SANITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING 2

PART 2-WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Preliminary Treatment-Inlet and Screening

Lectures Notes
Prof. Emad S. Elmolla
CONTENTS

 Preliminary Treatment
 Inlet/slow down chamber
 Screening systems
 Channels between the processes
 Example

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment 2

OBJECTIVES
 To understand the function of the inlet and screening
 To explain design basis of inlet and screening systems based on Egyptian
code and international standards
 To analyze and design inlet and screening

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Able to apply engineering principles to design inlet and screening

works.
 Able to identify/solve wastewater problems.

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment 3

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Preliminary or Pre- Primary Secondary Disinfection

Treatment Treatment Treatment

Sludge Treatment
& Disposal

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

PRELIMINARY WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEM

Preliminary or Pre-
Treatment

Solids to Landfill

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

INLET AND SCREENS
Inlet Chamber
 It is important to slow down the wastewater
and convert the flow from a pressurized
flow to a gravity flow
 It converts the flow from turbulent state to
laminar flow state

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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INLET CHAMBER
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Basis of design
 Retention time 30 – 60 sec
 Design flow shall be the peak flow or the sum of the working pumps
capacity which are deliver the sewage to the inlet: Qpeak or Qpumps
 The width shall be enough for the coming forcemains
 It is preferred that the forcemains connect to the inlet structure at the
inlet bottom.
 Provision shall be made for future extension
 The inlet structure shall be at the highest level point in the site
 Minimum width=(Number of forcemain+2) * Diameter of forcemain
 Length ~ 3 width

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment 7

SCREENING SYSTEM

 What is the screen function?

o Retain and remove floatable
matters and debris (sticks,
rags, papers, big particles)
 Why it is important?
o Protect the subsequent
process equipment

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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SCREENING SYSTEM
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Classification of the screening system

Screening

Fine screen 6 Micro screens

Coarse 20-
50mm -20 mm <6 mmr

Mechanically Step screen Wedge wire

Hand cleaned Drum
cleaned

Continues Belt Rake Chain-Driven Catenary

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment 9

SCREENING SYSTEM
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Basis of design
 Design flow shall be the peak flow or the sum of the working pumps
capacity which are deliver the sewage to the inlet: Qpeak or Qpumps
 Horizontal velocity between screen bars: 0.6 -1.0 m/sec
 Horizontal velocity before screen: ~0.6 m/sec
 Bars spacing (S):
o Fine screens: 6– 20mm
o Coarse screens: 20– 50mm
 Inclination angle:
o Manual screens: 45 – 60 deg.
o Mechanical screens: 60 – 80 deg.
 Amount of screenings: 20L /1000 m3/day
 No. of bars = no. Spacing (N) +1
 Screen width:(N+1)*bars width + N*S
Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment 10
SCREENING SYSTEM
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Basis of design
 Bars dimensions:
o Length: 2-6 cm
o Width: 1-2 cm
o Diameter: 1.5 -3 cm
 Head loss through screen 15.0 cm ( for clean screen ) , and can be
calculated as follow :
 h = 1  V − v  , m (for clean or partly clogged screen)
2 2

l
0.7  2 g 
where ,
o V = the velocity through screen, m/s
o v = the velocity upstream the screen, m/s
 Manual screens should be used as standby for small and medium
capacity WWTP
 Coarse and fine screen could be used depend on the selected
biological process
Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment 11
SCREENING EQUIPMENT

Screens
2


Belt
ZSC


101
LE
102
LIT LIT
101 103 LE
LAL 104
101
LE LE

conveyor
101 103
LSL
101 ZSO ZSC ZSC ZSO
108 108 109 109

 Level
ZSC
102

LAL
102

detectors
LSL
102

LE
106
LIT LIT
105 107
4

Screening
LE LE


105 107 LE
ZSC
103 108

ZSO ZSC ZSC ZSO

110 110 111 111

LAL
103

compaction LSL
103

 Screening ZSC
104

LAL

containers
104

LSL
104

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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CHANNELS CONNECTING THE
PROCESSES
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No free fall
 Area is calculated based on the continuity equation and assuming the
velocity in the range of 0.60—1.5 m/sec
 Q = A*V;
 Where:
o V = Velocity of water in the channel, m/sec (0.60—1.5 m/sec)
o A=Cross section area, m2 = (b*d)
o Q=discharge, m3/sec
o d=depth of water in the channel, m
o b=width of the channel, m; b = 2d (best section)

Slope is found by the following formula: Vn 2

S=( )
R2/ 3
Where:
o V = Velocity of water in the channel, m/sec
o R = Hydraulic Radius, m
o n=Manning’s Coefficient, 0.013
Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment
CHANNELS CONNECTING THE
PROCESSES
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With free fall
 Critical depth is occurred at the free fall point
 It is calculated based on the following equation

Q 2/ 3
yc = ( )
g 0.5 w
 Where:
o yc = critical depth at the downstream end of the channel, m
o Q = Flow rate, m3/sec
o w = width of channel, m

y1 0.73 yc
yc
2
1
Effluent box

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

CHANNELS CONNECTING THE
PROCESSES
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With free fall
 Water depth at upstream end of a channel for one-sided flow is calculated
by the following formula: 2 2  Q2
y1 = y c +
gb 2 y c
 Where:
o y1 =water depth at the upstream end of the channel, m
o yc =critical depth at the downstream end of the channel, m
o Q =discharge, m3/sec
o b =width of the channel, m
o g =9.81 m/s2

Slope is found by the following formula: Vn 2

 S=( 2/ 3
)
R
Where:
o V = Velocity of water in the channel, m/sec
o R = Hydraulic Radius, m
o n =Manning’s Coefficient, 0.013

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

HEAD WORKS EXAMPLE

 Design the inlet chamber for wastewater treatment plant receiving peak
flow of 50,000 m3/day and average flow of 20,000 m3/day, considering
the following data:
 Number of force main connected to the inlet chamber:3, each has
diameter of 500mm
 Length to width ratio: 3

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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HEAD WORKS EXAMPLE
 Solution Average flow 20,000 m3/day

Peak flow 50,000 m3/day

Assume Retention time at
30 sec 30-60 sec
peak flow
Volume V 17.36 m3

Number of incoming force main n 3

Diameter of Each D 500 mm

Minimum Width (W) W 2.50 m W=(n+2)*D

Length (L) L 7.50 m L=3B

Water depth d max 0.93 m

Check

Retention time at peak flow 30.00 sec 30-60 sec

Retention time at average flow 75.00 sec

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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HEAD WORKS EXAMPLE
Example: Design the Mechanical Fine Screen for wastewater treatment
plant receiving peak flow of 100,000 m3/day and average flow of 40,000
m3/day considering the following data:
 Bar Width: 10 mm
 Spacing between bars: 20mm
 Inclination angle : 80 degree

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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HEAD WORKS EXAMPLE
Solution:
Average flow 40,000 m3/day

Peak flow 100,000 m3/day

No. mechanical screen set (set) n 4 nos, duty

Flow per each screen 25000 m3/day

0.289 m3/sec

Bar width e 10 mm

Space between bars s 20 mm Fine screen

Inclination angle Ө 80 Degree

Assume Velocity in the screen

v' 0.6 m/sec
channel
A'=flow of each
Area of the screen channel A' 0.482 m2
screen/v'
Assume screen channel width w 1.00 m Assumed

Depth of water at maximum flow d 0.48 m d=A'/d

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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HEAD WORKS EXAMPLE
Solution: Velocity in the screen channel at
v 0.60 m/sec W=S*N+e*(N+1)
peak flow

N=(w-
No. of spaces bet. Bars (space) N 33.0 nos
(e/1000))/((e+s)*1000)
Selected No. of spaces bet. Bars
33 nos
(space)
No. of bars = No. of
Bars in each screen 34 nos
spaces (N)+1

Effective inclined screen area A' 0.32 m2 A'=d*N*S

Allowable velocity
Velocity througth Screens V 0.91 m/sec through screens 0.6-
1.0 m/s (ECP, 1997)
Head loss coefficient for a clean
c 0.70
bar screen
1 V 2 − v2 
Head loss through the screen 0.034 m hl =  
0.7  2 g 

Prof. Dr. Emad S. Elmolla ‘s Lectures Notes Wastewater Treatment

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