Diploma Programme

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2021

Version 1.0

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019

Contents

Prior learning
SL and HL 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra

SL and HL 3

HL only 4

Topic 2: Functions
SL and HL 5

HL only 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry

SL and HL 6

HL only 7

Topic 4: Statistics and probability

SL and HL 9

HL only 10

Topic 5: Calculus
SL and HL 11

HL only 12
Prior learning – SL and HL

Area of a parallelogram A bh , where b is the base, h is the height

1
Area of a triangle A (bh) , where b is the base, h is the height
2

1
Area of a trapezoid A (a b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2

Area of a circle A r 2 , where r is the radius

Circumference of a circle C 2 r , where r is the radius

Volume of a cuboid V lwh , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Volume of a cylinder V r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height

Volume of a prism V Ah , where A is the area of cross-section, h is the height

Area of the curved surface of A 2 rh , where r is the radius, h is the height

a cylinder

Distance between two

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Coordinates of the midpoint of x1 x2 y1 y2

a line segment with endpoints ,
2 2
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra – SL and HL

SL The nth term of an un u1 (n 1) d

1.2 arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of an n n

arithmetic sequence Sn 2u1 (n 1) d ; S n (u1 un )
2 2

SL The nth term of a un u1r n 1

1.3 geometric sequence

The sum of n terms of a u1 (r n 1) u1 (1 r n )

finite geometric sequence Sn , r 1
r 1 1 r

SL r
kn

1.4 Compound interest FV PV 1 , where FV is the future value,

100k
PV is the present value, n is the number of years,
k is the number of compounding periods per year,
r% is the nominal annual rate of interest

SL Exponents and logarithms ax b x log a b , where a 0, b 0, a 1

1.5

SL Exponents and logarithms log a xy log a x log a y

1.7
x
log a log a x log a y
y
log a x m m log a x

log b x
log a x
log b a

SL The sum of an infinite u1

1.8 geometric sequence S , r 1
r 1

SL Binomial theorem n C a n 1b … n C a n r b r … b n
1.9 ( a b) n an
1 r

nC n!
r r !(n r )!

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 3

Topic 1: Number and algebra – HL only

AHL nC n!
1.10 Combinations
r r !(n r )!

nP n!
Permutations
r (n r )!

AHL Complex numbers z a bi

1.12

AHL Modulus-argument (polar) z r (cos isin ) rei r cis

1.13 and exponential (Euler)
form

AHL r (cos isin )

n
r n (cos n isin n ) r n ein r n cis n
De Moivre’s theorem
1.14

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 4

Topic 2: Functions – SL and HL

SL Equations of a straight line y mx c ; ax by d 0; y y1 m x x1

2.1

y2 y1
Gradient formula m
x2 x1

SL Axis of symmetry of the b

2.6 graph of a quadratic f ( x) ax 2 bx c axis of symmetry is x
2a
function

SL
Solutions of a quadratic b b 2 4ac
2.7
equation ax 2 bx c 0 x , a 0
2a
Discriminant b2 4ac

SL Exponential and ax e x ln a ; log a a x x a loga x where a , x 0, a 1

2.9 logarithmic functions

Topic 2: Functions – HL only

AHL Sum and product of the n

1 a0
an
2.12 roots of polynomial Sum is 1
; product is
equations of the form an an
n
ar x r 0
r 0

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL and HL

SL Distance between two

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 ( z1 z2 ) 2
3.1 points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
midpoint of a line segment , ,
2 2 2
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
and ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

1
Volume of a right-pyramid V Ah , where A is the area of the base, h is the height
3

1 2
Volume of a right cone V r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

Area of the curved surface A rl , where r is the radius, l is the slant height
of a cone

4 3
Volume of a sphere V r , where r is the radius
3

Surface area of a sphere A 4 r 2 , where r is the radius

SL a b c
3.2 Sine rule
sin A sin B sin C

a2 b2 c2
Cosine rule c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C ; cos C
2ab

1
Area of a triangle A ab sin C
2

SL
3.4
Length of an arc l r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in radians

1 2
Area of a sector A r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in
2
radians

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 6

 SL sin
3.5 Identity for tan tan
cos

SL Pythagorean identity cos 2 sin 2 1

3.6

Double angle identities sin 2 2sin cos

cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 2cos 2 1 1 2sin 2

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – HL only

AHL 1
Reciprocal trigonometric sec
3.9
identities cos

1
cosec
sin

Pythagorean identities 1 tan 2 sec 2

1 cot 2 cosec 2

AHL Compound angle identities sin ( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B

3.10

cos ( A B ) cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

tan A tan B
tan ( A B)
1 ∓ tan A tan B

Double angle identity 2 tan

tan 2
for tan 1 tan 2

AHL v1
3.12 2 2 2
Magnitude of a vector v v1 v2 v3 , where v v2
v3

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 7

 AHL v1 w1
3.13
Scalar product v w v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3 , where v v2 , w w2
v3 w3

v w v w cos , where is the angle between v and w

Angle between two v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3

cos
vectors v w

AHL Vector equation of a line r=a+ b

3.14

Parametric form of the x x0 l, y y0 m, z z0 n

equation of a line

Cartesian equations of a x x0 y y0 z z0
line l m n

AHL v2 w3 v3 w2 v1 w1
3.16
Vector product v w v3 w1 v1w3 , where v v2 , w w2
v1w2 v2 w1 v3 w3

v w v w sin , where is the angle between v and w

Area of a parallelogram A v w where v and w form two adjacent sides of a

parallelogram

AHL Vector equation of a plane r = a + b+ c

3.17
Equation of a plane r n a n
(using the normal vector)

Cartesian equation of a ax by cz d
plane

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 8

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – SL and HL

SL Interquartile range IQR Q3 Q1

4.2

SL k

4.3 f i xi k
Mean, x , of a set of data x i 1
, where n fi
n i 1

SL n ( A)
4.5 Probability of an event A P ( A)
n (U )

Complementary events P ( A) P ( A ) 1

SL Combined events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B) P ( A B)

4.6
Mutually exclusive events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

P ( A B)
Conditional probability P ( A B)
P ( B)

Independent events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

SL Expected value of a E(X ) x P(X x)

4.7 discrete random variable X

SL Binomial distribution
4.8 X ~ B (n , p)

Mean E ( X ) np

Variance Var ( X ) np (1 p )

SL Standardized normal x
4.12 variable z

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 9

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – HL only

AHL P ( B) P ( A | B)
Bayes’ theorem P ( B | A)
4.13
P ( B) P ( A | B) P ( B ) P ( A | B )

P( Bi ) P( A | Bi )
P ( Bi | A)
P( B1 ) P( A | B1 ) P( B2 ) P( A | B2 ) P( B3 ) P( A | B3 )

AHL k
2
k

4.14 f i xi f i xi 2
2 2 2
Variance i 1 i 1

n n

k
2
f i xi
i 1
Standard deviation
n

Linear transformation of a E aX b aE ( X ) b
single random variable
Var aX b a 2 Var ( X )

Expected value of a
continuous random E(X ) x f ( x) dx
variable X

2
Variance Var ( X ) E ( X )2 E(X 2) E (X )

Variance of a discrete Var ( X ) (x )2 P ( X x) x2 P ( X x) 2

random variable X

Variance of a continuous
Var ( X ) (x ) 2 f ( x ) dx x 2 f ( x ) dx 2
random variable X

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 10

Topic 5: Calculus – SL and HL

SL Derivative of x n f ( x) xn f ( x) nx n 1

5.3

SL
5.5 xn 1
Integral of x n x n dx C, n 1
n 1

Area between a curve

b
y f ( x) and the x-axis, A y dx
a
where f ( x) 0

SL Derivative of sin x f ( x) sin x f ( x) cos x

5.6
Derivative of cos x f ( x) cos x f ( x) sin x

Derivative of e x f ( x) e x f ( x) e x

1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) ln x f ( x)
x
dy dy du
Chain rule y g (u ) , where u f ( x)
dx du dx
dy dv du
Product rule y uv u v
dx dx dx

du dv
v u
Quotient rule
u dy dx dx
y
v dx v2
SL dv d2 s
5.9 Acceleration a
dt dt 2

Distance travelled from t2

distance v(t ) dt
t1 to t 2 t1

Displacement from t2
displacement v (t )dt
t1 to t 2 t1

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 11

 SL Standard integrals 1
5.10 dx ln x C
x

sin x dx cos x C

cos x dx sin x C

e x dx e x C

SL
5.11 Area of region enclosed b
A y dx
by a curve and x-axis a

Topic 5: Calculus – HL only

AHL Derivative of f ( x) from dy f ( x h) f ( x)

5.12 first principles
y f ( x) f ( x) lim
dx h 0 h

AHL Standard derivatives

5.15
tan x f ( x) tan x f ( x) sec 2 x

sec x f ( x) sec x f ( x) sec x tan x

cosec x f ( x) cosec x f ( x) cosec x cot x

cot x f ( x) cot x f ( x) cosec 2 x

ax f ( x) a x f ( x) a x (ln a )

1
log a x f ( x) log a x f ( x)
x ln a

1
arcsin x f ( x) arcsin x f ( x)
1 x2

1
arccos x f ( x) arccos x f ( x)
1 x2

1
arctan x f ( x) arctan x f ( x)
1 x2

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 12

 AHL Standard integrals 1 x
5.15 a x dx a C
ln a
1 1 x
2 2
dx arctan C
a x a a

1 x
dx arcsin C, x a
a 2
x 2 a

AHL dv du
5.16 Integration by parts u dx uv v dx or u dv uv v du
dx dx

AHL b

5.17
Area of region enclosed A x dy
a
by a curve and y-axis

b b
Volume of revolution V y 2 x or V x2 y
a a
about the x or y-axes

AHL Euler’s method yn 1 yn h f ( xn , yn ) ; xn 1 xn h , where h is a constant

5.18 (step length)

Integrating factor for P ( x )dx

e
y P ( x) y Q ( x)

AHL x2
5.19 Maclaurin series f ( x) f (0) x f (0) f (0) …
2!

Maclaurin series for x2

special functions ex 1 x ...
2!

x2 x3
ln (1 x) x ...
2 3

x3 x5
sin x x ...
3! 5!

x2 x4
cos x 1 ...
2! 4!

x3 x5
arctan x x ...
3 5

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 13