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Structural Analysis and Computer Modelling Report

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 Structural Analysis and
Computer Modelling Report
Advanced Structural Analysis and Design

MAHAMMEDI, CHARF EL DINE

2015

1
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 2
Tables Content ................................................................................................................ 3
Figures Table .................................................................................................................. 4
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5
Building Concept Design................................................................................................. 6
Derivation of Characteristic Loads ................................................................................ 11
Self-weight loads ....................................................................................................... 11
Imposed loads ............................................................................................................ 12
Wind loads................................................................................................................. 12
Snow load .................................................................................................................. 20
Load Combinations ....................................................................................................... 21
Load Combination 1 .................................................................................................. 23
Load Combination 2 .................................................................................................. 23
Load Combination 3 .................................................................................................. 23
Load Combination 4 .................................................................................................. 24
Load Combination 5 .................................................................................................. 24
Premilinary sizing ......................................................................................................... 24
Analysis of frame and stability checks ........................................................................... 25
Bending moment and forces between nodes................................................................... 34
Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 38
Rafter dimensions: ..................................................................................................... 38
Column dimensions ................................................................................................... 38
References ..................................................................................................................... 39
Appendix....................................................................................................................... 40
Force Matrix for Load combination 1 ......................................................................... 41
Calculation of bending moment member 2 ................................................................. 43

2
Tables Content
Table 1: Weights of roofing products............................................................................. 11
Table 2: Imposed loads on roof. (UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-1) ...................................... 12
Table 3: External pressure coefficients of roof loads (WD1 and WD2 ........................... 17
Table 4: External forces applied on the frame in both direction ...................................... 18
Table 5: The final force applied on the frame on both directions .................................... 19
Table 6: The chosen combination applied in the analysis of the frame. .......................... 21
Table 7: Design value of actions for persistent and transient (Taken from BS EN 1990) 22
Table 8: Premiminary beam sections ............................................................................. 24
Table 9: The applied loads of combination 1 on frame. .................................................. 26
Table 10: The force matrix of structure stiffness matrix ................................................. 26
Table 11: Stiffness matrix of member 1 ......................................................................... 27
Table 12: Stiffness matrix of member 2 ......................................................................... 27
Table 13: Stiffness matrix of member 3 ......................................................................... 27
Table 14: Stiffness matrix of member 4 ......................................................................... 28
Table 15: Stiffness Matrix for the structure .................................................................... 29
Table 16: Displacement vector member 1 ...................................................................... 30
Table 17: Displacement vector member 2 ...................................................................... 30
Table 18: Displacement vector member 3 ...................................................................... 30
Table 19: Displacement vector member 4 ...................................................................... 31
Table 20: Displacement vector of the structure .............................................................. 31
Table 21: Inverse matrix of stiffness structure ............................................................... 32
Table 22: Node forces Member 1................................................................................... 33
Table 23: Node forces Member 2................................................................................... 33
Table 24: Node forces Member 3................................................................................... 33
Table 25:Node forces Member 4.................................................................................... 33
Table 26: Summary of design moments ......................................................................... 34

3
Figures Table

Figure 1: The location of the project ................................................................................ 5

Figure 2: Single-Span symmetric portal frame. ................................................................ 6
Figure 3: The length of the eaves haunch is 10% of span (TATA STEEL 2012) .............. 7
Figure 4: Typical bracing in a portal frame (TATA STEEL 2012) ................................... 8
Figure 5: Building geometry ............................................................................................ 9
Figure 6: Pinned portal frame diagram ........................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Fixed portal frame diagram............................................................................. 10
Figure 8: Self weight UDL diagram ............................................................................... 11
Figure 9 : Imposed loads diagram .................................................................................. 12
Figure 10: Wind load case direction 1 ............................................................................ 19
Figure 11: Wind direction 2 load case 1 ......................................................................... 19
Figure 12: Wind direction 2 load case 2 ........................................................................ 20
Figure 13: Snow loads UDL diagram............................................................................. 20
Figure 14: Node numbering and corresponding DOF numbering for a portal frame ....... 25
Figure 15 Bending moment of member 1 ....................................................................... 35
Figure 16: Bending moment of member 2 ...................................................................... 35
Figure 17: Bending moment of member 3 ...................................................................... 36
Figure 18: Bending moment of member 4 ...................................................................... 36
Figure 19: Design moment of the frame ......................................................................... 37

4
Introduction

The project is located in Dalton Airfield (see Fig1), it is about design steel framed building
of manufacture, the client requires an area of 5,000m2 , the span must be more than 25 m
in length and minumim clear height of 5m and no internal cranes. The initial plan
dimension of the portal frame has been based on the graphs presented in ‘The Steel
Desiner’s Manual-6th-Ed’ using plastic analysis.

Figure 1: The location of the project

5
Building Concept Design
Steel portal frame is economic and popular in construction for single storey buildings.
Portal frames are common in various aspects of modern construction, for instance
manufacturing facilities and rail stores and leisure centers. A single-span symmetrical
pitched roof portal frame will typically be appear as in the below figure 2.

Figure 2: Single-Span symmetric portal frame.

The layout of the building take in consideration the flexibility of the planning which means
as few as possible columns to facilitate the movement and appropriate use by the client
inside the frame, convenient with economy. Although the possibility to create spans up to
60m, but the popular structural around 30m. Economically, short span cost less because
the dimensions will be smaller.

The required headroom requested by the client is 5m, in our case the high of the portal
frame to eves will be 7.5 m which means addition of 1.5m to avoid inaccuracies during
execution, according to Steel Construction Info, the most efficient high of portal frame to
eves is limited between 5 to 8m.

The slope of the roof should be compatible with weathertight, the roof pitch of portal frame
will be 5° in order to help the designer to determine wind load applied on the roof. Low
pitched roof increase the deflection and high angle increase the length of the roof which

6
will rise the surface contact of loads. The average pitched of roofs are between 5° to10°
(Steel Construction Info).

The average frame spacing between 6 and 8m, in order to show large spacing the chosen
space will be 7.5m (Figure 5) (Steel Construction Info).

The design take in consideration some of frame components (rafter, haunches, columns,
bracing,) the follow paragraphs provide more explanation about the components of the
frame.

Haunches

The use of haunches reduce the rafter section by rising the bending resistance where the
member moment is high. In addition the haunch enhances stiffness to the frame, provide
a good bolted moment-resisting connection and minimizing deflections.

Figure 3: The length of the eaves haunch is 10% of span (TATA STEEL 2012)

Bracing

Bracing is necessary in both plane of rafters and vertically in the plane of the side walls.
The vertical bracing in the walls is provided at both ends of the building, it is connected by
a hot-rolled member at eaves level. (TATA STEEL 2012)

7
 Figure 4: Typical bracing in a portal frame (TATA STEEL 2012)

The aim of bracing is to provide:

 Stability during execution and erection.

 Resistance against wind loads in the longitudinal direction.
 An adequate anchorage for the purlins and sheeting rails in their function of
restraining the rafters and columns. Salter, P R (2004).

The dimensions details of our frame is characterized by:

Total Length, b = 143 M Depth of Rafter (Span/55) = 0,64 m

Spacing, s = 7,52 m Depth of haunch (1.5xrafter) = 0,95 m
Bay Width, d = 35 m Haunch length (0.1xspan) = 3,50 m
Height (max.), h = 8,62 m
Roof Slope,  = 5 deg.
Eaves e = 7,09 m

8
7.52m 8.62m
143m
7.5m

35.00m

Figure 5: Building geometry

The building dimensions will be 143× 35, which provides to the client space of 5005m2,
which is similar to his request. This conception will allow 19 portal frames to be exist at
equal spacing of 7.5m. Steel portal frames are convenient as cost-effective and efficient
way to support an envelope. By the nature of the layout which is flexible will provide the
possibility of future change and potential extension of the structure according the needs of
the client.

In the design of portal frame there are two choice regarding the connection with foundation,
the first choice is fixed portal frame (Figure 6) and the second is pinned portal frame
(Figure 7). My choice is based on the request of the client in the absence of internal crane,
the goal of pin is to decrease the bending moment in the spanning moment of the frame.
Pinned bases are those in which it is assumed that there is no restraint against angular
rotation. Although this is also difficult to achieve it is accepted that sufficient flexibility
can be introduced by minimizing the size of the foundation and reduce the anchorage
system. Pinned bases are used in portal and in multi-story construction. Fully rigid
foundation is hard to achieve that’s why is preferable to adapt pinned foundation.

9
Pinned Portal Frame

Figure 6: Pinned portal frame diagram

As we can see the bending moment is miximum in the connection between the beam and
the columns that’s why we need rigid connection. The moment in the bottom of the
columns is zero, which require a small foundations.
Fixed Portal Frame

Figure 7: Fixed portal frame diagram

The fixed portal frame requires big foundation to support the moments transformed by the
columns. The considerable loads tansfommed by the cranes should be resist by this large
foundation which is not in our case study.

The analysis of portal frame will be released in 2 dimension. The 35m transverse section
will subject to plane analysis and though different section in the structure will experience
different charges, the worst case will be in the middle of the frame which will be chosen
for the analysis.

10
Derivation of Characteristic Loads
The loads applied in the portal frame are self-weight, wind load, snow loads in addition to
imposed loads.

Self-weight loads
Permanent loads are the self-weight includes cladding and the details of the services, the
unit weights of the used material is obtained from manufactures data or from BS EN 1991-
1-1. The below table illustrates the typical of rooting materials used in portal frame
structure.

Roofing product Weight (KN/m2)

Structural Steel Frame 0.4

Steel roof sheeting (single skin) 0.1

Insulation (boards, per 25 mm thickness) 0.07

Steel purlins (distributed over the roof area) 0.03

Table 1: Weights of roofing products

The self-weight load is applied as a Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) in our analysis,
0.6KN/m2 is the result of rafters and longitudinal bracing weight. As the space of portal
frame is 7.52 m, the central portal frame will support 7.52 m (longitudinal), thus the UDL
load will be 7.52𝑚 ×0.6 KN/m2 = 4.512 KN/m.

4.512KN/m

Figure 8: Self weight UDL diagram

11
Imposed loads
Imposed loads is any charge applied upon the roof for maintenance and repair activities
purpose. According to the UK NA BS EN 1991-1-1, the imposed loads on roof depends on
the roof slope, the load used for structure design is applied vertically and uniformly
distributed. The below table shows the loading for roofs compared to the slope.

Roof Slope Q(KN/m2)

𝛼 < 30° 0.6
30°≤ 𝛼 ≤ 60° 0.6((60-𝛼)/30)
𝛼 ≥ 60° 0
Table 2: Imposed loads on roof. (UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-1)

In our case 𝛼 < 30°, the loading will be 0.6KN/m2 and the central portal frame will support
7.52 longitudinal meters, thus the UDL load will be 7.52𝑚 ×0.6 KN/m2 = 4.512 KN/m.

4.512KN/m

Figure 9 : Imposed loads diagram

Wind loads
The calculation of the dynamic pressure is based on an effective wind speed on the structure
and that, in turn, is based on a site wind speed. The effective wind speed is directionally
dependent, because the factors that modify the basic and site wind speeds (the altitude
factor, directional factor, and terrain and building factor) may be directionally dependent.
The simple approach to determine the dynamic pressure is simply take the worst case and
ignore any variation around the site. For the majority of sites, the combination of worst-
case factors will be unrealistic and lead to a conservative (i.e. higher) value for the dynamic
pressure. D G Brown. (2002).

The applied forces on the frame practiced by the wind speeds creating internal and external
pressures, which produce a number of directions and load cases should be investigated.

12
The first direction referred to wind loads acting on end of the frame (θ=90°), and the second
direction on frame side (θ=0°)

The external pressure produces a negative pressure on leeward roof, positive pressure on
windwall, zero pressure on leeward wall. The fluctuating pressure (negative/positive) on
the windward roof produces oscillation pressure.

The friction forces are not considered in the analysis of the system because these are used
in the design of bracing system. The result forces there was a combination between internal
and external pressure. The UDL pressure is equal to the multiplication of the net pressure
by the area supported by the portal frame (longitudinal direction 7.5m).

Determination:
nb = (Cdir X Cseason X Cprob)(Calt)nb0,map
where;

Cdir = 1 (EN1991-1-4; CL4.2-Note2: EC recommends a value of 1.0)

Cseason = 1 (EN1991-1-4; CL4.2-Note3: EC recommends a value of 1.0)
Cprob = 1 (Assuming design life of 50 years - EN1991-1-4 CL3.4)
Calt = 1,09 (EN1991-1-4; see below)
NA.2a: Calt = 1 + (0.001 X A) (Using as z=ze(for wind loading)<10m)
A = 90 mAOD (Lat; 54.52762684821642, Lon; -1.1259080859599635)
-1
nb0,map = 23,3 m.sec (EN1991-NA Figure NA1, Taken as 23.3 for area to southeast of Middlesbrough)
-1
nb = 25,397 m.sec

3. Basic Velocity Pressure

qb = 0.5 X rair X nb2

where;
3
qb,air = 1,25 kg/m (air density)

qb = 403,13 N/m2

13
4. Peak Pressure

(Note: if orography not considered significant, Iv and Vm not required).

qp(z) = [1 + 7Lv(z)] X 0.5 X r X nm(z)2

where;
nm(z) = cr(z) X C0(z) X nb (mean wind velocity)
cr(z) = cr(z) X crT(z) (Roughness Factor)

Co(z) = 1 Orography Coefficient

Default unity taken as orography not seen as significant as no cliffs/enscaprments etc. present.
hdis = 0 m Since location is in the country.
=
z-hdis = 8,62 m

Distance Upwind to shoreline 10,6 km (SW to NE)

Distance inside town 0 km

cr(z) = 0,99
cr,T(z) = 0,87

Cr(z) = cr(z) X crT(z)

Cr(z) = 0,8613

nm(z) = 21,87 m.sec-1

5. Wind Turbulence (using sections NA.2.16 and NA.2.17 from the national annex)

(Note: if orography not considered significant, Iv and Vm not required).

Since the location is in the country;

Iv(z) = Iv(z)flat (turbulaence intensity)Additional correction factor k,1T not reqruired as in country.
Iv(z) = 0,179

6. PeaK Velocity Pressure

(using NA.2.17 from the national annex).
For sites in country terrain ρ there are two values in NA (page25) and wind loads
qp(z)=Ce(z)qb

ρ = 1,226 kg.m^-3
2 -2
qb=1/2 ρ V b = 395,4 N.m
Ce(Z) = 2

-2
qp(z)=Ce qb= 893,6 N.m

14
Wind pressure on surfaces
External pressure coefficients

We=qp(Ze)Cpe

Determination of Cpe (external surface pressure coefficient):

Wind direction 1(EN 1991-1-4 CL 5.2 eq. 5.1)

h= 8,62 m
W=b= 35 m
L=d= 143 m

e=min(b,2 * h)
e=min= 35 or 17,244

As e(min) < d, therefore for wind dir. 1, there is zones A, B and C on the side walls.

From Table 7.1, when h/d≤0,25;

Wind
A B C

From table NA 7.1

Cpe,10,A = -1,2 Cpe,1,C = -0,5

Cpe,1,A = -1,4 Cpe,10,D = 0,7
Cpe,10,B = -0,8 Cpe,1,D = 1
Cpe,1,B = -1,1 Cpe,10,E = -0,3
Cpe,10,C = -0,5 Cpe,1,E = -0,3

Width of sections when e<d;

'A' = e/5 = 3,45 m

'B' = e*4/5 = 13,80 m
'C' = d-e = 125,76 m

15
 C

B
C=d-e
A

D B=ex4/5

Wind direction 1 A=e/5

Wind direction 2
e=min(b;2h)
e=min= 35 or 17244
Which means e<d so again zones A, B and C.

Cpe,10,A = -1,2 Cpe,1,C = -0,5

Cpe,1,A = -1,4 Cpe,10,D = 0,7
Cpe,10,B = -0,8 Cpe,1,D = 1
Cpe,1,B = -1,1 Cpe,10,E = -0,3
Cpe,10,C = -0,5 Cpe,1,E = -0,3

A B C Wind direction 2

16
Duo Pitch roofs
α = 5o
e = min(b;2h) b = 100 m, h = 8.62 m
e = min(143 ; 17.24) = 18 m
Using Table 7.4a, to determine external press coeffs for a duo-pitched roof with angle
5deg. (CL 2.5.2.2 of BS 6399-2).
According to page 20 wind loads the wind load angle=0 for direction 2 and 90 for
direction 1 .
(Roof Load, WD1) (Roof Load, WD2)
Load case1 Load case 2
CApe =-2 CApe =-1.8 CApe =0
CBpe =-1.1 CBpe =-1.2 CBpe =0
CCpe =-0.6 CCpe = -0.6 CCpe =0
CDpe =-0.5 CEpe = -0.9 CEpe = -0.9
CFpe = -0.3 CFpe = -0.3
CGpe = -0.4 CGpe = -0.4
Table 3: External pressure coefficients of roof loads (WD1 and WD2

Internal pressure
NA suggested the value of internal coefficients when there is no information about
structure openings. The recommended values are +0.2 or -0.3.

Wind Forces
External forces D&E walls;
Fw,e = Cs Cd∑Wi .Aref
Where: Wi=qp(zi)*Cpe
Cs = 1
Cd = 1
Internal pressure;
Fwi = qp CpiPref

Pitch distance between adjacent frames is:

Pref = 7,52

17
External pressure
(kN/m2) Wind dir. 1 (LC1)Wind dir. 1 (LC2)Wind dir. 2 (LC1)Wind dir. 2 (LC2)
Fwe-wallA -8,06 -8,06 -8,06 -8,06
Fwe-wallB -5,38 -5,38 -5,38 -5,38
Fwe-wallC -3,36 -3,36 -3,36 -3,36
Fwe-wallD 4,70 4,70 4,70 4,70
Fwe-wallE -2,02 -2,02 -2,02 -2,02
Fw,e roof A -13,44 -13,44 -2,02 0,00
Fw,e roof B -7,39 -7,39 -8,06 0,00
Fw,e roof C -4,03 -4,03 -4,03 0,00
Fw,e roof D -3,36 -3,36 n/a n/a
Fw,e roof E n/a n/a -6,05 -6,05
Fw,e roof F n/a n/a -2,02 -2,02
Fw,e roof G n/a n/a -2,69 -2,69

Table 4: External forces applied on the frame in both direction

Internal pressure
Fwi = qp* Cpi * Pref0
= 0.8*-0.3*893.558*7.52
= 2.02KN/m2
The Internal and External pressures must be applied together, so this produces two wind
load cases on this frame, the final force is the difference between the external and the
internal force:
Fw = Fwe - FWi

18
 (kN/m) Wind dir. 1 (LC1)Wind dir. 1 (LC2)Wind dir. 2 (LC1)Wind dir. 2 (LC2)
Fw-wallA -6,05 -6,05 -6,05 -6,05
Fw-wallB -3,36 -3,36 -3,36 -3,36
Fw-wallC -1,34 -1,34 -1,34 -1,34
Fw-wallD 6,72 6,72 6,72 6,72
Fw-wallE 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
Fw roof A -11,42 -11,42 0,00 2,02
Fw roof B -5,38 -5,38 -6,05 2,02
Fw roof C -2,02 -2,02 -2,02 2,02
Fw roof D -1,34 -1,34 n/a n/a
Fw roof E n/a n/a -4,03 -4,03
Fwroof F n/a n/a 0,00 0,00
Fw roof G n/a n/a -0,67 -0,67

Table 5: The final force applied on the frame on both directions

The BOLD values are total WIND UDL's to be applied within matrix analysis of a typical
frame within the structure geometry chosen.
-2,02 -2,02

-3,36 -3,36

Figure 10: Wind load case direction 1

-6,05 -0,67

6,72 0

Figure 11: Wind direction 2 load case 1

19
 2,02
-0,67

6,72 0

Figure 12: Wind direction 2 load case 2

There forces applied on the roof (part C, D, F, G), in order to simplifier the calculation
the force applied on the roof will be the maximum, that’s why in the above figures you
will find just one force applicable on the roof which is the highest force.

Snow load
S=Ui*Ce*Cz*Sk
Ui;roof shape coefficient
0<α<300 U= 1
EN 1991.1.3 table 5.1 Ce; exposure coefficient, usaually taken as 1.0
Ct; thermal coefficient, taken as 1.0 for normal conditions.
Sk=0.14Z-0.1+A/501
Z = 4,5 (zone number given on map)
EN1991.1.3 Annex C table CA
1 = 90 m
Sk = 0,71
2
S = 0,568 kN/m
Spacing= 7,52 m
For snow load on frame
FSnow= 5,336 KN/m

5.336KN/m

Figure 13: Snow loads UDL diagram

20
 Load Combinations

In order to define the load design scenarios that applied on the structure we need to
determine how the loads (permanent, imposed, snow and wind) interact with one another,
the potential of occurrence and the favorable/unfavorable nature of the load.
Imposed loads are not considered in combination wind/snow by Eurocodes BS EN 1991-
1-1, because the improbable occurrence of imposed loads (maintenance work) during
extreme weather conditions.
According to BS EN 1990 A1.2.1 the probability that both of wind and snow loads achieve
their value maximum simultaneously is greatly improbable. Furthermore the Eurocode
mentioned the applied charges in the combination should not be more than two variable.
The Eurocode (BS EN 1990 NA 2.2.3.2) does not take in consideration the variable actions
as favorable. The permanent loads favourably act when acting opposite uprising charges
applied on the roof (negative wind pressure).
There many combination, and we will not apply all of them, the below table illustrates the
justification of the selected combination.

Number Combination Situation Reason

1 Self-weight + Imposed loads Will be applied The worst case

2 Self-weight + Snow loads
3 Self-weight + wind (negative
direction)
4 Self-weight + wind (Positive
direction)
Table 6: The chosen combination applied in the analysis of the frame.
Ignored The gravity charges of snow, positive wind pressure and
imposed charges acting in the same manner, while the
imposed load is the biggest, so this combination will be
ignored.
Ignored The wind loads in this case acting favourably.
Ignored The wind loads in this case acting unfavourble, and acting
in the same manner with imposed and snow loads, and it
doesn’t present the worst case.

21
Fundamental combination:
The Eurocode gives us the 2 equations (6.10a and 6.10b) to assess a structure under the
"STR" limit state. The expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b) can only be used for the STR and GEO
limit states.
For the design situation the UK NA let the designer to create the moment and ULS forces for
member by using the STR expression. The expression 6.10 or less favourable 6.10a and 6.10b may
be used (see table 6), which will generally result in the most economic situation, in comparison to
the use of 6.10.

Table 7: Design value of actions for persistent and transient (Taken from BS EN 1990)

Accidental Combination:
The accidental combination of actions is used when designing for situations to look at what
happens when members of the overall building structure are accidentally removed, this
accidental combinatorial equation is used. This equation is oustside the scope of our study

eq 6.11b

Based on the above analysis, there are three equations (6.10a, 6.10b and 6.11b), the design
load will be based on 6.10a equation.

22
Load Combination 1

1.35 Self-weight = 6.09KN/m

1.5 Imposed loads = 6.76KN/m

Figure 14: Design load combination1

Load Combination 2

1.35 Self-weight = 6.09KN/m

1.5*0.5 Snow loads = 4.002KN/m

Figure 15: Design load combination 2

Load Combination 3

1.35 Self-weight = 6.09KN/m

-5.04KN/m

-5.04KN/m

Figure 16: Desing load Combintion 3

23
Load Combination 4
1.35 Self-weight = 6.09KN/m
10.08 KN/m

0 KN/m
Figure 17: Design load combination 4

Load Combination 5

1.35 Self-weight = 6.09KN/m

10.08 KN/m

0 KN/m
Figure 18: Design load combination5

Premilinary sizing

The selection of rafter and column sections are based on the ability of the cross-section to
resist to bending moment plus axial force. According to Steel Construction Info, the
second moment of area of the² column is typically 50% larger than that of the rafters. The
below table shows the selection of preliminary rafter and column members which is
based on the ratio 1.5:1.
Element UK Beam Second Moment of Area of section cm2
Area, Iy-y (cm4)
Rafter 305*165*46 9899 58.7
Column 406-140-46 15700 58.6
Table 8: Premiminary beam sections

24
Analysis of frame and stability checks
In order to analysis the stability of the frame by matrix method, the given excel spreadsheet
will be used to calculate the node reactions for each member of the structure. In this report
we have 5 loads combinations, the worst case is the combination of self-weight and
imposed load, and self-weight and wind in negative direction, so we will determine the
stability of the frame for this load combination.
The stiffness method of analysis is a matrix technique on which most structural computer
analysis programs are based. The approach requires to define the relationship between
structural forces/displacements and the consequent element reactions induced by applied
load system.

One of the fundamental characteristics governing the behavior of elastic structure is the
relationship between the applied loads and the displacements. This can be expressed as;

F=k×𝛿
F is a vector representing the forces acting on element at its node
k; is the element stiffness matrix relating to the degree of freedom at the nodes relative to
the local coordinate system
𝛿 ; is the vector representing the displacement.
The number of directions that forces displacement (translations and rotations) at node can
exist is called degree of freedom of the member nodes (see Figure..)

Node 3

5,6,7 5,6,8

Node 4
Node 2 2,3,4 9,10,11

Member 4
Member 1
Node 1 0,0,1 0,0,12 Node 5

Figure 19: Node numbering and corresponding DOF numbering for a portal frame

25
The below table shows force vector for combination 1. The procedure of calculation of
force vector is available in the appendix.
Degree of The left side of The right side of Units
freedom the frame the frame
1 0 0 N.mm
2 0 0 N
3 -112700 0 N
4 -328700000 0 N.mm
5 0 0 N
6 -112700 -112700 N
7 328700000 0 N.mm
8 0 -328700000 N.mm
9 0 0 N
10 0 -112700 N
11 0 328700000 N.mm
12 0 0 N.mm
Table 9: The applied loads of combination 1 on frame.

The above data will be input in the excel spreadsheet, and we will have the below table.

Force Matrix
Load case
1 2 combined DOF
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 2
-112700 0 -112700 3
-3,29E+08 0 -328700000 4
0 0 0 5
-112700 -112700 -225400 6
3,29E+08 0 328700000 7
0 -3,29E+08 -328700000 8
0 0 0 9
0 -112700 -112700 10
0 3,29E+08 328700000 11
0 0 0 12

Table 10: The force matrix of structure stiffness matrix

26
The stiffness matrices for the 4 members is result of the UK beam dimensions, these can
be seen in the following tables.
Stiffness Matrix Member 1
Member 1
Degrees of Freedom
0 0 1 2 3 4
0 1083,667513 1,03305E-11 -3841601,334 -1083,667513 -1,03305E-11 -3841601,334
0 1,03305E-11 169724,9647 2,35327E-10 -1,03305E-11 -169724,9647 2,35327E-10
1 -3841601,334 2,35327E-10 18157968970 3841601,334 -2,35327E-10 9078984485
2 -1083,667513 -1,03305E-11 3841601,334 1083,667513 1,03305E-11 3841601,334
3 -1,03305E-11 -169724,9647 -2,35327E-10 1,03305E-11 169724,9647 -2,35327E-10
4 -3841601,334 2,35327E-10 9078984485 3841601,334 -2,35327E-10 18157968970

Table 11: Stiffness matrix of member 1

Stiffness Matrix Member 2

Member 2
Degrees of Freedom
2 3 4 5 6 7
2 68007,69953 5945,968104 -34414,65505 -68007,69953 -5945,968104 -34414,65505
3 5945,968104 565,1779102 393361,3073 -5945,968104 -565,1779102 393361,3073
4 -34414,65505 393361,3073 4622539863 34414,65505 -393361,3073 2311269932
5 -68007,69953 -5945,968104 34414,65505 68007,69953 5945,968104 34414,65505
6 -5945,968104 -565,1779102 -393361,3073 5945,968104 565,1779102 -393361,3073
7 -34414,65505 393361,3073 2311269932 34414,65505 -393361,3073 4622539863

Table 12: Stiffness matrix of member 2

Stiffness Matrix Member 3

Member 3
Degrees of Freedom
5 6 8 9 10 11
5 68007,69953 -5945,968104 34414,65505 -68007,69953 5945,968104 34414,65505
6 -5945,968104 565,1779102 393361,3073 5945,968104 -565,1779102 393361,3073
8 34414,65505 393361,3073 4622539863 -34414,65505 -393361,3073 2311269932
9 -68007,69953 5945,968104 -34414,65505 68007,69953 -5945,968104 -34414,65505
10 5945,968104 -565,1779102 -393361,3073 -5945,968104 565,1779102 -393361,3073
11 34414,65505 393361,3073 2311269932 -34414,65505 -393361,3073 4622539863

Table 13: Stiffness matrix of member 3

27
Stiffness Matrix Member 4
Member 4
0 0
0 1083,667513 1,03305E-11
0 1,03305E-11 169724,9647
12 -3841601,334 2,35327E-10
9 -1083,667513 -1,03305E-11
10 -1,03305E-11 -169724,9647
11 -3841601,334 2,35327E-10
Table 14: Stiffness matrix of member 4
Degrees of Freedom
12 9 10 11
-3841601,334 -1083,667513 -1,03305E-11 -3841601,334
2,35327E-10 -1,03305E-11 -169724,9647 2,35327E-10
18157968970 3841601,334 -2,35327E-10 9078984485
3841601,334 1083,667513 1,03305E-11 3841601,334
-2,35327E-10 1,03305E-11 169724,9647 -2,35327E-10
9078984485 3841601,334 -2,35327E-10 18157968970
28
Structure Stiffness Matrix
Degrees of Freedom Degrees of Freedom
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-2,3533E-
1,8158E+10 3841601,33 10 9078984485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
-
3841601,33 68048,6648 5854,74348 3807186,68 66964,9973 -5854,74348 -34414,6551 0 0 0 0 0 2
-
-2,3533E-10 5854,74348 167101,626 393361,307 5854,74348 -557,19679 393361,3073 0 0 0 0 0 3
9078984485 3807186,68 393361,307 2,2781E+10 34414,6551 -393361,307 2311269932 0 0 0 0 0 4
- -
0 -66964,997 5854,74348 34414,6551 133929,995 0 34414,65505 34414,65505 66964,99727 5854,743478 34414,6551 0 5
-
0 -5854,7435 -557,19679 393361,307 0 1114,393579 -393361,307 393361,3073 5854,743478 -557,19679 393361,307 0 6
0 -34414,655 393361,307 2311269932 34414,6551 -393361,307 4622539863 0 0 0 0 0 7
-
0 0 0 0 34414,6551 393361,3073 0 4622539863 34414,65505 -393361,307 2311269932 0 8
-
0 0 0 0 66964,9973 5854,743478 0 -34414,6551 68048,66479 -5854,74348 3807186,68 3841601,334 9
- -
0 0 0 0 5854,74348 -557,19679 0 -393361,307 5854,743478 167101,6256 393361,307 -2,3533E-10 10
0 0 0 0 34414,6551 393361,3073 0 2311269932 3807186,679 -393361,307 2,2781E+10 9078984485 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3841601,334 -2,3533E-10 9078984485 18157968970 12

Table 15: Stiffness Matrix for the structure

29
[𝛿 ] is the vector representing the nodal displacement, which is resulting of force vector
applied on the structure. The nodal displacement vector for the 4 members is provided in
the following tables.

Displacement Vector Member 1

Displacement vectors
1 2 combined
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
-0,755656451 0,666466749 -0,089189702 1
5568,645034 -4514,20846 1054,436578 2
-1,015044461 -0,33834815 -1,353392615 3
-0,84495439 0,57716881 -0,267785581 4
Table 16: Displacement vector member 1

Displacement Vector Member 2

Displacement vectors
1 2 combined
5568,645034 -4514,208456 1054,436578 2
-1,015044461 -0,338348154 -1,353392615 3
-0,84495439 0,57716881 -0,267785581 4
5041,397144 -5041,397144 -5,7662E-10 5
6005,251098 6005,251098 12010,5022 6
1,648594854 0,226394287 1,874989141 7
Table 17: Displacement vector member 2

Displacement vector Member 3

Displacement vectors
1 2 combined
5041,397144 -5041,397144 -5,7662E-10 5
6005,251098 6005,251098 12010,5022 6
-0,226394287 -1,648594854 -1,874989141 7
4514,208456 -5568,645034 -1054,436578 8
-0,338348154 -1,015044461 -1,353392615 9
-0,57716881 0,84495439 0,267785581 10
Table 18: Displacement vector member 3

30
Displacement vector Member 4
Displacement vectors
1 2 combined
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
-0,666466749 0,755656451 0,089189702 12
4514,208456 -5568,645034 -1054,436578 9
-0,338348154 -1,015044461 -1,353392615 10
-0,57716881 0,84495439 0,267785581 11
Table 19: Displacement vector member 4

Node Displacements
Load case Check
1 2 combined 1+2-combined
-0,755656451 0,666466749 -0,089189702 -1,11022E-16
5568,645034 -4514,208456 1054,436578 0
-1,015044461 -0,338348154 -1,353392615 0
-0,84495439 0,57716881 -0,267785581 0
5041,397144 -5041,397144 -5,7662E-10 -9,09495E-13
6005,251098 6005,251098 12010,5022 0
1,648594854 0,226394287 1,874989141 0
-0,226394287 -1,648594854 -1,874989141 0
4514,208456 -5568,645034 -1054,436578 0
-0,338348154 -1,015044461 -1,353392615 0
-0,57716881 0,84495439 0,267785581 0
-0,666466749 0,755656451 0,089189702 0
Table 20: Displacement vector of the structure

In stiffness method the first unknowns are the displacement, which are calculated firstly by
solving the equation of equilibrium of the structure. When the nodal displacements known,
the unknown forces are determined by compatibility consideration and the member force-
displacement relations. In order to derive the structures reactions, the structure stiffness
equation should be rearranged inversing the stiffness matrix to obtain {𝛿 }= {F} × [k]−1 (see
table 21).

31
Inverse Matrix:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3,0341E-10 -1,4773E-06 -1,7162E-10 1,28416E-10 -1,4131E-06 -7,245E-07 -1,263E-10 -1,7879E-11 -1,3488E-06 1,716E-10 1,6005E-10 2,0534E-10 1
-1,477E-06 0,00938745 1,2168E-06 -1,0175E-06 0,00909616 0,00326396 7,8858E-07 2,3381E-07 0,008804141 -1,217E-06 -1,028E-06 -1,3488E-06 2
-1,716E-10 1,21679E-06 6,0044E-06 -1,7162E-10 1,4795E-06 3,0022E-06 -1,716E-10 -1,7162E-10 1,21679E-06 0 -1,716E-10 -1,7162E-10 3
1,2842E-10 -1,0175E-06 -1,7162E-10 1,73711E-10 -1,0226E-06 6,7872E-08 -8,103E-11 -6,3174E-11 -1,0277E-06 1,716E-10 1,1475E-10 1,60045E-10 4
-1,413E-06 0,009096165 1,4795E-06 -1,0226E-06 0,00910402 -1,446E-15 5,1114E-07 5,1114E-07 0,009096165 -1,479E-06 -1,023E-06 -1,4131E-06 5
-7,245E-07 0,003263965 3,0022E-06 6,78721E-08 -1,8625E-16 0,03748957 3,1803E-06 -3,1803E-06 -0,00326396 3,002E-06 -6,787E-08 7,24479E-07 6
-1,263E-10 7,88576E-07 -1,7162E-10 -8,1027E-11 5,1114E-07 3,1803E-06 5,2956E-10 -2,411E-10 2,33808E-07 1,716E-10 -6,317E-11 -1,7879E-11 7
-1,788E-11 2,33808E-07 -1,7162E-10 -6,3174E-11 5,1114E-07 -3,18E-06 -2,411E-10 5,2956E-10 7,88576E-07 1,716E-10 -8,103E-11 -1,2632E-10 8
-1,349E-06 0,008804141 1,2168E-06 -1,0277E-06 0,00909616 -0,003264 2,3381E-07 7,8858E-07 0,00938745 -1,217E-06 -1,018E-06 -1,4773E-06 9
1,7162E-10 -1,2168E-06 -1,4648E-24 1,71621E-10 -1,4795E-06 3,0022E-06 1,7162E-10 1,7162E-10 -1,2168E-06 6,004E-06 1,7162E-10 1,71621E-10 10
1,6005E-10 -1,0277E-06 -1,7162E-10 1,14751E-10 -1,0226E-06 -6,787E-08 -6,317E-11 -8,1027E-11 -1,0175E-06 1,716E-10 1,7371E-10 1,28416E-10 11
2,0534E-10 -1,3488E-06 -1,7162E-10 1,60045E-10 -1,4131E-06 7,2448E-07 -1,788E-11 -1,2632E-10 -1,4773E-06 1,716E-10 1,2842E-10 3,0341E-10 12

Table 21: Inverse matrix of stiffness structure

32
The derived member node forces from force-displacement relationship for the 4 member
are provided in the follow tables.
Node forces Member 1
1 2 combined
0 114 349,03 114 349,03 228 698,06
0 169 050,00 56 350,00 225 400,00
1 0,00 0,00 0,00
2 -114 349,03 -114 349,03 -228 698,06
3 -169 050,00 -56 350,00 -225 400,00
4 -810 734 607,50 -810 734 607,50 -1 621 469 214,99
Table 22: Node forces Member 1

Node forces Member 2

1 2 combined
2 114 349,03 114 349,03 228 698,06
3 56 350,00 56 350,00 112 700,00
4 -2 476 265 392,50 810 734 607,50 -1 665 530 785,01
5 -114 349,03 -114 349,03 -228 698,06
6 -56 350,00 -56 350,00 -112 700,00
7 3 287 000 000,00 0,00 3 287 000 000,00
Table 23: Node forces Member 2

Node forces Member 3

1 2 combined
5 114 349,03 114 349,03 228 698,06
6 -56 350,00 -56 350,00 -112 700,00
7 0,00 -3 287000000,00 -3 287000000,00
8 -114 349,03 -114 349,03 -228 698,06
9 56 350,00 56 350,00 112 700,00
10 -810734607,50 2 476 265392,50 1 665 530785,01
Table 24: Node forces Member 3

Node forces Member 4

1 2 combined
0 -114 349,03 -114 349,03 -228 698,06
0 56 350,00 169 050,00 225 400,00
12 0,00 0,00 0,00
9 114 349,03 114 349,03 228 698,06
10 -56 350,00 -169 050,00 -225 400,00
11 810 734 607,50 810 734 607,50 1 621 469 214,99
Table 25:Node forces Member 4

33
Bending moment and forces between nodes
The bending moment and forces derived for loading combination 1 at the nodes is
necessary to calculate these for each member of the structure. The below table summarize
statement of design moments (see table 26).

Horizontal force Vertical Force Bending moment

(KN) (KN) (KN.m)
228.698 225.4 0.00
Node 1
Member 1
Node 2 -228.698 -225.4 -1 621.469

Node 2 228.698 225.4 1 621.469

Member 2
Node 3 -228.698 0.00 0.00

Node 3 228.698 0.00 0.00

Member 3
Node 4 -228.698 225.4 -1 621.469

Node 4 228.698 -225.4 1 621.469

Member 4
Node 5 -228.698 225.4 0

Table 26: Summary of design moments

To check the stability of the structure, the internal forces and moments be verified by the
principal of equilibrium where the internal forces and moments should be in balance with
the external imposed ones. As we can see the sum of values on nodes equal to zero.
The below diagrams shows the variation of bending moment in function of the lenght of
the 4 members.

34
 Member 1 Bending moment
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 20 Bending moment of member 1

Member 2 Bending moment

200
0
0 5 10 15 20
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
-1400
-1600
-1800

Figure 21: Bending moment of member 2

35
 Member 3 Bending moment
200
0
0 5 10 15 20
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
-1400
-1600
-1800

Figure 22: Bending moment of member 3

Member 4 Bending moment

0
-200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
-1400
-1600
-1800
-2000

Member 4 Bending moment

Figure 23: Bending moment of member 4

36
 -1621.469 KN.m -1621.469 KN.m

17.38 KN.m at 16.15 17.38 KN.m at 1.35

-1621.469 KN.m
-1621.469 KN.m

Figure 24: Design moment of the frame

According the above figure the maximum bending moment for both rafters and columns is
based in apex and eaves, so the designer can use haunches in eaves to minimize the
moments, and now haunches at the apex since this is a statically determination situation do
not need a matrix solution method.

37
Conclusion
The provided results are presented in order to allow a designer to determine the member’s
sizes. After selecting preliminary sizes, an initial analysis is required, by comparison
between the design resistance of the selected members and the design effects.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟

Section =
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Rafter dimensions:

1621.469
275 = 8844376.36 mm3
1.5

Elastic modulus (y-y) = 8844.37cm3

From UKB universal beams table:
Rafter dimensions is:
914×305×253
The elastic modulus of the beam is 9500cm3 > 8844.37 cm3
Second moment of area: 13300 cm4
Column dimensions

According to TATA Steel 20015, the second moment of area of the column is larger than
rafter by 50%.
Second moment of column = 1.5×second moment of rafter
Second moment of column = 1.5 × 13300cm4
Second moment of column = 19950cm4
From UKB:
1016×305×393
Second moment of area=20500 cm4

38
References
A.Ghali, A.M.Neville and T.G Brown, 2009. Structure analysis, Unified classical and matrix
approch. 6th ed. United Kingdom: Taylor&Francis.

British Standards Institute, :, 1997. BS 6399-2:1997, Loading for Buildings- Part 2: Wind Loads.
London: British Standards Institute.

British Standards Institute, 2003. BS EN 1991-1-3:2003 - Actions on Structures - Part 1 - 3: Snow

Load. London: British Standards Institute.

British Standsards Institute, 2002. BS EN 1990:2002 UK National Annex for Eurocode 0 - Basis of
Structural Design. London: British Standards Institute.

D, G. B., 2002. Recommended application of BS 6399-2. s.l.:s.n.

Durka, F. Al Nageim, H., 2010. Structural mechanics: loads, analysis, materials and design of
structural elements. 7th ed. Prentice Hall: Harlow.

S.S.Ray, 1998. Structural steel work, London: Blackwell.

Steel Construction Institute, 2008. Best Practice in Steel Construction: Industrial Buildings..
London: Steel Construction Institute.

TATA Steel, 2015. TATA Steel Sections Bluw Book, London: Tata Steel Europe Limited.

39
Appendix

40
Force Matrix for Load combination 1

Load combination 1(self-weight and imposed)

Self-weight=4.512KN/m
Imposed load applied on roof =4.512KN/m
1.35Gself-weight = 6.09 KN/m

1.5Gimposed = 6.76 KN/m

In the next step we will determine the forces and moments between nodes, before starting
the calculation we should agree on the positive direction of the forces.
+
+

Now we should determine the forces (self-weight + Imposed) applied on the left half side
of the structure:
Member 1
Permanent Loads:
𝑞×𝐿 −(12.88)×17.5
Fvertical= = = -112.7 KN
2 2
Fhorizontal = 0 KN
𝑞𝐿2 −12.88×(17.52 )
M1 = = = -328.7 KN.m
12 12
𝑞𝐿2 12.88×(17.52 )
M2 = = = 328.7KN.m
12 12

41
The force vector will be like this:
0
0
−112700
−328.7 × 106
F= 0
−112700
328.7 × 106
0
0
0
0
0

Member 2:
0
0
0
0
F= 0
−112700
0
−328.7 × 106
0
−112700
328.7 × 106
0

42
Calculation of bending moment member 2

According the node forces from Excel spreadsheet, we can determine the bending moment
of the member derived from load combination 1.

12.88 KN/m

𝑥 tang(5)

228.69 KN 1621.469 KN.m

225.2 KN

𝑥m

𝑥2
Moment = 1621.469+228.69 𝑥 tng5 – 12.88 +225.46 𝑥
2

M=-6.44 𝑥 2 +205.2 𝑥 -1621.46 ; By this equation we can determine the bending moment
within the length of the member 2.

As result to the symmetry of the frame geometry and the applied charges on the structure,
the bending moment in the left side of the structure is equivalent to the right side.

43
Member stiffness matrix

A typical computer analysis program for plain frame use elements in rigid-jointed frames
uses beam elements with six degree of freedom as shown in the below figure.

Figure 25: flexural member

The resulting stiffness matrix for such elements is:

+𝐴𝐸 −𝐴𝐸
0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
𝑘1,1 𝑘2,1 𝑘3,1 𝑘4,1 𝑘5,1 𝑘6,1 +4𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 +2𝐸𝐼 +6𝐸𝐼
0 0
𝑘2,1 𝑘2,2 𝑘3,2 𝑘4,2 𝑘5,2 𝑘6,2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2
−6𝐸𝐼 +12𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼
𝑘3,1 𝑘2,3 𝑘3,3 𝑘4,3 𝑘5,3 𝑘6,3 0 0
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3
= −𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑘4,1 𝑘2,4 𝑘3,4 𝑘4,4 𝑘5,4 𝑘6,4 0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
𝑘5,1 𝑘2,5 𝑘3,5 𝑘4,5 𝑘5,5 𝑘6,5 +2𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 +4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 0
[𝑘6,1 𝑘2,6 𝑘3,6 𝑘4,6 𝑘5,6 𝑘6,6 ] 𝐿 𝐿2 6 𝐿2
+6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 +12𝐸𝐼
[ 0 𝐿2 𝐿3
0 𝐿2 𝐿3 ]
The full matrix is :

44
Where:

Application:

205000×5760
V1= × cos 902 + 12×205000×157000000
70902
× sin 902
7090

V1 = 1083.66 N/mm (for member 1)

205000×5760 12×205000×157000000
V2 = ( − ) sin 90 cos 90
7090 70903

V2 = 1,013E-11 N/mm
The rest of stiffness is founded in the below table:
v3 v4 v5 v6
-3841601,334 166544,4288 2,35327E-10 18157968970

The element stiffnes matrix for member 1 is given by Equation 1:

45
 By subtittued the previous table in equation 1, we will get the stiffness matrix of member 1.

Degrees of Freedom
0 0 1 2 3 4
0 1083,6613 1,01357E-11 -3841601,33 -1083,6613 -1,0135E-11 -3841601,33
0 1,01357-11 166544,488 2,35327E-10 -1,0137E-11 -166544,428 2,35327E-10
1 -3841601,34 2,35327E-10 1815796890 3841601,34 -2,3537E-10 9078984485
2 -1083,66753 -1,0137E-11 3841601,334 1083,667513 1,01357E-11 3841601,334
3 -1,0137E-11 -166544,488 -2,3537E-10 1,01357E-11 166544,428 -2,35327E-10
4 -3841601,34 2,35327E-10 9078984485 3841601,334 -2,3537E-10 1815796890

46

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