Part 1 NSTP General Introduction2-Merged

University of San Agustin
National Service Training Program

(USA-NSTP)
The NSTP
General Introduction
Welcome to the University of San Agustin, National Service Training Program. The university
aims at inculcating to students the very purpose of the program as responsible Filipinos of
the country and an Augustinian student as part of the fulfillment of the university’s vision
and mission.
USA Vision
A premier academic community of life-long learners working with one mind and one heart
to search for, discover and share the Truth (Gaudium de Veritate) for the promotion of
Authentic human and societal development.
USA Mission
The University of San Agustin is an Augustinian, Catholic and Filipino educational institution
that aims to form the members of its academic community in Virtus et Scientia to serve
Western Visayas, the Philippines, and the world. It is clearly revealed in its mission that the
university is committed to:
1. Build an academic community imbued with Augustinian values;

2. Institutionalize a culture of excellence in teaching, research, and extension
programs and services compliant to educational standards;
3. Form an empowered, innovative, responsive, and sustainable organization.
While it is the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens, in turn it shall
be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security and promote the general welfare
of the State, and in fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render
personal military or civil service.
This course is pursuant to Republic Act 9163 which aims to enhance civic consciousness and
defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while
undergoing training in Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and Reserved Officers Training
Corps (ROTC).
Generally, NSTP Graduates are expected to:
1. Develop ethics of service;

2. Imbibe good citizenship values of being Maka-Dios, Maka-Kalikasan, and Maka-
Bansa;
3. Practice Augustinian values as well as the West Visayan Cultural Filipino values
in the community they visit and where they reside.

Manual on National Service Training Program- Civic Welfare Training Service 1
THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (RA 9163)
COMMON MODULE
Rationale of on the conduct of NSTP Common Module
 All enrolled NSTP students are required to undergo a common module phase before
pursuing specific component of their choice.
 Serves as an introduction to NSTP that enables the student to have apt knowledge
of the NSTP Program components and allowing them to choose NSTP component to
pursue.
The Common Module aims to:

1. Inculcate the spirit of patriotism, nationalism and good citizenship values as potent
force in nation building;
2. Develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being;
3. Enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness of the students; and
4. Advance their involvement in civic and public affairs.
The students are expected to:

a. Gain knowledge, skills, and attitude towards deepened understanding and
heightened appreciation of their role in the promotion of common good and the
general welfare.
b. Demonstrate learning by applying concepts and principles on practical situations in
pursuit of community development for the task of nation building.
MODULE 1: CITIZENSHIP TRAINING
A. Introduction to NSTP
“National Service” refers to any activity that may contribute to the national security,
development and/or welfare. The concept of national service however, is not something
new. It actually started even during the commonwealth government and created a big
impact particularly during the World War II.
While it is the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens, in turn it shall
be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security and promote the general welfare
of the State. In fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render
personal military or civic service.
Role of the Youth
 In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation building, the State shall promote
civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual,

intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate the ideals of Patriotism and
Nationalism and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs.
 As the most valuable resource of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained,
organized and involved in Military or Civic Welfare programs and other similar
endeavors in the service of the nation.
Legal Basis of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) RA 9163
The NSTP Law or RA 9163 also known as “An Act Establishing the National Service Program
(NSTP) for tertiary level students, amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and
Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for other purposes.” was signed by Former President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and enacted on January 23, 2002 to amend the Expanded ROTC. It
is a consolidation of House Bill No. 1824 passed by the House of Representatives and the
Senate on December 19, 2001.
The NSTP Law has made the ROTC optional since the first semester of school year 2002-2003
and has allowed the students to choose from ROTC, LTS and CWTS as a requisite for
graduation.
The NSTP is being implemented by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in

cooperation with the Department of National Defense (DND) and the Technical Education
Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
This program aims to inculcate civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the Filipino
youth. It helps develop in them the ethics of service and patriotism while they undergo
training in any of its three (3) program components specifically designed to enhance the
youth’s active contribution and participation in nation building.
Components of NSTP
The NSTP shall have the following components which the students can choose from as
defined in Rule II, Section 3 hereof: The Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy
Training Service (LTS), and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS).
All program components, the ROTC in particular, shall give emphasis on citizenship training
and shall instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect for the rights of civilians and adherence to
the constitution.

NSTP
ROTC CWTS LTS

Refers to the program Refers to the program component with Refers to the program component
component, institutionalized activities contributory to the general designed to train the students to
under Section 38 and 39 of welfare and the betterment of life for the teach literacy and numeracy skills
Republic Act No. 7077, designed to school children, out of school
members of the community or the
to provide military training to youth, and other segments of
motivate, train, organize and enhancement of its facilities, especially society in need of their services.
mobilize them for national those devoted to improving health,
defense preparedness. education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and
moral of the citizenry and other social
welfare services.
Who are covered of this NSTP Law?
 All incoming freshmen students, male, female, starting school year (SY) 2002-2003,
enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or
associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their
choice, as a graduation requirement.
The above provision, however, does not cover the following:

a.1 Students who finished or graduated from a baccalaureate degree or two
year technical-vocational or associate course and pursuing or enrolled in another or
additional baccalaureate degree or two-year technical-vocational or associate
course in SY 2003-2004, and;
a.2 Students who completed any of the three NSTP components but considered
freshmen to the course where they transferred or shifted.
a.3 Foreign students or aliens
Duration and Equivalent Course Unit
• Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken in an academic period of two (2)
semesters and credited for three (3) units per semester with fifty four (54) to ninety
(90) hours per semester.
• Earned NSTP units shall not be included in the computation of Grade Point Average
(GPA) grades of college graduating students.

What will happen to all NSTP Graduates?
Graduates of either CWTS or LTS component, you will become members of the National
Service Reserve Corps (NSRC). You will be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare
activities, especially in times of calamities and disasters through the joint efforts of DND,
CHED and TESDA, in coordination with DILG, DSWD and other concerned
agencies/associations. That is why each student must be equipped with skills on disaster
preparedness and response and a committed heart to render community service.
For those who are graduates of ROTC component, you will be part of the Citizen Armed Force
pursuant to RA 7077, a Reserve Force to be utilized in times of War, Rebellion or Invasion.
They also provide assistance in relief and rescue operations during disasters and calamities.
As for the latest CHED-NYC Joint Memorandum Circular No. 01 series of 2019 effective 2nd
Semester of AY 2019-2020 on the Exemption of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Officials enrolled
in NSTP, provisions are the following:
a. Exemption of SK Officials (Chairman, Members, Treasurer and Secretary) applies

only in NSTP-CWTS 2 with the following criteria:
1. Have passed the NSTP-CWTS 1 in HEIs.
2. Have good standing being SK Officials with certification issued by
City/Municipality Local Government Operations Officers (C/MLGOO).
3. Enrolled in NSTP-CWTS 2. They may be exempted from attending classes
and joining activities.
b. The student shall submit an Application for Exemption to NSTP Coordinator with
attached documents:
1. Oath of Office
2. Certificate of Enrolment (enrolled NSTP-CWTS 2)
3. Certificate of Good Standing issued by City/Municipality Local Government
Operations Officers (C/MLGOO)
4. Copy of Approved ABYIP
5. Terms of Reference of the SK Official
c. The exempted SK Official shall submit written reports, preferably with photographs,
or other documentations of their participation in the implementation of Programs.
Projects and Activities (PPAs) as outlined in the Annual Barangay Youth Investment
Program (ABYIP). Submission shall be done only once which shall contain PPAs
implemented within the 2nd semester.
NSTP in University of San Agustin
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) is under the Social Advocacy and Community
Engagement Office. The NSTP Coordinator is in charge of the NSTP Operations.

The university offers only two (2) components: CWTS and ROTC. Enrolled students are given
the opportunity to select among the two components they would want to pursue and must
be completed for two semesters. Selection of component will be done after the conduct of
NSTP Common Module.
The university emphasized the relevance of the two (component) in the lives of the young
people. Each one has to choose a component that best served their interest and worth as
Filipino citizen. In ROTC, the skills being develop among the cadets are military leadership,
basic combat, map reading, military intelligence, artillery operations, unconventional
warfare and marches.
On the other hand, in CWTS, the students are exposed to several community development
activities that the university engaged with like community gardening, health education,
environmental awareness, kiddie center-building and among others.
NSTP
Coordinator
CWTS Incharge ROTC Commandant
ROTC Staff and

CWTS Facilitators
Instructors
Your choice can be a meaningful experience in the process of nation-building.
Points to Remember:
The National Service Training Program is not just a course requirement mandated by
law. It is an opportunity to be of service to others and be a responsible citizen. It also
provides a policy framework on volunteerism and sets a mechanism to protect the
rights and privileges of the youth in recognition of their roles and contributions to the
development of society.
Prepared by:
Ma. Consejo Centeno

NSTP Coordinator

Prepared by:
With Support from:

Your Vote. Our Future. Citizen-Voter Education Module
VIII. Action Points for Citizen-Voters
Below are some action points for the citizen-voters in his/her exercise of the right of
suffrage.
General
 Set up voters’ assistance desks

 Link volunteers to existing groups working on different aspects of electoral reform
 FAQ’s on poll automation
Pre-Elections
Engage in preparatory activities that would enable him/her to exercise the right of suffrage
and the right to an informed and free choice.
 Register during the period allotted for voter registration

 Be informed of the issues, platforms, and personalities of the political candidates
 Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the
candidates’ social affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle, and
performance records.
 Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the
commitment of the candidates to integrate foremost the interests and welfare of
the citizens in their program of government. This process can be used to remind
and hold the elected leaders accountable to the promises made during the
campaign.
During Elections
Exercise vigilance and the right to vote
 Vote according to your conscience

 Practice vigilance by protecting the integrity of your own vote from any undue
influence, volunteering in organizations that work for clean and peaceful
elections, watching out for instances of cheating in the elections, and informing
the rest of the electorate of such activities. The people’s right to suffrage is an important part
of democracy. If people are not allowed to vote
Post-Elections freely, then the whole process becomes meaningless.
Practice continued vigilance and participate in governance
 Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes.

 Another arena of participation is open to the citizen-voter once the candidates
they have voted for assume office.
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VII. Vision of Good Government, Leaders, and Citizen-voters
The UN Handbook on the Legal, Technical, and Human Rights Aspect of Elections (1994) (Suffrage: “The right to vote, or the exercising of that right.”
defines ―suffrage‖ as more than the right to vote during elections. It identifies ―four
–Andrew Heywood; Politics (Second Edition); p. 432
essential and interlocking rights: the right to take part in government, the right to vote and .)
be elected, the right to equal access to public office, and the right to self-determination.‖
(Commission on Human Rights 2008)
The right to suffrage, as a human right, is related to the concept of democracy and
Ideally, an electoral system should never be tainted with fraud, rigging, violence etc. in people’s sovereignty.
order to produce a legitimate result. The legitimacy of the next government resides in the
honest and free exercise of the peoples’ right to suffrage and in the Commission on Sovereignty is often defined as the principle of absolute and unlimited power. Under the
Elections’ open management of the system. democratic 1987 Constitution, it is the people alone who can exercise sovereignty. They
can therefore make decisions that are binding on all individual citizens, groups, and
The government, the leaders, and the citizen-voters are now faced with the challenge of institutions—including the selection of leaders who will run the government.
advancing various reforms in the system and change in attitudes and perceptions towards
a system of wider and genuine participation of the grassroots in politics and governance,
and towards citizen’s political maturity. (Art. II, Sec. 1 of The 1987 Philippine Constitution: “The Philippines is a
democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and
Government all government authority emanates from them.”)
 Advancing democratization and good governance

 Making available a meaningful and accessible election process
Qualifications and Disqualifications of a Voter
 Maximizing the benefits of democratic mechanisms for the interest and welfare of
all sectors of society, particularly the marginalized and underrepresented sectors.
All citizens of the Philippines, eighteen years of age or over, and residents of the
 Ensuring that the government agenda and programs of action are genuinely
Philippines for one year and for at least six months in the city or municipality wherein
reflective of the peoples’ agenda
he/she proposes to vote immediately preceding the election are qualified to vote.
 Advocating new politics and new kinds of leaders that engage the participation of
citizen-voters in running the affairs of the government
The following shall be disqualified from voting:
Leaders
 Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not
less than one year. However, he/ she may reacquire the right to vote upon expiration
 Capitalizing on the program of action and public service rather than on popularity
of five years after service of sentence.
in winning elections
 Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by a competent court or
 Promoting the envisioned government and engaging the citizens’ stake in
tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted
governance
government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms
laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his/her full civil and
Citizen-Voters
political rights in accordance with law: Provided, That he/she shall regain his right to
vote automatically upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
 Exercising the right to vote and the duty of guarding the integrity of the vote itself
 Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority.
from any fraudulent maneuvering
 Using conscience in choosing the right leader
In addition, RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Law entitles all Filipino citizens
 Safeguarding and defending the democratic mechanisms and institutions
overseas, not otherwise disqualified by law, and immigrants, and permanent residents
with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines, to vote for elective positions
on the national level: President; Vice-President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives.
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II. History of Elections

 For the poor, giving their support to a candidate is seen as an investment so that they
can depend on the politician for help, e.g. donations, medicine, school fees. A system of election was first practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish and
Campaign supporters view their help as a personal favor that the elected official American colonial period. The process, however, was limited only to male, educated, and
should perceive as utang na loob. In return, they expect the official to accept personal landed voters and was more ceremonial rather than a genuine democratic mechanism.
invitations from their organizations, to comply with personal requests for donations, to
award them perhaps with a government position upon electoral victory. Sectoral representation and political participation were only realized in 1937: when Act
4112, granting women the right of suffrage, was implemented; and when the peasant
 In preparation for a coming election, people with plans of running for public office movements gained meaningful participation in political parties and in actually filling
would be seen attending public functions from the barangay (community) to the government positions.
provincial level. For constituents at the national level, candidates engage themselves
in media exposure. The first democratic election after World War II was the 1946 election for President and
Vice-President of the Republic, members of the Senate, and of the House of
Representatives. From then on, the country operated on a two-party system wherein two
 Conversely, voting has always been determined by popularity of the candidate and
major political parties, the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, figured in succeeding
financial and party machinery, which enhances the popularity of a candidate.
elections.
Elections now become a high-spending process to the detriment of the candidates
who have neither the financial resources nor the machinery, which can provide for
When Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, the 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an
posters and airtime in mass media.
Interim Batasang Pambansa was created and a new (1973) Constitution was adopted.
Marcos ruled as both president and prime minister, with legislative powers, under
 Consequently, the electoral system becomes bereft of the real issues affecting the
transition provisions—a one-man dictatorship.
electorate. Venues to seriously discuss programs of action and performances of
candidates become less relevant in determining who gets elected to office.
Under popular pressure, he called for the election of an Interim Batasang Pambansa in
1978. The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the administration party. The election
 The traditional guns, goons, and gold element of Filipino politics continue to be a real
claimed to restore Philippine democracy but Marcos’ intent was to gain legitimacy for his
phenomenon in certain districts, provinces, and regions particularly at the local level.
undemocratic administration and to create a rubber stamp legislature. The exercise defied
democratic procedures, and was characterized by rampant electoral manipulation by the
 Massive election fraud and violence are employed in order to win elections. Instances
Marcos government to ensure victory.
of cheating range from use of flying voters, registration of disqualified voters, vote-
buying, ballot and ballot box switching, padding of votes through dagdag bawas and
Local elections in 1980 were characterized by widespread terrorism, violence, and
other forms, tampering the canvass of votes, etc. Again, these practices become
wholesale fraud. Intense opposition came from both the urban and rural citizenry.
more detrimental to candidates who have neither the financial nor political machinery
to guard the integrity of the votes and election results. However, the most powerful
In 1981, Marcos submitted himself to the electoral process to regain legitimacy. The event
safeguard against election fraud is the awareness and vigilance of every voter.
was boycotted by the political opposition, which instead launched a broad-based anti-
dictatorship movement.
 Voters tend to be responsive to audio-visual tools and experiential discussions in
voters’ education forums. Recipients of voter education programs become more
The Aquino assassination in 1983 resulted in waves of protest forcing the creation of
socially aware and are able to realize their stake in the electoral process.
awider democratic space. Marcos, in a bid to defuse the protests, held the Batasang
Pambansa elections in 1984 to replace the Interim Batasang Pambansa. The exercise
 There is a general observation by voters’ education trainers/educators that voters are
was intended to divert the people’s attention away from the Aquino assassination and was
seemingly more intelligent and critical now, but their motivations remain highly
once again boycotted by the political opposition. Still, the period was marked by the
incentive-driven (What will be their personal gain in voting for this person? It may not
weakening popularity of Marcos and the people’s growing political movement against the
exactly be a monetary value, but as earlier stated, voters tend to go for someone who
Marcos dictatorship.
has the economic power to aid them in whatever means possible).
Under domestic and international pressure, Marcos called for snap presidential elections
in 1986. The widespread election manipulations and irregularities and the worsening
social, political and economic order triggered the EDSA uprising in the same year. The
mass action known as the People Power Revolution of 1986 led to the ouster of Marcos,
the collapse of KBL and the installation of Corazon Aquino as President.
24 5
While President Arroyo was able to stay in power, she was not able to endear herself to
the majority of the people, resulting in a resounding victory for the opposition in the
senatorial elections of 2007.
However, the 2007 elections also signaled the entry of

―trapos‖ into the party-list system, which drew
significant votes away from the top performers in the
party-list elections. This sudden interest of traditional
politicians in the party-list system was ironically brought
about by the success of party-list representatives to
gain equal treatment from their district colleagues.
Meanwhile, the untimely demise of democracy icon, former President Corazon Aquino in
2009 gave hope to the people’s yearning for change. The Filipino people themselves
urged then Senator Benigno ―Noynoy‖ Aquino III to run for the presidency as he was seen
to be a symbol of hope. Noynoy Aquino answered the heed of the people and contested
under the Liberal party with ―anti-corruption‖ as his major platform. He won a landslide
with more than 15 Million votes.
The 2010 National Elections also marked the conduct of the first nationwide automated
elections in the country using the Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) technology. The
automated election system (AES) performed as expected. It contributed to the
speed, accuracy, and security of the whole electoral process. The observed errors
related to the PCOS machines fall within the expected margins of error and did not
prevent the count to take place. There is already an acceptance by the voters of the
system and this basically closes the door to a return to the manual system. However, it is
obvious that AES implementation needs a lot of fine-tuning, particularly with regard to
interfacing the system to the non-AES side of the electoral process
However, time and again, the struggle for our independence and for democratic
governance resulted in a kind of political system, political leaders, and the electorate that
we have right now. Elections have been a major feature and mechanism in practice and
through a more informed electorate are hoped to continue to serve as vehicles towards
genuine democratic governance. Genuine reforms are called on the areas concerning
election administration and rules, strengthening of the political party system, and steps to
empower the electorate, among others.
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V. Powers and Functions of Public Servants III. Elections and Democracy
The Philippines is a republican and democratic state. The constitution provides the basic
right of suffrage, and recognizes the people as the only source from which sovereignty
and all government power come from. The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign
people, from where all government authority derives.
There are three branches in the Philippine Government namely, the executive, the Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly
legislative, and the judiciary. through suffrage and direct democracy instruments, and
indirectly through officials elected by the people as their
Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic. This power covers: public servants. The will of the people, then, is expressed
in clean, orderly, and honest elections.
 control of all executive departments and all implementing agencies of the
government; Elections are part of the system of representative
 appointment of high officials in the government (heads of executive democracy, complemented by the system of direct
departments/cabinet members, ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, officers democracy.
of the armed forces);
 seeing to the execution and implementation of laws and policies that the The representative democratic structure, in which the
legislative branch has created people govern through elected representatives, is based
on the principle of the ―consent of the governed.‖ Thus,
Local government units also exercise executive functions through the governors of government officials chosen and elected by the people become servants and not masters
provinces, municipal, and city mayors. of the people from whom and for whom these officials exercise their power and authority.
Legislative power is lodged in the Congress of the Philippines: the Senate and the Citizen-voters in a representative democracy are entitled to free and informed choices for
House of Representatives. Legislative functions include: whom to vote and the choices must be dictated by the genuine welfare of the majority.
Every individual political choice and decision made by the citizen-voters will determine the
 Statute making, constitution making, and amending of constitution; kind of government that will serve them.
 Appropriations/financial function – power of the purse;
 Oversight function; Studies have indicated that people enjoy a higher degree of freedom if direct democracy
 Informational or the power to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation. mechanisms are put in place.
Legislative functions are carried out at the local level by the different ―sanggunians‖ or Direct Democracy may take various forms and categorizations of direct people’s
local legislative bodies. participation in governance. Among these are plebiscites, referenda, people’s initiatives,
recall, and barangay assemblies.
In the law-making process, the president can either approve or veto a law passed by
Congress. It would require 2/3 vote by the legislative body to finally pass a bill into law. At Direct Democracy mechanisms in a representative form of government, becomes a
the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the ground that it is corrective mechanism for the excesses or the lack of the electoral process.
prejudicial to the public. In turn, the sanggunian or the local legislative body can override
the veto, also by 2/3 vote of the whole sanggunian.
The Judiciary, on the other hand, is tasked to resolve the conflicts that may arise from
the interpretation of the laws created by congress and is seen as the ultimate arbiter
between the executive and the legislative branches of the government, with the Supreme
Court being the highest Court of the land. Members of the Judiciary are appointed by the
President.
20 9
 After collecting the transmitted election returns, the MBC starts its canvassing the  The Constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) mandated local
results by undergoing the same precinct process: The MBC prints its own sectoral representation in the legislative bodies of local governments. However,
Initialization or ―Zero‖ Report; prints eight (8) copies of Municipal Certificate of there is still no enabling law to exercise this provision.
Canvass (MCOC); attaches transmission cable/modem to the machine; transmits
data to the Provincial Board of Canvassers (PBC); and prints the remaining 22  There is also the LGC-mandated barangay assembly (peoples’ assembly or
copies of MCOC. The MBC then proclaims the winners. meeting of all over-15-year-old-residents of the barangay). It is a plenary body
 From the municipal level, the data will be transmitted to the Provincial Board of that has the power to hear and pass upon the report of the Sangguniang
Canvassers which will print a Zero Report, print eight (8) copies of Provincial Barangay’s (SB) performance. It can also recommend measures for legislation
COC (PCOC), attach transmission cable/modem, transmit to the National Board by the SB. The Barangay Assembly is one manifestation of people’s power and
of Canvassers (NBC), and print the remaining six (6) PCOC. a (truly) direct and participatory democratic exercise.
 The electronically transmitted results will be used as basis for
canvassing/consolidation and proclamation of winning candidates for:  People participation is also provided for by the Local Government Code
city/municipal officials; provincial officials; district and party-list representatives; through representation in consultative bodies such as the local health boards,
and senators. local school boards, local peace and order councils, and local development
 Congress will receive electronically transmitted results and will use either the councils at all local levels.
transmitted results or the printed results as basis for the proclamation of the
President and Vice-President. The 1987 Philippine Constitution authorized the  The role of non-government organizations in governance is also recognized.
Congress to promulgate rules for canvassing of results for President and Vice-
President
 The data from the COMELEC database will appear in the COMELEC Quick
Count in real time as unofficial and partial results.
18 11
IV. Election Process in 2010 and Beyond

The Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV) Law applies the mechanics in RA 8189 of
personal registration either with the Election Board of Inspectors in their place of This section will guide the citizen-voter not only in the exercise of the right to vote but also
residence before their departure or with the representative of the Commission in the in monitoring the electoral process, in an automated election system (AES).
Philippine embassies, consulates, and other foreign service establishment in their
temporary residence overseas. Modernization and automation of the electoral process dates back to the 1992
COMELEC’s Modernization and Excellence Project or Operation MODEX, which includes
With the implementation of AES, the regular or development in eight (8) components: legal framework; registration; election process;
―established‖ precincts identified in previous elections will education campaign; information technology system; facilities; institutional structure; and,
now be grouped into “clustered” precincts, i.e. up to personnel. Election modernization and automation generally aims to speed up the election
seven (7) established precincts comprise a clustered process and come up with results; and reduce the risk for human error or fraud.
precinct which will be assigned one (1) Precinct Count
Optical Scan (PCOS) machine each. Republic Act 9369, enacted in 2007, amended Republic Act 8436 or the Election
Automation Law, which mandated the use of an automated election system (AES) in the
country. This system will comprise the use of appropriate technology for registration,
voting, counting of votes, and canvassing/transmittal of election results.
Previous attempts at modernization in terms of automating the election process include:

Testing and Sealing of Machine (1)a pilot test of Optical Mark Reader (OMR) technology in the 1996 Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) Elections; (2) the partial automation using OMR technology
At least three (3) days before Election Day, the public shall accomplish test ballots, which in the ARMM provinces during the 1998 national and local Elections; (3) the halted
in turn will be manually counted. After which, election returns from the manual count shall nationwide implementation of a centralized automated counting system for the 2004
be accomplished. elections; (4) the pilot test of a fully automated election system in the 2008 ARMM
Elections.
The same set of ballots that underwent manual counting shall be fed into the counting
machine. Results generated from the manual count shall be compared with the results
indicated in the automated count/print-out of the election returns. In the 2010 national and local elections, the citizen-
voters actively participated in the country’s first
Once the public is satisfied that the manual count is the same as the automated count, the nationwide fully Automated Election System (AES)
print-out and manually prepared election returns shall be signed-off by the witnesses. The – from shading marks in the official ballot,
PCOS Machines shall be sealed without any connection to transmission links. counting of votes to transmission and
canvassing of election results.
The public shall be allowed to secure the polling places where the PCOS machines are
installed and shall be opened only on Election Day in the presence of watchers.
Election Day
On Election Day, the voter proceeds to the polling place to cast his/her vote. The Board of
Election Inspectors (BEI) will administer the conduct of elections. The BEI will now
include, as member, an information technology-capable person, who is trained or certified
by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to use the AES.
All voters – as many as 10 voters at a time – whose name appear on the list of voters, will
be allowed to vote. Official candidates, registered political parties and party-list groups,
and accredited election observers and monitors are represented in the precincts by
watchers.
16 13
Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.
HEADQUARTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN ROTC UNIT
604TH (ILO) COMMUNITY DEFENSE CENTER, 6RCDG, ARESCOM
Gen Luna Street, Iloilo City
NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
I. DEFINITION OF SECURITY
Security is a state or conditioned wherein the people’s welfare, well-being, ways of life;
government and its institutions; territorial integrity; sovereignty; and core values are
enhanced and protected.
II. NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Commonwealth Act No. 1, also known as the National Defense Act, is the original policy
basis of the national security program of the Republic of the Philippines.
The 1987 Constitution mandates civilian control of the military and establishes the
President as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President also heads the
National Security Council, the policy-making and advisory body for matters connected
with national defense. The council itself is composed of the President and at least nine
others:
• Vice President
• AFP chief of staff
• National Security Council Director
• Executive Secretary
• Secretary of Foreign Affairs
• Secretary of National Defense
• Secretary of Interior and Local Government
• Secretary of Justice
• Secretary of Labor and Employment
Responsibility for national security was vested in the Department of National Defense.
The principal functions of the department in 1991 were to defend the State against
internal and external threats and, through the Philippine National Police, to maintain law
and order. The Secretary of National Defense, by law a civilian, was charged with
advising the President on defense matters and developing defense policy.
There are seven fundamental elements that lie at the core of, and therefore further
amplify our definition of national security. At the same time, they constitute the most
important challenges we face as a nation and people.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty

1. Socio-Political Stability - the government and the people must engage in nation-
building under the rule of law, Constitutional democracy and the full respect for human
rights.
2. Territorial Integrity - we must ensure the permanent inviolability of our national

territory and its effective control by the Government and the State. This includes the
preservation of our country’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and its protection from
illegal incursions and resource exploitation.
3. Economic Solidarity and Strength - we must vigorously pursue a free-market

economy through responsible entrepreneurship based on social conscience, respect for
the dignity of labor and concern for the public interest.
4. Ecological Balance - national survival rests upon the effective conservation of our
natural environment in the face of industrial and agricultural expansion and population
growth.
5. Cultural Cohesiveness - our lives as a people must be ruled by a common set of

values and beliefs grounded on high moral and ethical standards, drawn from our
heritage and embodying a Filipino standard, drawn from our heritage and embodying a
Filipino identity transcending religious, ethnic and linguistic differences.
6. Moral-Spiritual Consensus - we must be propelled by a national vision inspired, and

manifested in our words and deeds, by patriotism, national pride and the advancement
of national goals and objectives.
7. External Peace - we must pursue constructive and cordial relations with all nations
and peoples, even as our nation itself must chart an independent course, free from
external control, interference or threat of aggression.
III. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
Many security threats to the Philippines are non-military in nature. Pressing security
concerns like terrorism, poverty, and environmental degradation, needs to be addressed
in an informed and intelligent manner.
In its internal aspect, national security relates to the defense of the nation’s government
against hostile local elements seeking its replacement with their own government. In
this sense, national security refers to the measures aimed at countering domestic or
internal challenges to the existing political and socio-economic order.
In its external aspects, national security is concerned with safeguarding the state
against outside or foreign forces, pressures, or influence designed to conquer it or
undermine its sovereignty, or placing under the domination or control of some foreign

state or states. In this sense, national security embraces the defense arrangements
directed at insuring the safety of the state against foreign intervention or domination.
IV. TYPES OF THREATS
1. Rebellion or Insurrection - a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen

as encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent
resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy an established authority such
as the government.
2. Terrorism - the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. Common

definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear
(terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the
safety of noncombatants (civilians).
3. Murder - as defined in most countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being
with intent (or malice afterthought), and generally this state of mind distinguishes
murder from other forms of homicide.
4. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention - the taking away or transportation of a

person against the person’s will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a
confinement without legal authority. This may be done for ransom or in furtherance of
another crime, or in connection with a child custody dispute.
5. Hijacking/Highway Robbery - the crime of taking or attempting to take something of

value by force or threat of force and or by putting the victim in fear. In common law,
robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently
deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear.
6. Crimes involving destruction - It may apply either as a measurable degree of damage

up to and including a state beyond use or repair, or it may indicate a state wherein such
damage is occurring and continuing. Ex. self-destructive behaviors, suicide, demolition
V. INTERNAL THREATS AND EXTERNAL THREATS
1. INTERNAL THREATS
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).
The main internal threat arises from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) which, in
open rebellion against the government, has the avowed objective of establishing an
independent Islamic state in southern Philippines. Hand-in-hand with this security
problem is the threat from the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), a small band of highly mobile
terrorists with suspected links to international networks.

Communist Party of the Philippines / New People’s Army / National Democratic Front
(CPP / NPA / NDF)
These three continue to pose a serious threat to national security, although presently
weakened in comparison with their peak strength in the 1985-87 period. During the past
two years, there has been an incipient increase of underground activities in the urban
areas and a slight upward trend in isolated terrorist acts in the countryside.
Organized Crime
The challenge of illegal drugs, in particular, has grown into a major threat to the national
community. Of the 42,979 barangays nationwide, about 12 per cent are affected in
varying degrees. The anti-drug campaign is a major cornerstone of the government’s
law and order drive, involving the police, the Local Government Units and the private
sector, and focusing on a tripartite strategy of reducing drug supply and demand as well
domestic and international cooperation.
Grave Incidence of Poverty

This is also a serious threat to national security, especially to the extent that it breeds
and abets rebellion, crime and dissidence. Poverty incidence affects about one-third of
Filipino families nationwide. Consequently, the distribution of wealth has been skewed
in favor of a wealthy minority
Economic Sabotage
Under this category are underground activities such as counterfeiting, money
laundering, large-scale smuggling, inter-oceanic poaching and commercial dumping.
Graft and Corruption

It has become another threat to our national security by virtue of the huge scale by
which it saps public resources, undermines the morale of the civil service and affects
the delivery of quality basic services. It has also become a disincentive to investment.
Severe Calamities
They cause serious food shortages, abet hoarding and profiteering and cause hunger,
disease and deprivation. Over the past ten years, the disaster toll stands at more than
13,000 lives lost and P179 Billion worth of property destroyed. The National Disaster
Coordinating Center (NDCC) ensures the focused, coordinated and systematic
application of government and private manpower and resources to the tasks of disaster
mitigation, and community rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Persistent Environment Degradation

This poses a long-term security threat. The attrition of forests and watersheds, air-
landwater pollution and the proliferation of toxic substances are a cause of sickness,
death and the diminution of national productivity and well-being.

2. EXTERNAL THREATS
Multilateral Dispute Over the Spratlys Islands.

This is a source of intermittent tensions, owing to the build up of structures, believed to
be military-oriented, by some claimant countries in the area.
Smuggling of Firearms and Contraband, Illegal Migration and the Occasional Movement
of Foreign Terrorists Through the Porous Borders of our Southwestern Frontier
Philippine law enforcement agencies work closely with international police
organizations, bilaterally and multilaterally, to check these activities.
Lingering Effects of the Currency Crisis Affecting the Countries Within the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
These are causes of regional anxieties, which tend to aggravate political instabilities
and socio-economic dislocations involving the poorest people.
Serious Economic Disparity Between Rich and Poor Nations

This keeps the world in a state of instability and virtually on the brink of war in many
places. Local or regional shortages of fresh water, arable land, food, fisheries, and
energy are already causing tensions.
Ethnic, Religious and Cultural Conflict

This pervades many regions and nations, including our own. It is constantly
exacerbated by mass poverty, limited access to resources, denial of human rights, lack
of national integration and international issues.
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

This is a threat to global security. Nuclear materials and technologies are more
accessible now than at any other time in history. The relative ease of production of both
chemical and biological weapons has made these attractive to terrorists.
Transnational Organized Crime

This has proliferated in the era of globalization. The International Monetary Fund
estimates that global drug trafficking now accounts for two percent of the world
economy, excluding illicit capital flight and money-laundering activity. There are links
among drug trafficking, terrorism, smuggling of illegal aliens, massive financial and bank
fraud, arms smuggling and political corruption.
Natural Disasters and Environmental Issues

They will continue to pervade the global security agenda. Mankind’s global activities –
particularly population growth, resource consumption, pollution, urbanization,
industrialization, desertification and deforestation – will increasingly impact on climate
and weather patterns, strain fragile ecosystems, and put more pressure on health and
social support systems.

Cybernetic Crime
This is a growing global threat, as experienced with computer viruses such as Melissa
and Chernobyl, which have attacked isolated or networked information systems through
the internet or through software carriers and devices. Many vital decision-making
processes of our Government are now electronically-based and therefore vulnerable to
this threat.
References:
1. https://www.nsc.gov.ph/attachments/article/NSP/NSP-2017-2022.pdf
2. Module # 6, Office of the NSTP, De La Salle Lipa

HEADQUARTERS
FLAG HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

(RA 8491)
AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE CODE OF THE NATIONAL FLAG, ANTHEM, MOTTO,

COAT-OF-ARMS AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS AND DEVICES OF THE
PHILIPPINES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and Home of Representatives of the Philippines in

Congress assembled:
SECTION 1. Short Title — This act shall be known as the “Flag and Heraldic Code of
the Philippines.”
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy – Reverence and respect shall at all times be

accorded the flag, the anthem and other national symbols which embody the national
ideals and traditions and which express the principles of sovereignty and national
solidarity. The heraldic items and devices shall seek to manifest the national virtues and
to inculcate in the minds and hearts of our people a just pride in their native land, fitting
respect and affection for the national flag and anthem, and the proper use of the
national motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices.
SECTION 3. Definition of Terms — Whenever used in this Act, the term:
a. “Military” shall mean all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines including the
Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the
Bureau of Fire Protection;
b. “Festoon” shall mean to hang in a curved shape between two points as a decoration;
c. “Flag” shall mean the Philippine National Flag, unless stated otherwise;
d. “Fly” shall mean the part of the flag outside the hoist or length;
e. “Symbol” shall mean any conventional sign which reveals man’s achievement and
heroism (for orders and decorations), identification, authority and a sign of dignity (for
coat-of-arms, logo and insignia);
f. “Half-Mast” shall mean lowering the flag to one-half the distance between the top and
bottom of the staff;

g. “Hoist” shall mean the part of the flag nearest the staff or the canvass to which the
halyard is attached;
h. “Inclement Weather” shall mean that a typhoon signal is raised in the locality;
i. “National Anthem” shall mean the Philippine National Anthem’
j. “Official Residences” shall mean Malacañang, and other government-owned

structures where the President resides, and other structures occupied by the Philippine
Consulate or Embassies abroad;
k. “Places of Frivolty” shall mean places of hilarity marked by or providing boisterous

merriment or recreation; and
l. “Institute” shall mean the National Historical Institute.
CHAPTER 1
THE NATIONAL FLAG
A. Design of the National Flag
SECTION 4. The flag of the Philippines shall be blue, white and red with an eight-rayed
golden-yellow sun and three five-pointed stars, as consecrated and honored by the
people.
B. Hoisting and Display of the National Flag
SECTION 5. The flag shall be displayed in all public buildings, official residences public
plazas, and institutions of learning everyday throughout the year.
SECTION 6. The flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night throughout the year,
in front of the following; at Malacanang Palace; the Congress of the Philippines building;
Supreme Court building; the Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila; Aguinaldo Shrine in
Kawit, Cavite; Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan; the Tomb of the Unknown

Soldier, Libingan ng mga Bayani; Mausuleo de los Beteranos dela Revolucion; all
International Ports of Entry and all other places as maybe designated by the Institute.
The flag shall be properly illuminated at night.
SECTION 7. The flag shall also be displayed in private buildings and residences or
raised in the open flag-staffs in front of said buildings every April 9 (Araw
ngKagitingan); May 1 (Labor Day); May 28 (National Flag Day) to June
12 (Independence Day); last Sunday of August (National Heroes Day); November
30 (Bonifacio Day); and December 30 (Rizal Day); and on such other days as may be
declared by the President and/or local chief executives.
The flag may also be displayed throughout the year in private buildings or offices or
raised in the open on flag-staffs in front of private buildings: Provided, that they observe
flag-raising ceremonies in accordance with the rules and regulations to be issued by the
Office of the President.
SECTION 8. All government agencies and instrumentalities, and local government

offices, government-owned corporations and local government units are enjoined to
observe flag day with appropriate ceremonies. Socio-civic groups, non-government
organizations and the private sector are exhorted to cooperate in making the
celebrations a success.
SECTION 9. The flag shall be flown on merchant ships of Philippine registry of more
than one thousand (1000) gross tons and on all naval vessels.
On board naval vessels, the flag shall be displayed on the flagstaff at the stern when the
ship is at anchor. The Flag shall be hoisted to the gaff at the aftermast when the ship is
at sea.
SECTION 10. The flag, if flown from a flagpole, shall have its blue field on top in time of
peace and the red field on top in time of war; if in a hanging position, the blue field shall
be to the right (left of the observer) in time of peace, and the red field to the right (left of
the observer) in time of war.
The flagpole staff must be straight and slightly tapering at the top.
SECTION 11. If planted on the ground, the flagpole shall be at a prominent place and
shall be of such height as would give the flag commanding position in relation to the
buildings in the vicinity.
If attached to a building, the flagpole shall be on top of its roof or anchored on a sill
projecting at an angle upward.
If on stage or platform or government office, the flag shall be at the left (facing the
stage) or the left of the office upon entering.

SECTION 12. When the Philippine flag is flown with another flag, the flags, if both are
national flags, must be flown on separate staffs of the same height and shall be of equal
size. The Philippine flag shall be hoisted first and lowered last.
If the other flag is not a national flag, it may be flown in the same lineyard as the
Philippine flag but below the latter and it cannot be of greater size than the Philippine
flag.
SECTION 13. When displayed with another flag, the Philippine flag shall be on the right
of the other flag. If there is a line of other flags, the Philippine flag shall be in the middle
of the line.
When carried in a parade with flags, which are not national flags, the Philippine flag
shall be in front of the center of the line.
SECTION 14. A flag worn out through wear and tear shall not be thrown away. It shall
be solemnly burned to avoid misuse or desecration. The flag shall be replaced
immediately when it begins to show signs of wear and tear.
SECTION 15. The flag shall be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. It shall be on
the mast at the start of official’office hours, shall remain flying throughout the day.
SECTION 16. The flag may be displayed:
a. Inside or outside-a building or on a stationary flagpoles. If the flag is displayed

indoors on a flagpole, it shall be placed at the left of the observer as one enters the
room;
b. From the top of a flagpole, which shall be at a prominent place or a commanding

position in relation to the surrounding buildings;
c. From a staff projecting upward from the window sill, canopy, balcony or facade of a
building.
d. In a suspended position from a rope extending from a building to pole erected away
from the building;
e. Flat against the wall vertically with the sun and stars on top; and
f. Hanging in a vertical position across a street, with the blue field pointing east, if the
road is heading south or north, or pointing north if the road is heading east or west.
The flag shall not be raised when the weather is inclement. If already raised, the flag
shall not be lowered.

SECTION 17. The flag shall be hoisted to the top briskly and lowered ceremoniously.
The flag shall never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, flood, water or other
objects.
After being lowered, the flag shall be handled and folded solemnly as part of the
ceremony.
C. Conduct of Flag Raising Ceremony
SECTION 18. All government offices and educational institutions shall henceforth
observe the flag-raising ceremony every Monday morning and the flag lowering
ceremony every Friday afternoon. The ceremony shall be simple and dignified and shall
include the playing or singing of the Philippine National Anthem.
SECTION 19. The office of the President upon the recommendation of the Institute shall
issue rules and regulations for the proper conduct of the flag ceremony.
SECTION 20. The observance of the flag ceremony in official or civic gatherings shall
be simple and dignified and shall include the playing or singing of the anthem in its
original Filipino lyrics and march tempo.
SECTION 21. During the flag-raising ceremony, the assembly shall stand in formation
racing the flag. At the moment the first note of the anthem is heard, everyone in the
premises shall come to attention; moving vehicles shall stop. All persons present
shall :.ace their right palms over their chests, those with hats shall uncover, while those
in military, scouting, security guard, and citizens military training uniforms shall give
salute prescribed by their regulations, which salute shall be completed upon the last
note of the anthem.
The assembly shall sing the Philippine national anthem, accompanied by a band,
available, and at the first note, the flag shall be raised briskly.
The same procedure shall be observed when the flag is passing in review or in parade.
SECTION 22. During the flag lowering, the flag shall be lowered solemnly and slowly so
that the flag shall be down the mast at the sound of the last note of the anthem. Those
in the assembly shall observe the same deportment or shall observe the same behavior
as for the flag-raising ceremony.

D. Half-Mast
SECTION 23. The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning on all buildings
and places where it is displayed, as provided for in this Act, on the day of official
announcement of the death of any of the following officials:
a. The President or a former President, for ten (10) days;
b. The Vice-President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker
of the House of Representatives, for seven (7) days; and
c. Other persons to be determined by the Institute, for any period less than seven (7)
days.
The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent
was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent
member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of
Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by the Institute.
The flag when flown at half-mast shall be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then
lowered to the half-mast position. The flag shall again be raised briskly to the peak
before it is lowered for the day.

E. Casket
SECTION 24. The flag may be used to cover the caskets of the honored dead of the
military, veterans of previous wars, national artists, and of civilians who have rendered
distinguished service to the nation, as maybe determined by the local government unit
concerned. In such cases, the flag shall be placed such that the white triangle shall be
at the head and the blue portion shall cover the right side of the caskets. The flag shall
not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground, but shall be folded solemnly
and handed over to the heirs of the deceased.

F. Pledge to the Flag
SECTION 25. The following shall be the Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag:
Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas
Ako ay Pilipino
Buong katapatang nanunumpa
Sa watawat ng Pilipinas
At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag
Na may dangal, katarungan, at kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang
Maka-Diyos,
Makatao,
Makakalikasan, at
Makabansa.
Such pledge shall be recited while standing with the right hand palm open raised
shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs prohibit them from making
such pledge must nonetheless show full respect when the pledge is being rendered by
standing at attention.
G. Flag Days
SECTION 26. The period from May 28 to June 12 of each year is declared as Flag
Days, during which period all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government,
business establishments, institutions of learning and private homes are enjoined to
display the flag.
H. Specifications of the National Flag
SECTION 27. The flag shall have the following proportions. The width of the flag, 1; the
length of the flag, 2; and the sides of the white triangle, 1.
SECTION 28. The technical specifications shall be as follows:

The blue color shall bear Cable No. 80173; the white color, Cable No. 80001 the red
color, Cable No. 80108; and the golden yellow, Cable No. 80068.
SECTION 29. In order to establish uniform criteria in the making of our national flag and
to guarantee its durability by the use of quality materials, the following standards and
procedures shall be observed:
a. All requisitions for the purchase of the Philippine National Flag must be based on
strict compliance with the deisgn, color, craftmanship and material requriements of the
Government.
b. All submitted samples of flags by accredited suppliers offered for purchase for
government use shall be evaluated as to design, color and craftmanship specifications
by the Institute, through its Heraldry and Display Section, which shall stamp its approval
or disapproval on the canvass reinforcement of the flag sample submitted. The samples
shall be sent to the Institute by the requisitioning office, not by the flag supplier; and
c. The Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) or the Philippine Textile

Research Institute (PTRI) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) shall
evaluate the quality of material of all flag samples and certify whether the fabric for the
blue, white, red and golden yellow colors, including the canvass submitted, conforms to
government requirement as to quality of the material. The samples shall be submitted
by the said office to the Institute.
SECTION 30. All deliveries of the flags requisitioned by the government shall be
inspected by the requisitioning agency’s internal inspector and by the Commission on
Audit (COA) using the flag stamped approved by the Institute as reference.
SECTION 31. In carrying out its responsibilities under Section 4 hereof, the Institute,
COA, the ITDI/PTRI shall prepare guidelines to be approved by the Office of the
President.
SECTION 32. All government agencies and instrumentalities shall ensure that the
requirements under this Act with respect to the standards, requisitions and delivery of
the national flag are strictly complied with.
SECTION 33. All departments, agencies, offices, and instrumentalities of the

government, government-owned or controlled corporations, local government units,
including barangays, shall include in their annual budgets the necessary outlay for the
purchase of the national flag.

I. Prohibited Acts
SECTION 34. It shall be prohibited
a. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample, on or cast contempt any act or omission casting
dishonor or ridicule upon the flag over its surface;
b. To dip the flag to any person or object by way of compliment or salute;
c. To use the flag:

1. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth
2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
5. For unveiling monuments or statues; and
6. As trademarks or for industrial, commercial or agricultural labels or designs.
d. Display the flag:

1. Under any painting or picture;
2. Horizontally face-up. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely;
3. Below any platform; or
4. In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of
vice or where frivolity prevails.
e. To wear the flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;
f. To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisements, or imprint of
any nature on the flag;
g. To print, paint or attach representation of the flag on handkerchiefs, napkins,

cushions, and other articles of merchandise;
h. To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic
establishments, and in offices of international organizations.
i. To use, display or be part of any advertisement of infomercial; and
j. To display the flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens.

CHAPTER II
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
SECTION 35. The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang.
SECTION 36. The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language
wiithin or without the country. The following shall be the lyrics of the National Anthem.
Lupang Hinirang
Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
Sa dibdib mo’y buhay.
Lupang hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig
Di ka pasisiil.
Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag ang tula
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo’y
Tagumpay na nagniningning;
Ang bituin at araw niya,
Kailan pa ma’y di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati’t pagsinta,
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo;
Aming ligaya na ‘pag may mang-aapi,
Ang mamatay nang dahil sa ‘yo.

SECTION 37. The rendition of the National Anthem, whether played or sung, shall be in
accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe.
SECTION 38. When the National Anthem is played at a public gathering, whether by a
band or by singing or both, or reproduced by any means, the attending public shall sing
the anthem. The singing must be done with fervor.
As a sign of respect, all persons shall stand at attention and face the Philippine flag, if
there is one displayed, and if there is none, they shall face the band or the conductor. At
the first note, all persons shall execute a salute by placing their right palms over their
left chests. Those in military, scouting, citizen’s military training and security guard
uniforms shall give the salute prescribed by their regulations. The salute shall be
completed upon the last note of the anthem.
The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere recreation, amusement or
entertainment purposes except on the following occasions:
a. International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative;
b. Local competitions;
c. During “signing off” and “signing on” of radio broadcasting and television stations;
d. Before the initial and last screening of films or before the opening of theater
performances; and
e. Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute.
SECTION 39. All officials and employees of the national and local governments, and
any agencies or instrumentalities thereof, including government-owned or controlled
corporations, privately-owned entities of offices displaying the national flag and
government institutions of learning are hereby directed to comply strictly with the rules
prescribed for the rendition of the anthem. Failure to observe the rules shall be a ground
for administrative discipline.

CHAPTER III
THE NATIONAL MOTTO
SECTION 40. The national Motto shall be “MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO,

MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA.”
CHAPTER IV
NATIONAL COAT-OF-ARMS
SECTION 41. The National Coat-of-Arms shall have:
Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure and gules; a chief argent

studded with three (3) mullets equidistant from each other; and, in
point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight
minor lesser rays. Beneath shall be the scroll with the words
“REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” inscribed thereon.
CHAPTER V
THE GREAT SEAL
SECTION 42. The Great Seal shall be circular in form, with the arms as described in the
preceding section, but without the scroll and the inscription
thereon. Surrounding the whole shall be a double marginal circle
within which shall appear the words “Republika ng Pilipinas.” For
the purpose of placing The Great Seal, the color of the arms shall
not be deemed essential but tincture representation must be used.
The Great Seal shall bear the National Motto.
SECTION 43. The Great Seal shall be affixed to or placed upon

all commissions signed by the President and upon such other
official documents and papers of the Republic of the Philippines
as may be provided by law, or as may be required bv custom and usage. The President
shall have custody of the Great Seal.

CHAPTER VI
OFFICIAL SEALS AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS AND DEVICES
SECTION 44. Any government entity, including the military, may adopt appropriate
coat-of-arms, administrative seals, logo, insignia, badges, patches, banners and initiate
awards, citations, orders or decorations, as may be authorized by the Congress or the
Office of the President.
SECTION 45. Such hearldic devices and items shall be filed with the Institute for
recording and evaluation as to precedence, design, customs and traditions. The institute
shall promulgate the corresponding rules and regulations which shall be submitted for
approval to the Office of the President or to Congress.
SECTION 46. All government offices including the military are hereby ordered to
purchase all heraldic items and devices from manufacturers accredited and authorized
by the Institute. Such items and devices shall be subject to inspection by the purchasing
agency’s internal inspector and the COA representative using the design and
specifications approved by the Office of the President or by the Congress, through the
Institute.
SECTION 47. No government official or employee shall accept any orders or

decorations from any foreign government without the consent of Congress, and without
the prior evaluation and documentation of such order or decoration by the Institute.
CHAPTER VII
PENALTIES
SECTION 48. Failure or refusal to observe the provisions of this Act; and any violation
of the corresponding rules and regulations issued by the Office of the President shall,
after proper notice and hearing, be penalized by public censure which shall be
published at least once in a newspaper of general circulation.
The Department of Education, Culture and Sports and the Commission on Higher
Education, upon the recommendation of the Institute and after the proper notice and
hearing, shall cause the cancellation of the recognition of permit of any private
educational institution which fails or refuses to observe the provisions of this Act for the
second time.
SECTION 49. The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) and the
Commission on Higher Education shall ensure that the National Anthem, as adopted by
law, shall be committed to memory by all students of both public and private educational
institutions, and performed during the flag ceremony conducted in accordance with the

rules and regulations issued by the Office of the President. In addition, they shall make
available the vocal, piano or band scores of the National Anthem, as adopted by law, to
all private and public schools, as well as he general public.
SECTION 50. Any person or judicial entity which violates any of the provisions of this
Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos
(5,000.00) not more than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00), or by imprisonment for
not more than one (1) year, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the
court: Provided, That for any second and additional offenses, both fine and
imprisonment shall always be imposed: Provided, That in case the violation
is commited by a juridical person, its President or Chief Executive Officer thereof
shall be liable.
Reference:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-
8491/#:~:text=REPUBLIC%20ACT%20NO.-,8491,SECTION%201.

HEADQUARTERS
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the
history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural
backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United
Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly
resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all
nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally
protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages.
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all
members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the
world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts
which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which
human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want
has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort,

to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by
the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between

nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in
fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the
equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and
better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the
United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights
and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest

importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL

DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all
peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society,
keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to
promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national
and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance,
both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of
territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no
distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status
of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.

Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in
violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for
acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him.
Article 11.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until
proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees
necessary for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission
which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time
when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was
applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or
correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right
to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of
each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his
country.

Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from
non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change
his nationality.
Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion,
have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to
marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending
spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to
protection by society and the State.
Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in
community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in
teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom
to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or
through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall
be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal
suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with
the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights
indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable
conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for
himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if
necessary, by other means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his
interests.
Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working
hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being
of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment,
sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances
beyond his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children,
whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.

Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to
the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall
promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious
groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of
peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their
children.
Article 27.
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting
from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms
set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.
(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development
of his personality is possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such
limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition
and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements
of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes
and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or
person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction
of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLES
2005
Author: UNFPA
Publisher: UNFPA
Human rights are universal and inalienable; indivisible; interdependent and interrelated.
They are universal because everyone is born with and possesses the same rights,
regardless of where they live, their gender or race, or their religious, cultural or ethnic
background. Inalienable because people’s rights can never be taken away. Indivisible and
interdependent because all rights – political, civil, social, cultural and economic – are equal
in importance and none can be fully enjoyed without the others. They apply to all equally,
and all have the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. They are upheld by
the rule of law and strengthened through legitimate claims for duty-bearers to be
accountable to international standards.
Universality and Inalienability: Human rights are universal and inalienable. All people
everywhere in the world are entitled to them. The universality of human rights is
encompassed in the words of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”
Indivisibility: Human rights are indivisible. Whether they relate to civil, cultural, economic,
political or social issues, human rights are inherent to the dignity of every human person.
Consequently, all human rights have equal status, and cannot be positioned in a
hierarchical order. Denial of one right invariably impedes enjoyment of other rights. Thus,
the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living cannot be compromised at the
expense of other rights, such as the right to health or the right to education.
Interdependence and Interrelatedness: Human rightsare Interdependent

and interrelated. Each one contributes to the realization of a person’s human dignity
through the satisfaction of his or her developmental, physical, psychological and spiritual
needs. The fulfilment of one right often depends, wholly or in part, upon the fulfilment of

others. For instance, fulfilment of the right to health may depend, in certain circumstances,
on fulfilment of the right to development, to education or to information.
Equality and Non-discrimination: All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue
of the inherent dignity of each human person. No one, therefore, should suffer
discrimination on the basis of race, colour, ethnicity, gender, age, language, sexual
orientation, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or geographical origin,
disability, property, birth or other status as established by human rights standards.
Participation and Inclusion: All people have the right to participate in and access
information relating to the decision-making processes that affect their lives and well-being.
Rights-based approaches require a high degree of participation by communities, civil
society, minorities, women, young people, indigenous peoples and other identified groups.
Accountability and Rule of Law: States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the
observance of human rights. In this regard, they have to comply with the legal norms and
standards enshrined in international human rights instruments. Where they fail to do so,
aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to institute proceedings for appropriate redress before
a competent court or other adjudicator in accordance with the rules and procedures
provided by law. Individuals, the media, civil society and the international community play
important roles in holding governments accountable for their obligation to uphold human
rights.
UNFPA supports the integration of human rights standards into all stages of its
programming framework, including:
• Analyzing the immediate, underlying and structural causes of human rights violations
• Setting strategies and goals to address the main causes of human rights violations and
to empower the most vulnerable people as well as to reinforce the capacity of duty
bearers.
• Supporting initiatives for the establishment or improvement of an enabling legal and

social framework on population and development, reproductive health and gender
equality

• Following the recommendations of UN treaty bodies such as the Committee on the

Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
• Evaluating and monitoring programmes with participatory processes and using human
rights indicators
UNFPA also recognizes that a rights-based approach should be founded on an analysis of

gender and social exclusion to ensure that programmes reach marginal and vulnerable
segments of the population, especially poor women and young people.
References:
1)https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-
rights/index.html#:~:text=Article%2023.%201%20%281%29%20Everyone%20has%20t
he%20right,if%20necessary%2C%20by%20other%20...%20More%20items...%20
2)https://www.unfpa.org/resources/human-rights-principles

HEADQUARTERS
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
(Preamble, Bill of Rights and Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino Citizen)
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a
just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and
secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy
under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Bill of Rights
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process
of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination
under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 3.
a. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety order requires otherwise as prescribed
by law.
b. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of

the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government
for redress of grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting

the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test
shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by
law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to
travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public
health, as may be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as
basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as
may be provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall
not be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasijudicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Section 12.
a. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right
to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of
counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing
and in the presence of counsel.
b. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means, which vitiate the
free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or
other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
c. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
d. The law shall provides for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as
well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and
their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be valuable by
sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right
to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Section 14.
a. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.

b. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory
process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his
behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of
the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before
all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Section 18.
a. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
b. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19.
a. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
b. The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

Duties and Obligations of Citizens
Section 1. It shall be the duty of the citizen to be loyal to the Republic and to honor the
Philippine flag, to defend the State and contribute to its development and welfare, to
uphold the Constitution and obey the laws, and to.cooperate with the duly constituted
authorities in the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society.
Section 2. The rights of the individual impose upon him the correlative duty to exercise
them responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others.
Section 3. It shall be the duty of every citizen to engage in gainful work to assure
himself and his family a life worthy of human dignity.
Section 4. It shall be the obligation of every citizen qualified to vote to register and cast
his vote.
References:
1) ST-001 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE RP
2)https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-
the-philippines-
2/#:~:text=DUTIES%20AND%20OBLIGATIONS%20OF%20CITIZENS&text=It%20shall
%20be%20the%20duty,obey%20the%20laws%2C%20and%20to.

WHAT IS A DRUG? ✓ Use of legal drugs for a purpose different from
what it was
Designed and prescribed for;

Is any substance with the potential to prevent or
✓ Using drugs and substances without legitimate

Cure diseases or eliminate physical or mental well
medical application
Being.
Or purpose.
Alters: physical, mental or emotional state
DRUG DEPENDENCE
PSYCHOACTIVE
Is a chronic, relapsing disease that is

SUBSTANCE characterized by
Substance that affects the body’s Central Compulsive substance seeking and use, despite
harmful
Nervous System (CNS) and changes how people
Consequences.
Behave or perceive what is happening around
Them.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
ORIGIN
Alters: mood, thoughts, sensory perception
NATURAL: anything that comes from nature
And behavior
SYNTHETIC: anything that is produced artificially
WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?
Of processed inside a laboratory
Use of any substance, legal or illegal, resulting

Classification of Psychoactive Substances
To an individual’s physical, mental, or emotional
Stimulants-increase activity of CNS “Uppers”
Impairment.
Opioids decrease activity of CNS “Downers”
Depressants-decrease activity of CNS “Downers”

FORMS OF DRUG ABUSE
Hallucinogens – produces sensory distortion and
alters mood and
✓ Use of legal drugs without prescription nor Thinking “Psychedelic Drugs”
consultation with
Physician;
STIMULANTS OPIOIDS
SIDE EFFECTS SIDE EFFECTS
Thirst (smoking) Facial flushing
Coughing (smoking) Dry mouth
Hoarseness (smoking) Weakness
Decreased sexual response (at higher Doses) Agitation
Feeling of paranoia Headaches
Loss of sense of smell (nose Inhalation) Appetite loss
Chronic nosebleeds (nose inhalation) Memory loss
Problems with swallowing (nose inhalation) Nausea and vomiting
Chronically runny nose (noseInhalation) Confusion
Dilated pupils Slowed breathing
Increased body temperature Constipation
Inreased heart rate Increased blood pressure Blurred or double vision
Headaches “Pinpoint” pupils
Restlessness and insomnia Abdominal pain and Dizziness, faintness, floating feeling,
nausea
Light-headedness
Decreased appetite Increased aggression and
Uncoordinated muscle movement, rigid
violence
Muscles
Formication: sensations in the skin
Rash, hives, itching
That feel like crawling bugs.
DEPRESSANTS HOW ARE DRUGS TAKEN?
SIDE EFFECTS SMOKING/INHALING FUMES
Poor concentration Muscles weakness • The drug goes to the lungs and is then rapidly
absorbed into the bloodstream.
Lack of coordination
• Takes effect in 7-10 seconds
Slurred speech Dizziness
Slowed reflexes
SNORTING
Nausea and vomiting Impaired judgment
Snorted chemicals will enter the bloodstream
Mental confusion
through the mucus membrane in the nose.
Memory loss
• Takes effect in 3-5 minutes.
Emotional blunting
ORAL ROUTE
HALLUCINOGENS
• Swallowing the drugs allows the drugs to move
onto
SIDE EFFECTS The stomach where they are absorbed by the

stomach lining and then enter the bloodstream.
Nausea and vomiting (peyote)
•Sublingual-route of administration by which
Loss of Appetite substances diffuse into the blood through tissues
Elevated body temperature and sweating under the tongue.
Chills and shivering • Takes effect in 20-30 minutes.
Frightening hallucinations
Confusion INJECTION
Disorientation • Injecting or putting fluid into the body, usually

with
Paranoia
A syringe and a hollow needle which is pierced
Agitation
Through the skin to a sufficient depth for the
Depression drugs to
Panic Be administered into the body.
Terror
ABUSED DRUGS In the PHILIPPINES MARIJUANA or CANNABIS
SHABU OTHER NAMES
“Methamphetamine Hydrochloride” Pot, Damo, Grass, Weed, Dope, MJ, Juts, Chongki
Other name: “Shabu” Mary Jane, Ganja, Dubi, Sensimilla, Veggie, 420
What It Looks Like: crystals or crystalline powder,
Different colored powders, capsules, resembles MARIJUANA or CANNABIS
“Tawas” What It Looks Like: Similar to dried parsley

(Kinchay) with stems and/or seeds, rolled into
How it’s Administered: Smoked, Taken Orally, or
cigarettes or cigars How it’s Administered:
Injected. Smoked or taken Orally
MARIJUANA or CANNABIS
INGREDIENTS OF SHABU EFFECTS OF MARUUANA USE
✔ Ephedrine (cold tablets) O Impairment of short-term memory and

cognitive functioning particularly of mathematical,
✓ Pseudoephedrine (cold tablets) reading,comprehension and verbal skills
✓ Acetone O Impairment of motor skills that can lead to
✓ Alcohol (Isopropyl or rubbing alcohol) accidents. O Respiratory problems such as
bronchitis and lung cancer o Premature babies,
✓ Toluene (brake cleaner) low birth weight, abortion or stillbirth (neonatal
✔Ether (engine starter) Death)
✔Sulfuric Acid (drain cleaner) O Panic or state of anxiety, sometimes
✔Red Phosphorus (matches/road flares) accompanied with paranoia o Burnout; the user
can become dull, slow moving, inattentive and
✓lodine (teat dip or flakes/crystal) unaware of his or her surroundings.
✔Lithium (batteries) O Reduced sperm production, altered sperm
shape and mobility
✔Trichloroethane (gun scrubber)
O Reduced testosterone level among pre-teenage
✔Chloroform (Cancer causing solvent)
boys which puts them at increased risk of
✓Sodium Metal, Methanol/Alcohol (gasoline infertility.
additives)
O Symptoms of mental illness (psychosis) is
✓Muriatic Acid exacerbated.
✓ Sodium Hydroxide (lye)
DELTA 9-THC MDMA (PROLONGED EFFECTS)
Can cause Hallucinations, Which could Eventually • Anxiety.

lead to“Psychosis”
315
Depression.
ECSTACY
Sleep problems.
“Methylenedioxymethamphetamine”
Memory problems.
Other Names: MDMA, Ecstasy
Suppressed appetite.
What It Looks Like: TABLETS
Impulsive behavior.
How it’s Administered: Taken Orally,
Aggression.
Suppository (rarely)
MDMA (SHORT-TERM EFFECTS)

Mixed Meth, Ecstasy (MDMA) and Chinese Viagra
Hyperthermia.
“Fly High” (Party Drug)
Sweating
21 capsules seized in December 2013
. Chills.
290 capsules seized in January 2014
Raised blood pressure.
223 tablets seized in March 2014
Elevated anxiety.
67 capsules seized in August 2014
• Nausea.
• Blurred vision.
(combination of Meth, MDMA, Chinese Viagra)
• Involuntary clenching of the teeth.
EFFECTS
Muscle tension.
4-5 days of tirelessness •Hyper sexual activity
Tremors.
•Sleeplessness
Fainting.
Loss of appetite
• Seizures.
Can be shared by 2 users
LONG TERM EFFECTS

.
Ulcer
Mental disorder
•Heart attack
.
PRICE –3000php
LIQUID ECSTACY DRUG ROUTES
EFFECTS
Warm fuzzy feeling AIRPORT
Chattiness SEAPORTS
increased energy MAIL and PARCELS
Wakefulness VAST COASTLINES
Overwhelming sex drive
Emotional intensity PROFILE of DRUG USERS
“geeb comma” 4 million drug users nationwide
(temporary unwakeable Profile of Drug Abusers (Facility-based)
Sleep due to system Age: Mean Age of 31 Years
Suppression) Sex: Ratio of Male and Female 14:1
Civil Status: Single 49.13%
DRUG CONCEALMENT Status of Employment: Unemployed 53.20%
HOW DRUGS ARE HIDDEN FROM THE NAKED EYE Educational Attainment: College Level 28.34%
Economic Status: Average Monthly Family

Income Php 10,172.00
BODY CONTOUR
Place of Residence: Urban (Specifically NCR
INGESTION
43.89%)
FOOD ITEMS and CONTAINERS
Duration of Drug – Taking: More Than Six (6)
EVERYDAY ITEMS Years
ELECTRONICS Nature of Drug – Taking: Poly Drug Use
DRONES Drugs/Substances of Abuse :
X-BOX Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
CARS Cannabis (Marijuana)

HOW DOES IT WORK? BALAY SILANGAN BACOLCOCIT
TRANSNATIONAL DRUG Although our war on drugs must be
LOCAL DRUG SYNDICATE Fortified with the best laws, enforcement
PUSHERS Efforts and resources, we would not be
USERS Successful without your individual
Commitment to this cause.
RELUBLIC ACT 9165 -Mel Carnahan
COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF

2002
Former Governor – Missouri, USA
SIGNED JUNE 7, 2002
PUBLISHED JUNE 19, 2002
TOOK EFFECT JULY 4, 2002
Reorganization
Of the Philippine Drug Enforcement System
✓ Reorganization of the new Dangerous
Drugs Board (DDB) as the policy and
Strategy formulating body.
✔ Creation of the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA) as the
Implementing agency.
Agency Programs
Supply Reduction
Agency Programs
Demand Reduction
Agency Programs
Harm Reduction
Climate Change
is the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, significantly changing the normal or expected
weather patterns and conditions in specific regions of the Earth.
Human activities that increase the greenhouse effect include:
Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, leading to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Livestock and paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes, pipeline losses, and covered vented
landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. Many modern-style, fully
vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process are major sources of
atmospheric methane.
Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, fire suppression systems, and

manufacturing processes.
Agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, that lead to higher nitrous oxide concentrations.
Greenhouse gas emissions from various industries, transportation, and agriculture have played a
major role in global warming.
Solutions to Global Warming
Buy more appliances with the energy star label.
Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescents.

Employ house weatherization.
Talk to the community leaders and association board about planting more trees, building more
walkways and bike paths, and providing better public transportation.
Disaster
According to Dr. Renato U. Solidum Jr., disaster is characterized by several elements namely, hazards,
risks, people or community, and vulnerability.
Hazard (H) or the physical impact of the disturbance, either man-made or natural, is heightened by
the amount of risk (R) to the people and community.
The degree of the vulnerability (V) of all involved further fuels the magnitude of a disaster.
H x R + V = Disaster
Risk Management measures:
Engineering measures (keep hazards away from people)
Land-use planning and management measures (keep people away from hazards);
Control and protection works (modify hazards)
Early warning (predict hazards)
Preparedness planning (prepare in anticipation of hazards)
Reconstruction planning after a disaster with the aim of reducing the vulnerability
Mainstreaming risk management and development practice and institutionalization
Risk Management measures:
is important in dealing with man-made and natural disasters.

man-made disasters can be prevented if the community is more careful and properly oriented on
what can it do in times of crisis.
according to UNDRO, there is an increasing number of people who are affected by disasters all over
the world.
In the Philippines, poor communities are the ones to suffer the most damage brought about by
calamities. There are five reasons for this situation:
Rapid population growth

Concentration of population in high-risk areas like floodplains, landslide prone slopes, and seismic
zones
Destruction of marshes by real estate developers
Man-made destruction, e.g., deforestation which has lessened the ecosystems’ resilience to disaster
Increasing poverty leading to substandard housing (i.e., not typhoon-resistant)
Natural Hazards:
“are elements of the physical environment that are harmful to man and caused by extraneous forces”
(Solidum, 2012).
pertains to all atmospheric, hydrologic, geologic (especially seismic and volcanic), and wildfire
phenomena that, because of their location, severity and frequency, have the potential to affect
humans, their structures, or their activities adversely.
has an element of human involvement.
Hazard Management:
is the process by which the government makes plans which consist of policies, projects, and
supportive actions to guide economic, social, and spatial development over a period of time.
is a process divided into pre-event measures, actions and during and immediately following an event,
post disaster measures.
Disaster Mitigation:
An accurate and timely prediction of a hazardous event saves human lives but little to reduce
economic losses or social disruption.
Basic assumption that the impact of disasters can be avoided or reduced when they have been
anticipated during development planning.
Usually entails reducing the vulnerability of the elements at risk, modifying the hazard-proneness of
the site, or changing its function.
Mitigation measure can have structural character such as the inclusion of specific safety or
vulnerability reduction measures in the design and construction of new facilities, the retrofitting of
existing facilities, or the building of protective devices.
Non structural mitigation measures typically concentrate on limiting land uses, using tax incentives
and eminent domain, and risk underwriting through insurance programs.
Also includes data collection and analysis to identify and evaluate appropriate measure that are
incorporated in development training.
Natural Hazard Assessment:
Information from the analysis of an area’s hazards and vulnerability to them is integrated in an
analysis of risk which is an estimate of the probability of expected loss for a given hazardous event.
The prediction of a natural event is a direct outcome of scientific investigation into its causes and is
aimed at establishing the next occurrence in terms of time, place, and range severity.
Emergency Preparedness:
Public Safety Information
Number of efforts aimed at increasing the amount of information disseminated to the public and
promoting cooperation between public and the authorities in case of an emergency.
Hazard Awareness Planning
Hazard information and education programs can improve public preparedness and social conduct
during a disaster.
Emergency Preparedness:
Measure need to be drawn to minimize the loss and destruction of life and property.
Include legislation and regulatory measures principally in the fields of physical and urban planning
public works and construction.
Activities that may minimize the impact of disaster are:
Identification of areas most prone to typhoons and other calamities.

Display and teaching of structural improvements.
Preparation of educational materials.
Community involvement and mobilization
Media liaison
A. Principles of Disaster Preparedness
The risk must be known.

Potential hazards must be identified.
Incidence of hazard occurrences must be calculated.
Secondary risk must be identified.
B. Vulnerability must be known
Risk must be determined.

Likely damage and disruption must be assessed.
Human needs must be in place.
C. Preparedness system must be ready
All parties should be in a state of readiness.

A focal point for preparedness must exist.
A management system for emergency response must be in place.
Plans must exist and planning must occur regularly.
Training and practice must be regular.
Warning systems must be operational at all times.
Authorities and the public must be fully informed.
Land-Use Planning (Risk Zoning):
Surveys of mountainsides,riverbanks, and coastal areas of their suitability as housing sites, farming
and mining areas, and the like
Rational plans for urban centers showing industrial sites.
Identification of areas for reforestation, forest preservation, and other nature conservation measures
Building codes regulating height, type of materials, and other specification for structures, particularly
in risk areas
Key Players in Disaster Management
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Rehabilitation
Disaster management involves all levels of the government (local and national). Non-governmental
and community-based organizations also plays a vital role in the process.
Role of Government Agencies
The Chairman convenes the Council as often as necessary and calls on all other
departments/bureaus/agencies, instrumentalities of the government, and the private sector for
assistance when the need arises.
The OCD Administrator coordinates the activities and functions of the various agencies and
instrumentalities of the government, private institutions, and civic organizations to implement the
policies and programs of the NDRRMC; disseminates materials relative to disaster prevention, control,
and mitigation; and advises the Chairman on matters concerning disaster management.
The DILG Secretary oversees the organization of DCCs, the establishment of disaster operation
centers of all local governments, and the training of DCC members in coordination with OCD, DSWD,
PNRC, and other appropriate agencies.
The DSWD Secretary extends relief assistance and social services to the victims as necessary.
The DOH Secretary provides health services during emergencies as necessary and organizes reaction
teams in hospitals, clinics, and sanitary and other institutions.
The NEDA Director-General determines and analyzes the effects of disasters and calamities on the
socio-economic plans and programs of the country and develops a damage assessment scheme.
The DOLE Secretary provides emergency employment opportunities to disaster victims; implements
the industrial civil defense programs and measure; and organizes and trains disaster control groups in
all factories and industrial complexes.
The DepEd Secretary provides assistance in the public education and campaign regarding disaster
preparedness, prevention, and mitigation; makes available school buildings as evacuation centers;
and organizes and trains disaster control groups and reaction teams in all schools and institutions of
learning.
The DTI Secretary maintains the normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies and
organizes disaster control groups and reaction teams in tall or big buildings used for commercial and
recreational purposes.
The DA Secretary undertakes surveys in disaster areas to determine the extent of damage of
agricultural crops, livestock, and fisheries, and renders technical assistance to disaster victims whose
crops or livestock have been destroyed.
The DBM Secretary releases funds required by the departments for disaster operations.
The DENR Secretary oversees the reforestation and control of areas which tend to cause flooding,
landslides, mudflow, and ground subsidence; provides seeds, seedlings, and saplings, and technical
assistance regarding mines, forests, and lands; and formulates rules and regulations for the control of
water and land pollution.
The DOF Secretary issues rules and regulations with the relevant agencies for funding by the local
government of the requirements for organizing, equipping, and training of their DCCs and reaction
teams.
The DPWH Secretary restores destroyed public structures such as flood control, waterworks, roads,
bridges, and other vertical and horizontal facilities/structures and provides heavy and light equipment
for relief, rescue, and recovery operations.
The DOT Secretary organizes and trains disaster control groups and reaction teams in hotels, pension
houses, restaurants, and other tourist-oriented facilities.
The DOTC Secretary restores destroyed communication and transportation facilities such as railroads
and vertical structures and organizes emergency transport services from the national level down to
the barangay level.
the barangay level.
the barangay level.
The PIA Director provides public information service through dissemination of disaster mitigation
measures.
The PNRC Secretary-General conducts disaster leadership training courses; assists in the training of
DCCs at all levels; and helps in providing emergency relief assistance to disaster victims.
The AFP Chief of Staff ensures security in disaster areas; assists in the reconstruction of roads, bridges,
and other structures; and provide transportation facilities for the rapid movement of relief supplies
and personnel and evacuation of disaster victims.
Role of Government Agencies
Sorting, loading, and distribution of relief goods

Administering first-aid treatment to victims
Comforting and assisting in the rehabilitation of evacuees
Disseminating information to concerned individuals
Surveying of affected families and areas
Monitoring and liaising work
Youth development agencies should establish coordination and linkages to be set up before, during,
and after every disaster.
By using the NDRRMC operational model, the youth development agencies should:
Plan disaster management activities before a calamity strikes. They should join or participate in
training exercises on disaster and relief operations.
See to it that the available resources could meet the ends of the chosen activities.
Coordinate all activities properly with the city, provincial, and municipal disaster coordinating council
Organize the groups
Work as a team

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University of San Agustin

National Service Training Program

1. Build an academic community imbued with Augustinian values;

Generally, NSTP Graduates are expected to:

1. Develop ethics of service;

University of San Agustin

Rationale of on the conduct of NSTP Common Module

The Common Module aims to:

The students are expected to:

MODULE 1: CITIZENSHIP TRAINING

Role of the Youth

University of San Agustin

Legal Basis of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) RA 9163

The NSTP is being implemented by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in

University of San Agustin

ROTC CWTS LTS

Who are covered of this NSTP Law?

The above provision, however, does not cover the following:

Duration and Equivalent Course Unit

University of San Agustin

a. Exemption of SK Officials (Chairman, Members, Treasurer and Secretary) applies

NSTP in University of San Agustin

University of San Agustin

CWTS Incharge ROTC Commandant

ROTC Staff and

Your choice can be a meaningful experience in the process of nation-building.

Ma. Consejo Centeno

University of San Agustin

With Support from:

VIII. Action Points for Citizen-Voters

 Set up voters’ assistance desks

 Register during the period allotted for voter registration

Exercise vigilance and the right to vote

 Vote according to your conscience

 Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes.

VII. Vision of Good Government, Leaders, and Citizen-voters

 Advancing democratization and good governance

II. History of Elections

However, the 2007 elections also signaled the entry of

V. Powers and Functions of Public Servants III. Elections and Democracy

IV. Election Process in 2010 and Beyond

Previous attempts at modernization in terms of automating the election process include:

NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS

II. NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

2. Territorial Integrity - we must ensure the permanent inviolability of our national

3. Economic Solidarity and Strength - we must vigorously pursue a free-market

5. Cultural Cohesiveness - our lives as a people must be ruled by a common set of

6. Moral-Spiritual Consensus - we must be propelled by a national vision inspired, and

III. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

IV. TYPES OF THREATS

1. Rebellion or Insurrection - a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen

2. Terrorism - the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. Common

4. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention - the taking away or transportation of a

5. Hijacking/Highway Robbery - the crime of taking or attempting to take something of

6. Crimes involving destruction - It may apply either as a measurable degree of damage

V. INTERNAL THREATS AND EXTERNAL THREATS

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

Grave Incidence of Poverty

Graft and Corruption

Persistent Environment Degradation

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

Multilateral Dispute Over the Spratlys Islands.