Acid Base Balance

Acid-base balance
Zoo-103, Unit-II
&
Zoo-304 (Allied Elective-CBCS)
By Dr. S.S. Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal University
by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

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acid-base balance ?
• Refers to the precise regulation of free (that is
unbound) hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the
body fluids.

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Body fluids consist of water and
solutes in three main compartments
The major fluid compartments of the body.

[Values are for a 70-kg (154-lb) male.]
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Homeostasis of body regulated by
• Regulation of water intake & output
• Regulation of Na+, K+, Ca2+
• Regulation of pH (acid-base balance regulation)

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Why acid base balance is important?
• Changes in excitability of nerve & muscle cells
• Influence on enzyme activity
• Influence on K+ levels in body (e.g. acidosis causes
decreased K+ secretion whereas alkalosis causes
increased K+ secretion)

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Sources of H+ ion in body
• Carbonic acid formation by metabolic process
• Inorganic acids produced during breakdown of
nutrients
• Organic acids from intermediary metabolism

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Where / conjugate base
(Ka), which is also called the ionization constant or acid dissociation constant,
is given by the expression

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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• pH of a solution containing an acid or base can be
calculated by Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
• The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate
the pH of a buffered solution.
• This equation is derived from the behavior of weak acids
(and bases) in solution, which is described by
the kinetics of reversible reactions:

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Thus the final form of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is as follows:

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A strong acid has a high Ka and a low pKa.
A weak acid has a low Ka and a high pKa.
(Henderson-Hasselbalch equation)
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Buffer ?
• A buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its
conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate
acid

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Buffering capacity ?
In most cases, pH buffering is effective when the solution pH is within ±1 pH unit of the
buffer pKa.

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TRIS buffer is
often toxic to biological
systems: because of its high
lipid solubility it
can penetrate membranes,
uncoupling electron transport
reactions in
whole cells and isolated
organelles. In addition, it is
markedly affected by
temperature, with a tenfold
increase in H+ concentration
from 4 °C to 37 °C.

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Application of Henderson-
Hesselbalch equation

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Solution of Q.1

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Solution Q.2
The calculated pH equals the pK of the buffer.

This important calculation demonstrates that when the pH of a solution equals the pK,
the concentrations of the acid and base forms of the buffer are equal.
A buffer functions best when the pH of the solution is equal (or nearly
equal) to the pK of the buffer, precisely because the concentrations of the acid and base
forms are equal or nearly equal.
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Going from right to
left, as strong acid is added, H+
combines with the basic
form of phosphate:
Going from left to right, as strong base is

added, OH− combines with H+
released from the acid form of the
phosphate buffer:

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pH is regulated by

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Regulation of pH by buffers
The bicarbonate buffer system is a mixture of carbonic acid

(H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, a weak
base), in the same solution
When a strong acid such as HCl is added to this buffer system
When a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added

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Phosphate Buffer System

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pH regulation by respiration
a rising plasma H+ concentration resulting from any metabolic process excites the
respiratory center indirectly (via peripheral chemoreceptors) to stimulate deeper,
more rapid respiration. As ventilation increases, more CO2 is removed from the blood,
pushing the reaction to the left and reducing the H+ concentration.
When blood pH rises, the respiratory center is depressed. As respiratory rate drops and
respiration becomes shallower, CO2 accumulates, pushing the equilibrium to the right
and causing the H+ concentration to increase.

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Renal mechanism of acid-base
balance

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Renal mechanism for regulation
of acid base balance by
• 1. Conservation/ reabsorption of HCO3-
• 2. Generation of new HCO3- via
(a) excretion of buffered H+ / excretion of H+ as
titratable acid and
(b) NH4+ excretion
• 3. Excretion of HCO3-

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The rate of H+ secretion rises and falls with CO2 levels in the ECF. The more CO2
in the peritubular capillary blood, the faster the rate of H+ secretion.
Because blood CO2 levels directly relate to blood pH, this system can respond
to both rising and falling H+ concentrations.

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bicarbonate reabsorption & H+ ion secretion in
distal tubule

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Occurs primarily
in α-intercalated
cells of late Distal
tubule &
collecting duct
Generation of new HCO3-
via
by SS Nishank, Dept. excretion
of Zoology, Utkal of buffered H+ 44
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Generation of new HCO3-
via NH4+ excretion
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bicarbonate secretion & H+ ion reabsorption in
distal tubule

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When respiratory function is normal, theDept.
by SS Nishank, PCO2 fluctuates
of Zoology, Utkal between 35 and 45
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Bicarbonate ion levels below or above the normal range of 22–26 mEq/L indicate a
metabolic acid-base imbalance.
The second most common cause of acid-base imbalance, metabolic acidosis, is
recognized by low blood pH and HCO3− levels.
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Factors influencing increased H+ secretion by
kidney tubule epithelium

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by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal University 61
Intracellular pH regulation

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Intra cellular acid-base balance

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Response of cell to respiratory acidosis

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Respiratory & renal compensation

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Acid Base Balance

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Acid-base balance

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

The major fluid compartments of the body.

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

The calculated pH equals the pK of the buffer.

Going from left to right, as strong base is

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

The bicarbonate buffer system is a mixture of carbonic acid

When a strong acid such as HCl is added to this buffer system

When a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

by SS Nishank, Dept. of Zoology, Utkal

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