MINI-PROJECT REPORT

ON
“CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE-HISTORY, FACTS &TYPES”
Degree Submitted for partial fulfillment of requirement for award of

IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
OF
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
Submitted By
Students of 4th-Semester

1. Amit B. Tiwade
2. Shubham A. Belekar
3. Kalian B. Nakhate
4. Sanket Thakre

Under the guidance of

Prof. (Mrs) Kirti Deshmukh.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINERRING NAGPUR
SESSION (2022-23)

1
PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini-project work entitled as a study on
“Cable-Stayed Bridges-History, Facts & Types” submitted by the
project group in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the
degree in Civil Engineering of Priyadarshini College of
Engineering Nagpur is an authentic work carried out by them under
my supervision & guidance in satisfactory manner.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis

fulfils the requirements relating the nature & standard of work
forward of degree in Civil Engineering.

Date:
Place: Nagpur

Prof: (Mrs) Kirti Deshmukh Prof: Vishal.S.Ghutke

Mini Project Guide HOD

Dept of Civil Engg

Priyadarshini College of Engineering Department

of Civil Engineering.

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 Acknowledgement

We would like to give our special gratitude to guide Prof. (Mrs) Kirti
Deshmukh Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Priyadarshini
College of Engineering for the valuable guidance and timely help and
continuous encouragement.

Also we express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Vishal. S. Ghutke

HOD of Department of Civil Engineering for his kind co-operation
and constant Inspiration during this course

Also we express our sincere gratitude to Dr. S.A. Dhale, Principal of

Priyadarshini College Of Engineering Nagpur who has gave us the
opportunity to do this mini project on this topic “STUDY ON
CABLE BRIDGES-HISTORY FACTS AND TYPES”. This
helped us gaining lot of knowledge and finalizing this project within
the limited time frame.

DECLARATION

Here with submitted the Mini-Project Report entitled as a “Cable-

3
Stayed Bridge - History, Facts & Types “To Priyadarshini College of
Engineering, Nagpur, for the awarded class of degree in Civil
Engineering.

The work presented in this project report has been carried out by all
members of concerned group during the academic year 2022-23 under
the supervision & guidance of Prof. (Mrs) Kirti Deshmukh

NAME OF STUDENT:-
1. Amit B. Tiwade
2. Shubham A. Belekar
3. Kalyani. B. Nakhate
4. Sanket Thakre

Date:
Place:

4
 CONTENTS

Sr. No Contents Page No

1. Introduction 6
2. Aim And Objective 11
3. Working Of Cable- Stayed Bridge 13
4. Types Of Cable Stayed Bridge 15
5. Advantages 16
6. Disadvantages 21
7. Construction 24
8. Cable Stayed Vs Suspension Bridge 30
9. India And Cable Stayed Bridge 34
10. Cable Stayed Bridge In Nagpur 37
11. Preparation Of Model 40
12. Conclusion 41
13. Reference 42

5
 INTRODUCTION
MINI-PROJECT IN CASE OF STUDY OF ‘CABLE
STAYED BRIDGE-HISTORY,FACTS & TYPES
Cable-stayed Bridge - History, Facts and Types

Cable-stayed bridge is a bridge similar to suspended bridge in

that it has towers and a deck that is held by cables, but its cables hold
the deck by connecting it directly to the towers instead via suspender
cables. It usually carries pedestrians, bicycles, automobiles, trucks,
and light rail. It is used in places where spans need to be longer than
cantilever bridge can achieve (because of its weight), but the span is
short enough so a suspension bridge is not practical there
economically.

Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio was the first to design cable stayed
bridges (he was also the first to design modern suspended bridge). He
published his works in 1595 in his book “Machinae Novae”. First built
cable-stayed bridges appeared in the 19th century and many early
suspension bridges were cable-stayed like footbridge Dryburgh Abbey
Bridge, James Dredge's Victoria Bridge, in Bath, England (Built in
1836), Albert Bridge (built in 1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Other
early cable-stayed bridges in the United States were Barton
Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texas and Gordon, Texas (built in
1889), bridge over Bluff Dale, Texas, (built in 1890a and it still largely
stands).

Century when where built “Cassagnes bridge” (designed

Brittany, France (designed by G. Leinekugel and built in 1924),
and aquedConstraction of this type of bridge continued into the 20th
uct at Tempul in 1926. Concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the
Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte was designed by Albert

6
Caquot in 1952 and was one of the first the modern cable-stayed
bridges but no other that came after, looked up to it. Strömsund Bridge
designed by Franz Dischinger in 1955 had more influence on the design
of the later bridges and is more often mentioned as the first modern.
Fabrizio de Miranda, Riccardo Morandi and Fritz Leonhardt are the
design pioneers of the modern cable-stayed bridge and their designs
had very few stay cables which was modern but resulted in higher
erection costs. Later designs have much more cables which is more
economic in the terms of building.

7
A cable-stayed bridge can be built in different variations:

• “A side-spar cable-stayed bridge” has only one

tower and is supported only on one side. One bridge
built on this principle is bridge in Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada and is made to carry pedestrians.
Other is Jerusalem Chords Bridge which is also made
to be curved which this design allows for.
• “Cantilever-spar cable-stayed bridge” has a single
cantilever spar on one side of the span. Its spar is made
to resist the bending caused by the cables because
cable forces of this bridge are not balanced by
opposing cables and bridge applies large overturning
force on its foundation. Puente de la
Mujer (2001), Sundial Bridge (2004) and Chords Bridge
(2008), all in Spain, are bridges of this type.
• “Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge” is a cable-
stayed bridge with more than 3 spans. It is a more
complex bridge because the loads from the main spans
are not anchored back near the end abutments. This
also makes structure less stiff so additional design
solutions (like “cross-bracing” stays and stiff multi-
legged frame towers) have to be applied. •
“Extradosed bridge” has stiffer and stronger deck
and its cables are connected to the deck further from
the towers which are also lower than those of standard
cable-stayed bridges.

• “Cable-stayed cradle-system Bridge” is one of the

newest variants. It has so called “cradle system” which
carries the strands within the stays from bridge deck
to bridge deck. These cables are continuous which
means that this bridge has no anchorages in the pylons
and its cables can be removed, inspected and replaced
individually.

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9
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF CABLE
STAYED BRIDGE

10
 • To understand the various aspects of A Cable Stayed
Bridge

• Working of the cable stayed bridge is known.

• What role do Cable stay bridge play in modern

construction methods and Materials.

• To Find out the Construction Techniques of Cable

Stayed Bridges

• To find out places where a Cable stayed bridge can be

constructed

• To understand the various terrains and Climatic

Conditions where A Cable stayed Bridge can be
constructed.

• Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cable stayed

Bridge

The world’s longest cable-stayed bridge is the

JiaxingShaoxing Sea Bridge in Shaoxing, China. From one
end to the other, it is 10,138 m (6.3 miles) long and has 6 traffic
lanes.

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12
 ⚫ HOW DOES A CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
SYSTEM WORK

The working principle of a cable-stayed bridge can

be explained as being the balanced transfer of all the forces
and tensions. All bridges are built to connect two separate
land masses, and are required to be rigid enough to
withstand the load that they will be subjected to.

Just like gloves, in bridge designs, there is no one size

which fits all. Different geographies of different sites calls
for specific design strategies to be adopted. Sometimes,
designs are even changed just for better aesthetic appeal.
The following are the different variations introduced to the
standard cable-stayed design.

In cable-stayed bridges, the load on the bridge creates

vertically downward-acting stress. This stress gets
converted to tensile forces, acting on several cables which
are attached at regular intervals along the span of the
bridge’s deck. All these cables are further attached to a
central pillar or tower. They transfer their tension to the
pillar in the form of compressive load. The pillar must also
be strong enough to overcome the shearing stress applied
by the cables pulling at it laterally. Thus, for this system to
work, a balance needs to be established between all these
tensile and compressive forces.

13
Figure showing the important parts of the cable
stayed bridge.
⚫ CABLE STAYED BRIDGES TYPES

Cantilever Spar:
In this design, the cables run down to the bridge’s deck
from one side of the supporting tower or spar alone. This
exerts a lot of bending stress on the spar, which it must be
strong enough to withstand.

Multi-span:
A span is the length of the bridge supported by the cables
running from a single tower or pylon. As the overall length

14
of the bridge increases, the number of spans, and thus,
pylons increase. Bridges with more than 3 spans are called
multi-span bridges.

Extra Dosed:
The extra-dosed cable stayed bridges have a stronger
bridge deck design. Thus, the cables near the base of the
central supporting tower can be omitted. Also, lesser
number cables mean that the height of the tower too can
be smaller.
⚫ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
⚫ ADVANTAGES
Cable-stayed bridges are usually compared with
suspension bridges, over which they have several distinct
advantages.

1. Cable-stayed bridges take less time to complete than

other options.
One of the most significant advantages to consider when
evaluating a cable-stayed bridge is the amount of time
required to complete the construction. This option does not
require the same levels of anchoring that you will find in
alternative designs. There are also fewer cables required to
help support the deck because of how it ties to the support
pillars or towers.
2. The strength of a cable-stayed bridge is
unquestionable.
Because the cable-stayed design is similar to a suspension
bridge, it is only natural to compare the two option. In

15
most situations, the former will offer more strength to span
a gap than the latter. The cable-stayed bridge can handle
more pressure on a consistent basis compared to the
suspension design, allowing the deck to have more
resilience against wear and tear because there is greater
rigidity in its construction.
There is also an element of resilience against natural
pressures which may impact the bridge in negative ways
over time. It withstands the shaking mechanisms of an
earthquake better than most other bridge types. You can
potentially place it in locations where a cross-wind might
make other designs unsuitable for the span. It will even
maintain its shape better while supporting the heavy loads.

3. It can be significantly cheaper to build a cablestayed

bridge.
Because there are fewer labor elements to consider with
this design, the installation costs can be significantly less
because there are fewer manhours involved. Most designs
are roughly 30% cheaper to construct when comparing the
cost to other design options that are available today to
cross that span. This advantage is one of the primary
reasons why this type of bridge is the most common type
that you will see when traveling on roadways around the
world. The cost factor is so cheap that some communities
have found that a new bridge using this design is less
expensive than trying to maintain an older design
indefinitely.
4. Cable-stayed bridges can be constructed to almost
any length.
Although the span length of a cable-stayed bridge is
restricted because of its design, what is unique about this
option is that engineers can connect different spans

16
together with the support pillars or towers to create a
bridge of almost indefinite length. The Jiaxing-Shaoxing
Sea Bridge is one such example of this advantage at work,
offering consistent support for a span that is over 6.2 miles
in length.
Sometimes called the Jiashao Bridge, this span allows
drivers to cross Hangzhou Bay without difficulty as it can
accommodate up to eight lanes of traffic at once. Drivers
can travel at speeds above 60 miles per hour safely while
using the structure. Local laws prevent vehicles with a
max speed of 45mph from using the span. Construction
was completed on July 6, 2013, with traffic using it about
two weeks later.

5. There are multiple design options from which to

choose with a cable-stayed bridge.
Engineers have several different options that they can use
when designing a cable-stayed bridge to cross a span. The
side-spar design tends to be the most common as it offers
only one tower, requiring supports that are on just one side
of the structure. Some locations may require a
cantileverspar design, which provides a single spar that is
found on one side of the bridge. You can also use cradle
systems, multiple span options (like the Jiashao Bridge),
or extradosed options to create the needed supports for a
consistent deck that can support the expected weight that
will be placed on the structure one day.
6. The design of the cable-stayed bridge supports itself.
The cables that are used to create consistency and stability for
this bridge design provide the structure with the temporary
and permanent supports it requires
simultaneously. Whenever more weight is added to one
specific section of the bridge, then the cables will help to

17
displace the extra pressure throughout the remainder of the
structure to prevent one section from receiving the brunt of
the stress. These cables will also maintain the stability of the
structure as it distributes the unexpected pressure, allowing
for safe usage in almost any situation.
7. Cable-stayed bridges offer the possibility of a
symmetrical design.
Although a suspension bridge and a cable-stayed bridge
look very similar in their final design, the one significant
advantage that you will find with the latter option is that
the symmetry one can build into the span can help it to
provide more stability and strength. When the spans on
either side of the pillar or tower are of the same length,
then the horizontal forces help to balance out the effects of
each other. That means there are fewer requirements for

large ground anchors to ensure the structure can remain

supportive as traffic passes along the deck.
8. Designers can use four different classes of rigging to
create results.
When the decision is made to install a cable-stayed bridge
to cover a span that is usually 3,000 feet or less in length,
then there are four different types of rigging for the cables
from which to choose. Each offers unique benefits that can
lead to a better user experience for the local community.
• The mono design for a cable-stayed bridge uses a
single cable from its towers to provide support. This
option is rarely seen unless the span being crossed is
relatively small.
• The parallel design, sometimes referred to as a harp
option, offers cables that are virtually parallel to each other
so that the height of their attachment is proportion to their

18
distance from the tower and their deck mounting. • The fan
design requires that the cables all connect to or pass over
the top of the towners. This option is preferred when
access is necessary to the cables while maximum supports
are needed to create a stable deck. Engineers can modify
this option for specific environmental requirements too.
• The star design spaces the cables apart on the tower,
connecting to one point or closely-spaced points on the
deck instead of being spread out across the entire span.

9. Cable-stayed bridges can also use four arrangements

for their support columns.
One of the most common design options for a cable-stayed
bridge is called the “single arrangement.” This option uses
on column for cable support, usually through a projection
in the center of the deck. It can also be placed along one
of the sides of the structure. If a double arrangement is
used, then pairs of columns are placed on both sides of the
deck. The portal arrangement adds a third member that
connects the tops of the two columns to create a visual
effect that is reminiscent to a door-like shape, offering
additional strength for traverse loads.
The final option is called the “A-shaped arrangement,”
which achieves the same goal as the portal design by
angling the two columns toward each other so that they
meet at the time.
• DISADVANTAGES

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1. Cable-stayed bridges do have a maximum length to
consider.
The introduction of computer-aided design for cablestayed
bridges has helped architects and engineers make the
maximum range of a span longer now than ever before,
but this option still has limits. Most of these bridges will
cover a span that is between 100 to 1,100 meters in length.
That is why they are an exceptionally attractive option for
pedestrian bridges or places where unusual loading
configurations might be present.
The main body of the Jiashao Bridge in China is measured
at 2,680 meters, which makes it the most significant span
using this design option when multiple connections are in
place to create the final crossing. When looking at a single
span option for a bridge, the longest in the world today is
the Russky Bridge in Vladivostok Russia, which offers
total coverage of 1,104 meters.

2. This design option can become unstable in specific

environments.
Although a cable-stayed bridge can help to provide a
consistently supportive deck when there are crosswinds
present over a span, this option does not work well when
the speed of that wind remains consistently high. This
disadvantage occurs because of the rigidity that the cables
provide for the overall structure. In regular situations, this
would contribute to a higher level of durability. Under the
pressure of a high-speed crosswind, the deck would start
rocking. Over time, this issue begins to loosen the support
cables, making it possible for the structure to eventually
fail over time.
We saw this disadvantage occur when a cable-stayed
bridge collapsed in Genoa, Italy, on August 14, 2018. This

20
bridge was built in 1967 and made largely of concrete,
which is typical for the design. When it collapsed, the
failure claimed 43 lives as motorists found themselves
plunging into the depths below.

3. Cable-stayed bridges can be challenging to inspect

and repair.
The design of most cable-stayed bridges will place the
bundle areas for the support structures in regions where a
physical inspection becomes very challenging. When you
add in the reduction of anchors for the support structure,
the routine maintenance for this design option can be
intensive. Although communities might be able to save
upwards of 30% on the installation costs for this option,
the increase in labor costs for ongoing maintenance will
eventually eat into those savings.
When you start talking about a bridge that must last 50100
years, then a community will eventually pay more for this
structure than they would with other designs despite the
lower initial capital costs.

4. It is a design that can sometimes be susceptible to

rust or corrosion.
Most of the cable-stayed bridges that are built today use a
combination of concrete and steel to create a rigid,
supportive structure. Unless there are protections in place
that maintain the quality of the metals used for the span,
the support cables can be highly susceptible to corrosion
and rust. Even if the materials do not show signs of this
issue, the higher levels of fatigue that even a minor
problem might create could have a devastating effect on
the health of the bridge.
That is why you will see coastal regions painting their
bridges with a water-resistant material to prevent the

21
effects of corrosion due to the salt in the air. This issue is
why you do not typically see cable-stayed bridges of a
significant length anywhere in North America. The
Baluarte Bridge in Mexico, at 520 meters in the longest on
the continent. It is also the highest bridge, standing over
1,320 feet over the river below. In just 6 years of use, the
total maintenance cost for the structure are over $132
million.

5. The strength advantages typically apply to short

spans.
The cable-stayed bridge design fell out of favor in the early
20th century because it simply lacked the strength to
support traffic. Although it was still used for short-
tomedium spans, suspension bridges and other design
options grew in use because they offered more durability
despite the higher costs of installation. It was only when
funds became scarce during the massive rebuilding efforts
of the 1940s and 1950s that this option made a dramatic
comeback.
• CONSTRUCTION OF CABLE STAYED
BRIDGE.

cable-stayed bridge: Bridge form in which the

weight of the deck is supported by a number of
nearly straight diagonal cables in tension running
directly to one or more vertical towers. The towers
transfer the cable forces to the foundations through
compression.

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 • CABLE STAYED BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Construction of cable-stayed bridge usally follows

the cantilever method, so their construction begins
with the sinking of caissons and the erraction of
towers & anchorages. After the tower is built,one
cable and a section of the deck are constructed in
each direction .each section of the is of deck is
petressed before continuing .the process is repeated
until the deck sections meet in the middle, the ends
are anchored at the abutments.

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Eurips:-
Cable-stayed bridges offer a variety of possibilities to the designer
regarding not only the materials for deck and cables but also the
geometric arrangement of the cables. Early examples, such as the
Strömsund Bridge in Sweden (1956), used just two cables
fastened at nearly the same point high on the tower and fanning
out to support the deck at widely separated points. By contrast,
the Oberkasseler Bridge, built over the Rhine River in Düsseldorf,
Germany, in 1973, used a single tower in the middle of its twin
254-metre (846-foot) spans; the four cables were placed in a harp
or parallel arrangement, being equally spaced both up the tower
and along the centre line of the deck. The Bonn-Nord Bridge in
Bonn, Germany (1966), was the first major cable-stayed bridge to
use a large number of thinner cables instead of relatively few but
heavier ones—the technical advantage being that, with more
cables, a thinner deck might be used. Such multicable
arrangements subsequently became quite common. The box
girder deck of the Bonn-Nord, as with most cable-stayed bridges
built during the 1950s and ’60s, was made of steel. From the
1970s, however, concrete decks were used more frequently.

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⚫ Sunshine Skyway Bridge

This bridge, which you'll cross on the drive from St.

Petersburg to Bradenton, is one of the longest cable-stayed
concrete bridges in the world offering breathtaking
panoramic views of Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.
Park at the lots at either end of the bridge to capture
postcard-worthy photos. The piers are a popular fishing
spot—you can rent fishing gear and join in the fun. Stay
for sunset and watch as the scene changes when the bridge
lights up at night.

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⚫ Bayview Bridge

The designs of cable-stayed bridges in the United States

have reflected trends in both cable arrangement and deck
material. The Pasco-Kennewick Bridge (1978) over the Columbia
River in Washington state supported its centre span of 294 metres
(981 feet) from two double concrete towers, the cables fanning
down to the concrete deck on either side of the roadway. The same
designers created the East End Bridge (1985) across the Ohio
River, which has a major span of 270 metres (900 feet) and a
minor span of 182 metres (608 feet). The single concrete tower is
shaped like a long triangle in the traverse direction, and the cable
arrangement is of the fan type, but, while the Pasco-Kennewick
Bridge has two parallel sets of cables, the East End has but one
set, fanning out from a single plane at the tower into two planes
at the composite steel and concrete deck, so that, as one moves
from pure profile to a longitudinal view, the cables do not align
visually. The Sunshine Skyway Bridge (1987), designed by
Eugene Figg and Jean Mueller

26
Over Tampa Bay in Florida, has a main prestressed-concrete span
of 360 metres (1,200 feet). It too employs a single plane of cables,
but these remain in one plane that fans out down the centre of the
deck.

The Dames Point Bridge (1987), designed by Howard

Needles in consultation with Ulrich Finsterwalder, was the
longest cable-stayed bridge in the United States until the opening
of the Arthur Ravenel Bridge in South Carolina in 2005. The
Dames Point Bridge crosses the St. Johns River in Jacksonville,
Florida, and its main span is 390 metres (1,300 feet), with side
spans of 200 metres (660 feet). From H-shaped towers of
reinforced concrete, two planes of stays in harp formation support
reinforced-concrete girders. The towers are carefully shaped to
avoid a stiff appearance. In 2011 the Arthur Ravenel
Bridge in turn was surpassed by the opening of the John James
Audubon Bridge in Louisiana. The only bridge over the
Mississippi River between Natchez, Mississippi, and Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, the John James Audubon Bridge has a main
span of 482 metres (1,583 feet).

⚫ COMPARISON WITH SUSPENSION BRIDGE

Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension
bridges, but they are quite different in principle and construction.
In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang
between the towers and are anchored at each end to the ground.
This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are
poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the
towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is
installed, the cables are under tension from their own weight.
Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge
deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the
cables increases, as it does with the live load of traffic crossing
the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the

27
ground at then anchorages and by downwards compression on the

Supension Bridge

Cable -Stayed Bridge ,Fan Design

In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing

structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A
cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near
the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables
running directly to the towers. That has the disadvantage, unlike
for the suspension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as
opposed to directly up, which requires the bridge deck to be
stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads, but
it has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the
horizontal pull of the main cables of the suspension bridge. By
design, all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are

28
balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide
and so must only resist horizontal forces from the

• CABLE STAYED VS SUSPESION BRIDGES .

One question that frequently comes up during our community

presentations and tours is the difference between cable-stayed and
suspension bridges. Since the Bridge Project is the first
cablestayed vehicular bridge in California, people are still
becoming acquainted with this new-to-the-area type of design.

The primary difference between the two kinds of bridges is how

the weight of the road deck is borne. With suspension bridges like
the Golden Gate Bridge, the cables that support the road deck are
attached to main cables that drape over the towers and are
anchored at both ends of the bridge. These anchorages, which
typically are massive concrete structures, bear a great deal of the
load of the road deck. The remaining load is borne through
downward compression on the towers caused by the weight of the
draped main cables.

In cable-stayed bridges, cables directly connect from road deck to

the towers, and they become the primary load-bearing structures

29
that transfer the weight to the ground. A few key advantages of
cable-stayed design include the following:

• Using balanced-cantilever construction whereby bridge

segments are added symmetrically to both sides of the tower to
balance the load, the cables act as both temporary (during
construction) and permanent supportsor the road deck.

• The symmetrical building of the road deck balances the load,

eliminating the need for large ground anchorages.

• Cable-stayed bridges are far less costly for road-deck lengths

of 500 to 3,000 feet (the Bridge Project has a 2,000-foot main
span); and they can be built in far less time.

• They require much less steel cable and use more precast
concrete sections, which accelerates construction.

In short, cable-stayed bridges bear the road-deck weight

differently, are faster to build and require less construction
materials than suspension bridges.
⚫ INDIA & CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

The first cable-stayed railway bridge of India is nearing

completion and the deck of the bridge is expected to be ready by
May this year on the Anji river in Jammu and Kashmir, Northern
Railway officials said.

30
Once ready, trains will run at a speed of 100 kilometres per hour on
the bridge being constructed around 80 kilometres away from
Jammu.

Anji bridge between Katra and Reasi stations falls in the Reasi
district of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The
upcoming structure is part of the ambitious Udhampur-
SrinagarBaramulla-Rail Link (USBRL) project that railway
minister Ashwini Vaishnav had announced would be completed
next year.

According to officials, the last deck portion of Anji bridge which

is designed to withstand wind speeds of 213 kilometres per hour
is expected to be completed in May this year as six more segments
of the bridge are yet to be launched.

The cable-stayed portion of Anji bridge is 472.25 metres while

the total length of the bridge is 725.5 metres, which is divided into
four parts including an embankment, officials said.

The deck level of the 193-metre tall bridge from the foundation is
51 meters, while the invested Y-shaped pylon above the deck level
is 142 meters, the officials said, adding that the bridge work
started in 2017. However, the main cable-stayed bridge work
started in April 2018, after the completion of the approach
portion, an official said.

The official said the bridge has a codal life (normal average life
of machines, equipment, infrastructure calculated as per working
shift) of 120 years and it will be able to bear the explosion of 40kg
of explosive material. The bridge will also have an integrated

31
monitoring system with numerous sensors installed at various
locations.

"Site-specific earthquake parameters studies were carried out by

the Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology,

Roorkee, to define the seismo-tectonic framework for the region,"

the officer said.

According to railway officials, the bridge is located in the

youngfold mountains of the Himalayas having extremely
complex, fragile and daunting geological features in the form of
faults, folds and thrusts. Besides seismic proneness of the region,
detailed site-specific investigations were carried out by IIT,
Roorkee and IIT, Delhi, they added.

32
 ⚫ CABLE STAYED BRIDGE IN NAGPUR .

The Ram Jhula consists of two parallel cable-stayed

railway over-bridges in Nagpur, India. The 606.74 metres
(1,990.6 ft) long bridge crosses the railway tracks north of
Nagpur Junction railway station. The Blue Line of the
Nagpur Metro will run along the centre of the bridge on
the eastern side.

• HISTORY

33
A bridge was originally built by the British in 1927 to
connect what was then Old Nagpur and New Nagpur that
lay across the tracks of the Great Indian Peninsular
Railway (GIPR, the precursor to Central Railway. The
South East Central Railway and Nagpur Municipal
Corporation were informed by the British contractors that
the bridge had lasted its guaranteed service life and hence
be kept out of bounds for heavy vehicles. Subsequently,
the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation
(MSRDC) was handed over the responsibility to demolish
and reconstruct the bridge.

34
 • RECONSTRUCTION

The MSRDC began work in 2006 by building a three-lane

cable-stayed bridge parallel to the old bridge. The bridge
was built by Afcons, a subsidiary of the Shapoorji Pallonji
Group.[4] As per the plan, the old bridge would be
demolished once the parallel bridge was open to traffic
following which a second three-lane bridge would be
built, bringing the total number of lanes to six.[5] However,
a dispute arose between MSRDC and the Maharashtra
Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MahaMetro) over the
alignment of the Blue Line of the Nagpur Metro.
MahaMetro sought permission to build the metro between
the two bridges but the MSRDC refused. In 2016, the
Nagpur bench of the Bombay High Court asked
Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis to resolve
the matter.[6] Subsequently, MSRDC and MahaMetro
agreed to integrate the two structures. The last 200 metres
(660 ft) of the second bridge would be built by the latter
with two levels with the metro at the upper level before
proceeding towards the railway station.

35
• PREPARATION OF MODEL

• CONCLUSION

After studying about cable stayed bridges we

have concluded that the cable stayed bridges are
a very efficient and easy to construct in areas
where a normal bridge cannot be constructed.

It has proved that the bridge works efficiently in

every aspect compared to other bridges. The
cost of construction is also economical that
other bridges. It also improves the aesthetic

36
 view of the area or place as it could be a good
attraction in the place.
The cable stayed bridge is also very efficient in
varying loads. It’s bending moment is also more
compared to other girder bridges.

• REFRENCE
1. https://www.britannica.com/technology/cable-stayed-bridge

37
2. 16 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cable Stayed Bridges –
ConnectUS (connectusfund.org)
3. Roy, Ashish (28 November 2018). "Ramjhula ROB phase two
to open for public in January". Times of India. Retrieved 1
January 2019.
4. ^ Anparthy, Anjaya (5 January 2018). "Ram Jhula-II likely to
be ready by Mar, project cost doubles". Times of India.
Retrieved 1 January 2019.
5. ^ "Ram Jhula Phase-II: Demolition of old bridge at Nagpur
rly station hits many hurdles". Nagpur Today. 9 October 2015.
Retrieved 1 January 2019.
6. ^ Pinjarkar, Vijay (25 November 2010). "Ram Jhula fate hangs
in balance". Times of India. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
7. ^ Chakraborty, Proshun (18 April 2015). "Old Santra Market
ROB dismantling soon". Times of India. Retrieved 2 January
2019.
8. ^ "HC urges CM to resolve dead-lock over Ram Jhula". The
Hitavada. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
9. ^ "Nagpur Metro's Viaduct to be Integrated with Ram Jhula's
2nd Phase". The Metro Rail Guy. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 2
January 2019.

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