Diploma Programme

Mathematics: applications and interpretation

formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2021

Version 1.1

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019

Contents

Prior learning
SL and HL 2

HL only 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra

SL and HL 3

HL only 4

Topic 2: Functions
SL and HL 5

HL only 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry

SL and HL 6

HL only 7

Topic 4: Statistics and probability

SL and HL 9

HL only 10

Topic 5: Calculus
SL and HL 11

HL only 11
Prior learning – SL and HL

Area of a parallelogram A bh , where b is the base, h is the height

1
Area of a triangle A (bh) , where b is the base, h is the height
2

1
Area of a trapezoid A (a b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2

Area of a circle A r 2 , where r is the radius

Circumference of a circle C 2 r , where r is the radius

Volume of a cuboid V lwh , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Volume of a cylinder V r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height

Volume of prism V Ah , where A is the area of cross-section, h is the height

Area of the curved surface of A 2 rh , where r is the radius, h is the height

a cylinder

Distance between two

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Coordinates of the midpoint of x1 x2 y1 y2

a line segment with endpoints ,
2 2
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Prior learning – HL only

Solutions of a quadratic
b b 2 4ac
equation The solutions of ax 2 bx c 0 are x ,a 0
2a

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra – HL only

AHL Laws of logarithms log a xy log a x log a y

1.9
x
log a log a x log a y
y
log a x m m log a x
for a, x, y 0

AHL The sum of an infinite u1

1.11 S , r 1
geometric sequence 1 r

AHL Complex numbers z a bi

1.12

Discriminant b2 4ac

AHL Modulus-argument (polar) z r (cos isin ) rei r cis

1.13 and exponential (Euler)
form

AHL a b
1.14 Determinant of a 2 2 A det A A ad bc
matrix c d

a b 1 1 d b
Inverse of a 2 2 matrix A A , ad bc
c d det A c a

AHL Power formula for a matrix Mn PD n P 1 , where P is the matrix of eigenvectors and D is
1.15 the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 4

Topic 2: Functions – SL and HL

SL Equations of a straight line y mx c ; ax by d 0; y y1 m ( x x1 )

2.1

y2 y1
Gradient formula m
x2 x1

SL Axis of symmetry of the b

2.5 graph of a quadratic f ( x) ax 2 bx c axis of symmetry is x
2a
function

Topic 2: Functions – HL only

AHL L
2.9 Logistic function f ( x) kx
, L , k,C 0
1 Ce

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL and HL

SL Distance between two

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 ( z1 z2 ) 2
3.1 points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
midpoint of a line segment , ,
2 2 2
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
and ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

1
Volume of a right-pyramid V Ah , where A is the area of the base, h is the height
3

1 2
Volume of a right cone V r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

Area of the curved surface A rl , where r is the radius, l is the slant height
of a cone

4 3
Volume of a sphere V r , where r is the radius
3

Surface area of a sphere A 4 r 2 , where r is the radius

SL a b c
3.2 Sine rule
sin A sin B sin C

a2 b2 c2
Cosine rule c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C ; cos C
2ab

1
Area of a triangle A ab sin C
2

SL
3.4 Length of an arc l 2 r , where is the angle measured in degrees, r is
360
the radius

Area of a sector A r 2 , where is the angle measured in degrees, r is

360
the radius

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 6

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – HL only

AHL Length of an arc l r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in radians
3.7
1 2
Area of a sector A r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in
2
radians

AHL Identities cos 2 sin 2 1

3.8
sin
tan
cos

AHL Transformation matrices cos 2 sin 2

3.9 , reflection in the line y (tan ) x
sin 2 cos 2

k 0
, horizontal stretch / stretch parallel to x-axis with a scale
0 1
factor of k

1 0
, vertical stretch / stretch parallel to y-axis with a scale
0 k
factor of k

k 0
, enlargement, with a scale factor of k, centre (0, 0)
0 k

cos sin
, anticlockwise/counter-clockwise rotation of
sin cos
angle about the origin ( 0)

cos sin
, clockwise rotation of angle about the origin
sin cos
( 0)

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 7

 AHL v1
3.10 2 2 2
Magnitude of a vector v v 1 v2 v3 , where v v2
v3

AHL Vector equation of a line r =a+ b

3.11

Parametric form of the x x0 l, y y0 m, z z0 n

equation of a line

AHL v1 w1
3.13
Scalar product v w v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3 , where v v2 , w w2
v3 w3
v w v w cos , where is the angle between v and w

Angle between two v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3

cos
vectors v w

v2 w3 v3 w2 v1 w1
Vector product v w v3 w1 v1w3 , where v v2 , w w2
v1w2 v2 w1 v3 w3

v w v w sin , where is the angle between v and w

Area of a parallelogram A v w where v and w form two adjacent sides of a

parallelogram

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 8

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – SL and HL

SL Interquartile range IQR Q3 Q1

4.2

SL k

4.3 f i xi k
Mean, x , of a set of data x i 1
, where n fi
n i 1

SL n ( A)
4.5 Probability of an event A P ( A)
n (U )

Complementary events P ( A) P ( A ) 1

SL Combined events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B) P ( A B)

4.6

Mutually exclusive events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

P ( A B)
Conditional probability P ( A B)
P ( B)

Independent events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

SL Expected value of a E(X ) x P(X x)

4.7 discrete random variable X

SL Binomial distribution
4.8 X ~ B (n , p)

Mean E ( X ) np

Variance Var ( X ) np (1 p )

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 9

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – HL only

AHL Linear transformation of a E aX b aE ( X ) b

4.14 single random variable
Var aX b a 2 Var ( X )

Linear combinations of n E a1 X 1 a2 X 2 ... an X n a1E X 1 a2 E X 2 ... an E X n

independent random
variables, X 1 , X 2 , ..., X n
Var a1 X 1 a2 X 2 ... an X n
a12 Var X 1 a2 2 Var X 2 ... an 2 Var X n

Sample statistics

Unbiased estimate of n
population variance sn2
sn2 1 sn2
1 n 1

AHL Poisson distribution

4.17 X ~ Po (m)

Mean E(X ) m

Variance Var ( X ) m

AHL Transition matrices T n s0 sn , where s0 is the initial state

4.19

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 10

Topic 5: Calculus – SL and HL

SL Derivative of x n f ( x) xn f ( x) nx n 1

5.3

SL
5.5 xn 1
Integral of x n x n dx C, n 1
n 1

Area of region enclosed by

b
a curve y f ( x) and the A y dx
a
x-axis, where f ( x) 0

SL
5.8 The trapezoidal rule
b 1
y dx
h ( y0 yn ) 2( y1 y2 ... yn 1 ) ,
a 2
b a
where h
n

Topic 5: Calculus – HL only

AHL Derivative of sin x f ( x) sin x f ( x) cos x

5.9

Derivative of cos x f ( x) cos x f ( x) sin x

1
Derivative of tan x f ( x) tan x f ( x)
cos 2 x

Derivative of e x f ( x) e x f ( x) e x

1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) ln x f ( x)
x

dy dy du
Chain rule y g (u ) , where u f ( x)
dx du dx

dy dv du
Product rule y uv u v
dx dx dx

du dv
v u
Quotient rule u dy dx dx
y
v dx v2

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 11

 AHL Standard integrals 1
5.11 dx ln x C
x

sin x dx cos x C

cos x dx sin x C

1
tan x C
cos 2 x

e x dx e x C

AHL b b

5.12 Area of region enclosed A y dx or A x dy

a a
by a curve and x or y-axes

Volume of revolution b b
V y 2 x or V x2 y
about x or y-axes a a

AHL dv d2 s dv
5.13 Acceleration a v
dt dt 2 ds

Distance travelled from t2

distance v(t ) dt
t1 to t2 t1

Displacement from t2
displacement v(t ) dt
t1 to t2 t1

AHL Euler’s method yn 1 yn h f ( xn , yn ) ; xn 1 xn h , where h is a constant

5.16 (step length)

Euler’s method for xn 1 xn h f1 ( xn , yn , tn )

coupled systems
yn 1 yn h f 2 ( xn , yn , tn )
tn 1 tn h

where h is a constant (step length)

AHL Exact solution for coupled x Ae 1t p1 Be 2t p2

5.17 linear differential equations

Mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet 12