCC Marking In Aanganwadi…………………………………………………....19

Fig 5.2 PCC Shuttering In Aanganwadi………………………………………………….19

Fig 5.3 Casting Of PCC In Aanganwadi…………………………………………………20

Fig 6.1 Typical And Sectional Footing Plan……………………………………..………21

Fig 6.2 Reinforcement Detail Of Column……………………………………..…………22

Fig 6.3 Placing Of Column Reinforcement……………………………………………...23

Fig 6.4 Formwork Of Aanganwadi Footing……………………………………………..24

Fig 6.5 Casting Of Aanganwadi Footing…………………………………………...……25

Fig 6.6 Curing Of Footing………………………………………………………………..26

Fig 7.1 Column Starter…………………………………………………………………...27

Fig 7.2 Column Starter In Residential Building………………………………………….27

Fig 7.3 Casting Of Column Starter………………………………………………….……27

Fig 7.4 Shuttering Of Column In Aanganwadi…………………………………………..28

Fig 7.5 Shuttering Of Column In Residentail Building………………………………….29

Fig 7.6 Casting Of Column………………………………………………………..…….30

Fig 7.7 Use Of Vibrator………………………………………………………………….30

Gujarat Technological University Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar

Fig 7.9 Curing Of Column……………………………………………………………….32

Fig 8.1 Shuttering And Steel Arranging In Residential Building………………………..33

Fig 8.2 Shuttering Of Beam And Slab Bottom In Residentail Building…………………34

Fig 8.3 Layout Of Beam And Slab At Typical Floor Level……………………………...35

Fig 8.4 Reinforcement Details Of Beam And Slab………………………………………36

Fig 8.5 Reinforcement Of Beam In Residential Block…………………………………..37

Fig 8.6 Steel Arrangement In Slab……………………………………………………….37

Fig 8.7 Conduit Work In Slab……………………………………………………………37

Fig 8.8 Concreting In Slab……………………………………………………………….38

Fig 8.9 Casting Of Staircase……………………………………………………………..38

Fig 8.10 Transportation Of Concrete…………………………………………………….38

Fig 9.1 Cube Mould……………………………………………………………………...41