Research Title

A pre-experimental study on the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge

regarding umbilical cord blood banking among Nursing personnel working at selected hospitals
North and Unakoti District of Tripura.

Research Approach: Quantitative Research Approach

Research Design:Quasi- experimental research design

Study Setting: Pilot study- Panisagar Subdivisional Hospital and Kanchanpur Subdivisional
Hospital , North Tripura. Main study- District Hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura and
District Hospital, Unakoti Tripura.

Target Population: Nursing personnel working at selected hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura.

Sampling Technique: Sample:Nursing personnel Sample Size: 60 Nursing

Convenience Sampling working at selected personnel (30 for
Technique hospitals,North & Unakoti experimental group & 30
District Hospital Tripura. for control group)

Tool and method of data collection

Pre-test Intervention Post Test

Part-I: Proforma
demographic variables.
Part-II: Structured knowledge
questionnaire to assess the
knowledge regarding cord blood
banking for both experimental
and control group.
for
STP of Cord blood banking
among experimental group
Conducted after 7 days
for both experimental and
control group by using
structured knowledge
questionnaire to assess the
knowledge regarding
Cord blood banking

Data interpretation Analysis of the results by using

descriptive and inferential statistics
 Fig:- Flow chart of Research Methodology

RESEARCH APPROACH:
According to the Treece and Treece (1986) research approach is the umbrella that covers the
basic procedures for conducting research. The research approach refers to a general set of
orderly disciplined procedure used to acquire dependent and useful information.

“A pre-experimental study on the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on

knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking among Nursing personnel working at
selected hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura.”

RESEARCH DESIGN:
Research design can be defined as blueprint to conduct research study which involves the
description of research approach, study setting, sample size, sampling technique, tools and
methods of data collection and analysis answer to specific research questions or for testing
research hypotheses.
Selection of the research design depends upon the purpose of the study, research approach
and variables to be studied. The research design selected for the present study was
Nonrandomized control group design, which belongs to the pre-experimental design.
The pre-experimental design was a design in which two groups (experimental and control)
were selected without randomization and depended variables were observed in experimental
as well as control groups before the Intervention (STP). Later, the experimental group
received STP and after that post-test observation of depended variables was carried out after
7 days for both the groups to assess the effect of STP on experimental group.

Where,
A: Experimental group to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on
knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking among Nursing personnel working at
selected hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura.
B: Control group to assess the pre-test and post-test knowledge score regarding umbilical
cord blood banking among Nursing personnel working at selected hospital, Dharmanagar,
North Tripura.
01: Pre-test to assess the knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking by using
structured knowledge questionnaire on day 1 for the experimental group.
02: Pre-test to assess the knowledge regarding the umbilical cord blood banking by using
structured knowledge questionnaire on day 1 for the control group.
C: Intervention (STP) followed by the pre-test for the experimental group.
01: Post-test to assess the knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking by using
structured knowledge questionnaire after 7 days of pre-test for the experimental group.
02: Post-test to assess the knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking by using
structured knowledge questionnaire after 7 days of pre-test for the control group.

VARIABLES OF THE STUDY:

Variables are attributes or characteristics that can have more than one value such as height or
weight. In other words variables are qualities, properties or characteristics of people, things or
situations that change or vary.
Independent Variable:
Variables are purposefully manipulated or changed by the researcher are called Independent
variables. Independent Variable is a variable which influences the dependent variable.21
In this study, STP regarding the umbilical cord blood banking is the independent variable.
Dependent Variable:
Variables that change as the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher Dependent
Variable is the response, behavior or outcome i.e. predicted or explained in research. Changes
in the depended variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable.
In this present study knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking is the dependent
variable.

Demographic Variables:
The characteristics and attributes of the study subjects are considered as demographic
variables.
In this present study demographic variables are age, education- GNM/BSCN/MSCN, Gender,
Home -Rural/Urban

SETTING OF THE STUDY

According to Polit and Beck, "A setting refers to physical location and condition in which
data collection takes place in the study",

This study was conducted among Nursing personnel working at selected hospital,
Dharmanagar, North Tripura.
The selection of setting was done on the basis of:

i. Feasibility of conducting study.

ii. Administrative approval.

iii. Availability of sample: for collection of data researcher purposefully selected the District
Hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura where the samples are available.
iv. Easy to access.

V. Co-operation from all levels of staffs.

The following areas were selected for the study:

For Pilot study:

Among Nursing personnel working at selected hospital,Tilthai P.H.C Dharmanagar, North

Tripura.
For Main Study:

For experimental group: Among Nursing personnel working at selected Dharmanagar District
Hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura.
For control group: Among Nursing personnel working at selected Dharmanagar District
Hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura.

TARGET POPULATION

According to Polit and Beck, "Population means the entire aggregation of cases that meet a
design set of criteria." The target population is the entire population in which the researcher is
interested and to which he or she would like to generalize the results of the study. 43

In this study Nursing personnel working at selected Dharmanagar District Hospital,

Dharmanagar, North Tripura.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sample

Sample refers to the subset of population selected to participate in research study. 43

In this study Nursing personnel working at selected Dharmanagar District Hospital,

Dharmanagar, North Tripura were the sample.
Sampling Technique

The process of selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other 43 elements with
which to conduct a study.

In the present study convenience sampling technique was used for selecting the sample.

SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size has been considered one of the major aspects in the conduct and evaluation of
research.

Sample size was 60 Nursing personnel working at Dharmanagar District Hospital (among
them 30 for experimental group and 30 for control group) for final study.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

a) Inclusion criteria: The study included Nursing personnel who were working at
Dharmanagar District Hospital, Dharmanagar, North Tripura could read and write English
who were present during data collection

b) Exclusion criteria: The study excluded Nursing personnel-who were not willing to
participate.

Who are not working at DDH

SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOOL

Selection of the tool:

The most important and crucial aspect of any investigation is the collection of appropriate
information, which provides necessary data for the study. Selection of tool refers to a
technique that a researcher uses to collect the data. The tools act as best instruments to assess
and collect the data from the respondents of the study.

Demographic proforma was selected to collect the background information.

A structured knowledge questionnaire was selected for the study to collect the data from
Nursing personnel working in selected District Hospital to assess the effectiveness of STP on
knowledge regarding umbilical cord blood banking It was considered to be the appropriate
tool for the present study.

Development of the tool:

Tools were prepared on the basis of the objectives of the study. The tool was developed by
the researcher based on her personal and professional experience. The related literature was
reviewed from books, journals, periodicals, unpublished research studies and mass education
media and tool developed was refined and validated by subject experts and guide.

Demographic proforma was developed to collect the background information.

A structured knowledge questionnaire was developed to assess the knowledge regarding the
cord blood banking among nursing personnel working at DDH

The following steps were carried out in preparing the tool:

REVIEW OF LITERATURE.

 Preparation of demographic proforma.

 Preparation of structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding
the techniques of breast self-examination.
 Preparation of blueprint.
 Personal experience and consultation with guide, co-guide and subject experts.
 Established of validity and reliability.

DESCRIPTION OF TOOL:

The final draft of the tool was prepared considering the suggestion of validators and consisted
of two sections.

Part-I: Demographic proforma:

This section consists of 07 items describing the characteristics of Nursing personnel such as
age, education, gender,

Part-II: Structured knowledge questionnaire:

This section consists of 25 items used to assess the knowledge regarding the cord blood
banking among nursing personnel working at DDH

Scoring:

Each correct response carries I mark and wrong response carries 0 marks.

Maximum marks: 25

Minimum marks: 0

The total score is interpreted as:

 Inadequate knowledge: < 50% * (1 - 12)

 Moderate knowledge: 50% - 75% (13-19)
 Adequate knowledge: > 75% (20-25)
Translation of tool:

The English version of demographic proforma and structured knowledge questionnaires were
prepared

Development and description of STP:

Researcher designed and developed the STP on cord blood banking based on reviewing an
extensive research and non-research literature.

The steps followed in the development of STP:-

Preparation of the first draft of the STP.

Content validity of the STP.

Preparation of the final draft of the STP.

Description of the STP.

A first draft of STP was developed keeping in mind the objectives, criteria, literature
reviewed and opinion of experts. The main factors that were kept in mind while preparing
STP were the level of understanding of Nursing personnel, simplicity of language and
relevant pictures/ case scenario.

Content validity of the STP:

The initial draft of the STP was given to 5 experts along with the lesson plan. There was
100% agreement on meeting the criteria of the content. The suggestions given by the experts
was accepted and ensured the clarity and validity of the tool.

Preparation of the final draft of the STP:

The final draft of the STP was prepared after incorporating the suggestions and opinions of
the experts.

Description of the STP:

The STP was prepared to improve the knowledge of the Cord bl00d banking

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

Summary of the topic.

Conclusion of the topic.

VALIDITY OF THE TOOL

Validity refers to the extent to which an instrument accurately reflects the abstract construct
(or concept) being examined.

Content validity of the tool was established by requesting five experts to go through the
developed tool and give their valuable suggestions. The suggestions of experts were
incorporated in the tool was further modified and finalized with expert's opinion and with
consultation of guide.

The prepared tool was established by obtaining the suggestion from the experts, validity and
experts were requested through principal to issue content validity certificate.

The tool was validated with criteria checklist from the 5 experts. The experts include 3
Nursing experts in ……….. and 2 Nursing experts in Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing.
The suggestions of experts were incorporated in the tool with consultation with guide.
Content validity index was calculated. The 1- CVI for demographic proforma was …… and
for structured knowledge questionnaire was …...

RELIABILITY OF TOOL

Reliability is the Degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures the
attributes for which it is designed to measures.

The reliability of the structured knowledge questionnaire of the present study was established
by using the Test-retest method. The structured knowledge questionnaire was administered to
30 Nursing personnel working at DDH represent the characteristics of the study population.
The Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation formula was used to test the reliability of the tool.
The co-efficient reliability of the structure knowledge questionnaire was ……. So the tool
was accepted with good reliability.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Approval was obtained from the Research and Ethical Committee members of Tripura
Institute of Paramedical Sciences.

Permission for data collection was taken from concerned authority, Medical Superintendent
(MS) Dharmanagar District Hospital, North Tripura.

After explaining the purpose of the study informed consent was obtained from the study
sample.

Confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subjects was maintained.

The subjects were informed that their participation will be voluntary and they will have
freedom to withdraw from the study.

ITEM ANALYSIS:

The item analysis of the structured knowledge questionnaire was done to find out the
difficulty index and discrimination index.

Out of 25 items 4 items had difficulty index between 0.76-1.00 and considered as very easy
items, 19 items had difficulty index between 0.25-0.75 and considered as average items, 2
items had difficulty index between 0.00-0.24 and considered as very difficult items.

Whereas out of 25 items 5 items had discrimination index between 3.4 - 1 considered as very
good items, 20 items had discrimination index between 0.30-0.39 and considered as
reasonable items.

PILOT STUDY

Pilot study is a small preliminary investigation of the same general characters as a major
study. The main aim is to assess the feasibility, practicability and assessment of measurement.

According to Polit and Hungler (1995), Pilot study is a small-scale version, or trial run done
in preparation for a major study.

The Pilot study was conducted at Tilthai P.HC, Panisagar, North tripura. Before data
collection formal permission was taken from the authority [Permission was taken

from the M.O I/C ,Tilthai P.H.C]. 10 sample were selected by convenience sampling
technique for assigning samples to the experimental and control group.
After a self-introduction, the researcher explained the nature of the study to the sample. After
developing good rapport, the researcher collected the data. The data collection period was
from …….to……... For the pilot study, 10 subjects (5 in experimental group and 5 in control
group) who were Nursing Personnel selected. Pre-test knowledge regarding the cord blood
banking was measured by structured knowledge questionnaire on …….. for both the groups.
After 7 days following the pre-test i.e. on …….., retest knowledge was measured by same
tool, and then STP was administered to the 5 sample (experimental group) on the same day.
After 7 days following the retest i.e. on ………, post-test knowledge was measured by same
tool for both the groups. The finding of the pilot study revealed that the tool was effective and
feasible to conduct the study. The STP found to be effective to increase the knowledge of
Nursing personner regarding cord blood banking.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The word 'Data' means the information that is systematically collected in the course of the
study and "method" refers to the means of gathering the data.

In present study, the data has been collected by using the structured knowledge questionnaire.

Permission from concerned authority

Before data collection formal permission was taken from the authority [permission was taken
from MS, DDH,North Tripura). Approval was obtained for data collection and consents were
taken from the participants.

Period of Data collection: The main study was carried out during the month of ……..

Phase-I: Pre-test (1, 3) Pre-test was conducted with the help of structured knowledge
questionnaire for the Nursing personnel working at DDH ,North Tripura for experimental and
control group

Phase II: Implementation of STP Module (C): After the pre- test, STP Module on knowledge
regarding the Cord blood banking was administered among 10 Nursing personnel in
experimental group for the period of 30 minutes in each day. No intervention was given to the
control group.

Phase-III: Post-test ( O 2,04) Post-test was conducted minimum 7 days after the
implementation of STP Module with the same structured knowledge questionnaire to assess
knowledge regarding Cord blood banking for the experimental group and minimum 7 days
after pre-test for the control group.

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis was done by using descriptive method such as frequency, percentage, mean and
standard deviation and inferential methods such as paired and unpaired 't' test, chi-square test.
The findings were presented in the form of tables and figures.

Descriptive statistics:

• Frequency and percentage distribution was used to describe demographic variables.

Mean and standard deviation was used to analyze the pre-test and post-test level of
knowledge among Nursing personnel

Inferential Statistics

Paired 't' test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge among the
Nursing personnel regarding cord blood banking between the experimental and control group
to evaluate the effectiveness of STP module.

Unpaired 't' test was used to compare the post-test level of knowledge among the Nursing
personnel regarding cord blood banking between the experimental and control group to
evaluate the effectiveness of STP module.

Chi-square test was applied to measure the association between the pre-test level of
knowledge among Nursing personnel regarding cord blood banking with selected
demographic variables in the experimental and control group.

SUMMARY:

This chapter dealt with research methodology, research design, the setting of the study,
population, sample and sampling technique, the development of the instrument, testing of the
tool, pilot study, ethical consideration, data collection and plan foe data analysis. So it is the
mirror of the research, shows how investigator utilized the research steps and methods to
carry out the study.