Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRAFUATE STUDIES
GBS541/GAF530: QUANTITATIVE METHODS/STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE ONE
(a) Qualitative, Discrete
(b) Quantitative, Discrete
(c) Quantitative, Continuous
(d) Quantitative, Continuous
(e) Qualitative, Discrete

EXAMPLE 2
We have 850 households, label the either from 000 to 849 or 001 to 850
why because we have three digits in terms of the number of the population
(N =850).

Using row 1 column 4 of the random number tables which has five digits,
we pick the first three digits 280 from 28053, 116 from 11641, however
when 879 is picked it is outside the range 000 to 849 so it is not
considered as part of the sample. Going down the column we pick the
following numbers;
1

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

280 047
116 623
594 704
353 758
505 917
681 334
448 433
414 620
879 288
630 796
712 004
924

These are the twenty households which will form the sample to be
considered. The ones in bold are omitted.
EXAMPLE THREE
Category Frequency Relative Percentage Slice of a pie
frequency
Comedy 9 9 30% 9
×360=108 °
30 30
Action 6 6 20% 6
×360=72 °
30 30
Romance 8 8 26.7% 8
×360=96 °
30 30
Drama 2 2 6.7% 2
×360=24 °
30 30
Sci-Fi 5 5 16.6% 5
×360=60 °
30 30

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

Favorite type of movie

SciFi
17%

Comedy
30%

Drama
7%

Romance
27%
Action
20%

(b)

FAVORITE TYPE OF MOVIE

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFic

Series 1

It is best to leave gaps between the bars of a Bar Chart so that it

does not look like a Histogram.

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

EXAMPLE 4
Smallest value ¿ 30.3
Largest value ¿ 54.1
Range ¿ 54.1−30.3=23.8
23.8
Class width ¿ 5 =4.76 ≈ 5
We round off the class width to the nearest whole number

Class interval frequency

30 – 35 3
35 – 40 5
40 – 45 5
45 – 50 5
50 – 55 2
Total 20

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

EXAMPLE FIVE
Construct an array of numbers in an increasing order
30.3 31.2 31.4 35.6 35.6
36.5 36.5 37.6 40.3 42.2
43.1 43.1 43.5 45.2 45.3
45.5 45.6 47.3 50.2 54.1

(i) The range ¿ 54.1−30.3=23.8

(ii) x=
∑ x = 820.1 =41.005
n 20
n
(iii) n is even, we have two middle numbers given by the position ,
2
n
and 2 + 1. Therefore, we have 10th and 11th numbers in the given
42.2+43.1 85.3
order. Hence median ¿ 2
=
2
=42.65
1
(iv) The lower quartile or Q1 is given by the position 4 n when n is
1
even. The position is given by 4 ( 20 )=5 th position. Therefore
Q1=35.6
(v) The upper quartile is given by the position in general
3 3
n= (20 )=15th position. Q3=45.3
4 4

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

|x−x|
(vi) Mean deviation MD=∑ n

30.3−41.005=10.705 43.1−41.005=2.095
31.2−41.005=9.805 43.5−41.005=2.495
31.4−41.005=9.605 45.2−41.005=4.195
35.6−41.005=5.405 45.3−41.005=4.295
35.6−41.005=5.405 45.5−41.005=4.495
36.5−41.005=4.505 45.6−41.005=4.595
36.5−41.005=4.505 47.3−41.005=6.295
37.6−41.005=3.405 50.2−41.005=9.195
40.3−41.005=0.705 54.1−41.005=13.095
42.2−41.005=1.195
43.1−41.005=2.095 Total=108.09

108.09
MD= =5.4045
20
(∑ x )
2
( 820.1 )2
(vii) ∑x −
2
n
34431.75−
20 803.5495
S2 = = =
n−1 19 19

Therefore , S= √ s2 =√ 42.292 ≈ 6.50

S 6.50
(viii) The coefficient of variation CV = x ×100= 41.005 × 100=15.86 %
( Mean−Median ) mean−mode
(ix) SK=3
Standard deviation
or SK=
S

( Q3−Q2 ) −( Q2−Q1 )
SK=
Q3 −Q 1

( 41.005−42.65 )
Use any one of the two formulas, SK=3 6.503
≈−0.76

Negatively skewed.

X −X X−μ
(x) Z Score=
S
∨
σ

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

30.3−41.005
For X =30.3, Z= 6.503 =−1.65

54.1−41.005
For X =54.1 , Z= 6.503 =2.01

Since the calculate Z scores are with −3∧+3 standard deviation

we have no outlier. Using box plot we have

SOLUTION FIVE
Class f F x fx fx
2

interval
30 – 35 3 3 32.5 97.5 3168.75
35 – 40 5 8 37.5 187.5 7031.25
40 – 45 5 13 42.5 212.5 9031.25
45 – 50 5 18 47.5 237.5 1128.25
50 – 55 2 20 52.5 105 5572.50

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

∑ f =20 ∑ fx=840 ∑ f x 2=36025

(i) range=55−30=25
∑ fx = 840 =42
(ii) x=
∑ f 20
( 0.5 N −F i−1 ) ( 10−8 )
(iii) median=L+ =40+ ×5=42
fi 5
( 0.25 N−F i−1 ) ( 5−3 )
(iv) Q 1=L+ =35+ ×5=37
fi 5
( 0.75 N−F i−1 ) ( 15−13 )
(v) Q 3=L+ =45+ ×5=47
fi 5
∑ f |x−x|= 102 =5.1
(vi) Mean deviation ; MD=
∑f 20
Calculated as follows:
f |x−x| f |x −x|
3 |32.5−42|=9.5 28.5
5 |37.5−42|=4.5 22.5
5 |42.5−42|=0.5 2.5
5 |47.5−42|=5.5 27.5
2 |52.5−42|=10.5 21
∑ f |x−x|=102

(vii) To find the standard deviation, we first find the variance. Since
standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

( ∑ xf )
2
( 840 )2
∑x 2
f− 36025−
2
S=
∑f =
20
=
745
≈ 39.21052632
∑ f −1 19 19

S= √ 39.21052632 ≈ 6.262
S 6.262
(viii) CV = ×100=
x 42
×100 ≈ 14.9 %

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Tailoka Frank Patson GAF530/GBS541 Academic year 2020

( mean−median ) ( 42−42 )
(ix) SK=3
S
=3
6.262
=0

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