Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in the Course
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
12- Blessed Carlo Acutis
DECEMBER 2023
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
must learn. Grabe and Stoller (2013) defined "reading comprehension" as the
process of drawing meaning from a written text while including social and
been declining. Recent studies revealed that many students still needed
2019 PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) had shown that
reading comprehension. This implied that it was due time to address the
challenges and potential areas for growth in the reading skills of Filipino
children.
concepts and helped students succeed in all academic fields. Students who
distinct educational goals; STEM and literacy actually complement each other.
One had first to master good literacy skills if they were to become a
to the subject matter, critical thinking, and the capacity to articulate these
problematic ideas to others both in speaking and writing. These abilities were
improve their critical thinking abilities, and comprehend the world around them
this study were to address mainly the gaps that the researchers found and to
investigate the factors that affected the learners' reading comprehension skills
that could help them be thoroughly equipped for the challenges they would
3. What is the level of the respondents towards the factors that affect reading
3.3. Environment?
Null Hypothesis
skills.
Malasiqui Catholic School Inc. The following benefited from the research
findings.
Learners. The study made them aware of the factors that affected their
comprehension abilities. The solutions that the schools implemented and the
help them become more imaginative and critical thinkers, more eloquent
Teachers. The findings in this study gave them insight into the issues
that their learners were struggling with, and they could quickly come up with a
activities.
researchers as they carried out their own research that is related to this study.
information or filling in the gaps that this research had not addressed yet. It is
now easier for them to start or develop an idea about their own study since
they already have the references and knowledge gained from this research.
into the relationship between the reading level of the respondents across the
factors that affected reading comprehension skills. The study was delimited to
interact with learning styles to influence the way individuals learn and retain
making sense of what someone reads and connecting ideas in the text to
aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect life,
nature behavior and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms
(Douglas 2018). In this study, it refers to the setting/area like home and school
that affects an event, decision, or situation. Factors are the variables in the
study that the researchers affirm to have influence over the results.
Frustrated Level. It refers to learners who can read words, but they
do not have the desire and the ability to comprehend (Bermejo, 2020). This
level includes text for which a reader does not have adequate background
level for a topic and/or cannot meet criteria for instructional levels of accuracy
and rate.
adequate background knowledge for the topic, and can access text very
quickly and with very few errors. University of (Utah Reading Clinic, 2020). It
adequate background knowledge for a topic, and can access text quickly and
refers to the learner's reading and understanding as desired with the help of a
teacher or an adult.
text. In this study, the respondents are classified into three kinds of reading
help integrate the existing knowledge of the readers/learners with the new
knowledge through analysis and critical reflection on textual form and content
(Farid, 2021). This refers to one’s approaches by the learners in reading a text
refers to the ability to apply knowledge and ability to perform reading activity.
international reading studies like the PIRLS and PISA, females are generally
PISA.
future. Despite his poor academic record, he could still get a well-paying blue-
Socioeconomic status
Zoleta (2022), stated that people who make between two and twelve
times the poverty line are classified as middle class in the Philippines. This
nevertheless, that because of their limited access to cheap housing and social
According to the most recent Family Income and Expenditure Survey carried
population is classified as middle class, with the majority (58.4%) falling into
interact with people in the academic community. On the other hand, a child
Cognitive factors
to the text. When learners read, they can define the text's core idea and its
addition, students are also capable of identifying literary tools and their effects
on the text. By having critical thinking skills, learners will be better able to
themselves effectively. These skills are essential for success not only in
academic pursuits but also in future careers and active participation in society.
By nurturing strong reading abilities early on, primary education sets the stage
communities.
are likely the result of a variety of factors, including those discussed in this
active literacy skills, and critical thinking that need to work together. In reading
the texts they read, to make this text comprehensible. The reader's
experience in the real world and literary knowledge are both covered by prior
use the vocabulary. In every text, students need to be able to comprehend the
much more important in our social lives with the emergence of E-mail, texting,
that requires the coordination of a wide range of cognitive abilities and skills.
Of course, adequate word reading is essential for reading comprehension:
recognize (decode) the words within that text. Similarly, a deep understanding
comprehension of both the individual words and the sentences that they form.
Reading strategies
strategies as a mental process. They are, in other words, the tools used by
benefit from such strategies, which are crucial for developing literacy skills.
Reading strategies include actions that readers are engaged in, to help
The use of reading strategies has four steps: First, understanding how
to organize the text can help children figure out what they are reading. Before
reading and applying this information, it may be useful to review the text
hand, reading can make it easier to read part of a passage or merely skim its
from memory. For example, when children use some kind of mnemonic device
students may be able to gain access to information that is not explicitly given
using reading strategies. They are useful for readers to infer meaning, make
inferences and generalize information. For texts that have complex ideas and
Environment
Foreign Studies
backgrounds. Moreover, they had all spend at least ten years in basic and
predictions, and questioning, and they were able to apply these tactics to their
student's individual all had an impact on how well students read. However, it
was not understood how these important aspects collectively affect learners’
randomly from five secondary schools. The study's design was descriptive-
comprehension tests than male students. All the individuals in the sample
were only in grades 7 and 8. However, there is a limitation in this study, which
is all the individuals in the sample were only in grades 7 and 8. Hence, the
Additionally, this study did not cover some potentially significant variables,
such as, the education level of the parents, the teacher’s attitude about
can create an environment where the learners are intrinsically motivated, they
qualitative method. They created a survey where the reply alternatives are
close and open-ended questions. It answered the questions about the reading
reading fiction in English. The survey was collected from two different
secondary schools in Sweden, the private and the public schools. For the
sample size, 134 learners including 71 girls, and 62 boys, and one student
defined as the other. The result of the study showed that the learners feel
more motivated to read when they are the one who choose their own novel to
language. These key factors include the, first, lack of vocabulary mastery.
the mission is to pass the exam rather than to develop skill. Fourth, weak
sentence structure and tenses. Fifth, lack of trained to infer meaning from
other books. Lastly, lack of interest on both sides: from teachers and students.
Moreover, learners were not taught multiple sorts of reading skills and reading
strategies such as, loud reading, intensive reading, extensive reading and
This research was descriptive in nature. For the sample size, 60 students
were taken from 10th class randomly from each school to gather the data for
this research. Twenty students were interviewed for this study. Twenty
teachers will be selected in total for the purpose of research and questioning.
Systematic, random techniques were used for all types of selection. This
research was only limited to Dinga City and its surroundings. Some schools
are selected from Dinga City, and some were selected from the nearby
villages. The findings of the study revealed that there were numerous crucial
research to establish links between variables and seek explanations for the
foundation of such relationships. This research was carried out at SMK Belara
the sample for this study; 86 Form Four students were chosen at random from
female students. Results found that, students have poor interest in reading
female students.
Local Studies
main goal of this study is to determined the relationship between the reading
learners in the City Division of Makati in the school year 2020- 2021. Based
revealed that learners with better reading skills, perform better academically.
were included. This study was carried out in the following nine (9) public high
schools in the Makati Division: Fort Bonifacio High School (School A), Pitogo
National High School (School B), Makati High School (School C), Tibagan
High School (School D), Benigno Ninoy Aquino High School (School E), San
Antonio High School (School F), Pio Del Pilar High School (School G),
Bangkal High School (School H), and San Isidro High School (School I).
The results showed the reading level of the learners involved in their
study. 330 or 38% belonged to independent level, 369 or 43% are under
instructional level, and 166 or 19% are belonged to frustration level. The basis
for identifying the reading categories of students was the application of the
comprehension. Further analysis revealed that students with high GWA may
level.
design, 271 intermediate learners were sampled in this study. This study was
using descriptive statistic (M and SD). The scale for SR(Silent Reading): 0-
5.33 for Low, 5.34-10.67 for Average, and 10.68-16 for High. The results in
Oral Reading has q 3.165 M and 1.8 SD, indicated for Average. On the other
hand, the result jn Silent Reading(SR) has 8.822 M and 3.2 SD, which result
for average. Hence, it indicates that the respondents are performing similarly
stated that learner’s scores in silent reading are more evenly distributed when
compared to their oral reading scores. The study revealed that it is safe to
with high SES. Further, it is concluded that teachers give prime importance to
assessment as an initial step for the teaching of reading. The study also found
students at risk.
Canono, (2013) in his study entitled, "Attitude Towards Learning the English
relevant as it is used all over the world. Being able to speak English allows
people to enjoy their lives and work wherever they are. However, the attitude
towards this language may have an impact on how learners learn it.
Conception.
The researchers found that respondents' attitudes toward the English
language were high. This means that respondents have a positive attitude
was a rather low level of reading comprehension. This implied that the
respondents are having difficulty with their understanding of the written text in
Synthesis
All the studies reviewed and presented were contributory to the present
study in one way or another. They enriched the study in the sense that they
referred to above are linked to the present study since they indicated the
create an environment where the students are naturally inspired and if there is
negative. For instance, Khairuddin (2013) and Martin et al. (2019) highlighted
the substantial difference between male and female students; female students
because females have more interest in reading English material than males.
The study by Banditvilai (2020) revealed that reading strategies had a positive
Mubashir et al. (2015), he stated that learners are not taught multiple sorts of
reading skills and strategies. The findings of the study revealed that there
read; likewise, Mubashir et al. (2015) pointed out the factors contributing to
2022).
Theoretical Framework
This chapter was aimed to support this study. There are three
Reader Response Theory. These are known to be relevant and underpin this
study. All of these theories are important in this study as the researcher seeks
store it, and use it to read. This theory says that the reader is only capable of
what he/she knows. The reader attaches the information contained in the text
to its background knowledge, so that it can infer meaning from the text
(Ambruster & Osborn, 2002 as cited by Torres, 2019). Learners who have a
higher level of prior knowledge are better able to understand and remember
what they have read because they are capable of forming connections
between things are reading and what they know (Torres, 2019).
knowledge that others may have mental states that influence their actions
alongside one's own, and that these mental states may differ from one's own.
Reading and comprehending narrative texts may be difficult for young readers
if they lack theory of mind comprehension and the capacity to consider other
that theory of mind and narrative processing are both simultaneously and
present a potential justification for the existence of this relation and suggest a
interaction between a text and the reader and claims that the true meaning of
the text is created independently from the connection with the thoughts of
both the author and the reader. On the contrary, English professors began to
and argues that the author's intention in the text should be read as is and in its
structure.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework that was used in the study is the Input-
and process diagrams are often used to represent the process (Harris &
includes all the materials and the information that are required in the process,
the specific details of the process itself, and the output of the study.
of sex and socioeconomic status. It also includes the reading level of the
respondents and the factors that affect the reading comprehension skills in
Lastly, the output includes the action taken after interpreting the result
of the study. Proposing project in reading and other related things taken into
that are of great to improving learners’ reading comprehension skills and will
1. Profile of the
Respondent
a) sex
b) socioeconomic
status
2. Reading level of
the
respondents. • Data collection
gathered
3. Factors through
affecting surveys.
reading • Giving the - Research paper
comprehension participants
skills questionnaires. - Propose a
a. Cognitive factors • Organization of
Þ project
b. Reading strategies the learner’s
proposal in
c. Environment responses.
• Statistical Reading
4. Significant analysis and
relationship interpretation of
between data
reading level of
the respondents
and the factors
that affects
comprehension
skills.
.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm